论彩色钻石

本文介绍了彩色钻石的概念,论述了其特点、分类。据彩钻的色度深浅将彩色(以红、绿、蓝、紫、粉为例)详细分为15级:微、弱、浅、浅淡、淡、淡中、深淡、中、中彩、彩、浓彩、浓、深、极深、暗,简化后分8级:弱、浅、淡、中、彩、浓、深、暗。关于彩色钻石的明亮度详细划分为8级:很暗、暗、较暗、较明、明亮、亮、亮彩、阳亮。简化为4级:暗、较明、明亮、阳亮。颜色色种的稀有度分级有:顶端稀有色种的红色系,极度稀有色种的绿色系、橙色系、紫色系,稀有色种的蓝色系、粉色系,较稀有色种的棕色系、黑色,少见色种的灰色系、褐色系,较少见色种的黄色系。文中对彩钻大小的粒度也进行了界定,并对彩钻的致色因素做了探讨,分作岩浆期致色、岩浆期后致色、未知的复杂因素致色等。指出了彩钻所包含的研究领域。     

征稿简则

正1.《古地理学报》是地学类学术性期刊(双月刊),主要刊登国内外古地理学及其相关学科或相关学术领域的文章,如岩相古地理学、生物古地理学、构造古地理学、层序地层学及古地理学、第四纪古地理学、人类历史时期古地理学、古今地理环境与人类文明、沉积学、沉积环境、沉积相、古生态、古构造、古地貌、古气候、古水文、古岩溶、古土壤、古地理学研究方法和技术等学科和学术领域的科研成果的论文,以及以这些学科或学术领域的理论、观点和方法论述石油、天然气、煤炭、水、化工材料、建筑材料、其他金属与非金属矿产资源的预测、勘探、开发和环境等方面的论文。     

《水科学进展》征稿简则

《水科学进展》是以水为论述主题的学术期刊,主要反映国内外在暴雨、洪水、干旱、水资源、水环境等领域中科学技术的最新成果、重要进展、当代水平和发展趋势,报道关于水圈研究的新事实、新概念、新理论和新方法,交流新的科研成果、技术经验和科技动态。她涉及与水有关的所有学科,包括水文科学、大气科学、海洋科学、地质科学、地理科学、环境科学、水利科学和水力学、冰川学、水生态学以及法学、经济学和管理科学中与水有关的内容。尤其欢迎以下方面的稿件：     

征稿启事

正《水科学进展》是以水为论述主题的学术期刊,主要反映国内外在暴雨、洪水、干旱、水资源、水环境等领域中科学技术的最新成果、重要进展,当代水平和发展趋势,报道关于水圈研究的新事实、新概念、新理论和新方法,交流新的科研成果、技术经验和科技动态;她涉及与水有关的所有学科,包括水文科学、大气科学、海洋科学、地质科学、地理科学、环境科学、水利科学和水力学、冰川学、水生态学以及法学、经济学和管理科学中与水有关的内容。本刊热诚欢迎广大水科学工作者踊跃投稿,尤其欢迎以下几方面的稿件:     

北京平原区元素的大气干湿沉降通量

从2005年11月到2006年11月,采用被动方式同时采集了北京市平原区10个地点的大气干、湿沉降样品共计39件.分析干、湿沉降样品中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cd、Hg、Pb、As、B、Mo、Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni元素的含量,分别计算出各元素的年沉降通量.其中,有害金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As的年沉降通量的平均值分别为2.36、0.24、219.95、29.00(g/hm2·a).对比后发现,研究区大气Cd和Hg的年输入通量远远低于四川成都经济区,Cd和Hg的大气污染状况相对南方地区较轻,As和Pb的年输入通量相对成都经济区差异较小.研究区元素的大气沉降通量与同点位的土壤元素的相关分析表明,元素的沉降通量并不是农田生态系统中土壤元素的主要输入途径,大气沉降中的元素主要来自远源.     

西北某些地区宝、玉石及彩石原料的矿物学研究

本文介绍了西北某些地区所产出的海蓝宝石、托帕石、蓝文石、哈密翠、绿松石、蓝田玉、丁香紫、商洛翠玉、五花石等宝、玉石及彩石原料的矿物学特征及其多种手段所测试的数据资料。     

征稿简则

1.《古地理学报》是地学类学术性期刊(双月刊),主要刊登国内外古地理学及其相关学科或相关学术领域的文章,如岩相古地理学、生物古地理学、构造古地理学、层序地层学及古地理学、第四纪古地理学、人类历史时期古地理学、古今地理环境与人类文明、沉积学、沉积环境、沉积相、古生态、古构造、古地貌、古气候、古水文、古岩溶、古土壤、古地理学研究方法和技术等学科和学术领域的科研成果的论文,以及以这些学科或学术领域的理论、观点和方法论述石油、天然气、煤炭、水、化工材料、建筑材料、其他金属与非金属矿产资源的预测、勘探、开发和环境等方面的论文。     

中国东部岩石地球化学图

1986～1995年开展的中国东部地壳与岩石化学组成研究在中国东部(105°E以东)约330万km2的范围内系统采集了500余条标准地层剖面、800多个有代表性的火成岩体和变质杂岩体,总计28253件岩石样品,组合成2718件分析样品,对每个岩石组合样品的63种元素含量进行了准确测定,积累了大量的高质量的元素含量分析结果.选择60种元素SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、FeO、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、CO2、Ag、As、Au、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Cd、Cl、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、F、Ga、Ge、Hf、Hg、Li、Mn、Mo、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Pd、Pt、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Sn、Sr、Ta、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、W、Zn、Zr、Y、La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Eu、Tb、Yb和Lu制作了中国东部岩石地球化学图.根据中国东部各省区区域地质志和1:50万地质图首次编制的中国东部岩石地球化学图基本反映了与特定岩石性有关的岩石地球化学元素含量分布特征、与大地构造单元有关的区域地球化学元素含量的宏观分布特征及不同大地构造单元元素含量背景的变化趋势.例如,CaO、(MgO) 、CO2和Cl的高背景反映地是碳酸盐岩地区,铁族元素Fe2O3、FeO、Mn、Ti、V、Cr、Co、Ni及MgO、Cu、Zn、P、Ga、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Sc和Eu的高背景反映了基性火山岩地区,SiO2和K2O的高背景反映地是大面积分布的酸性岩石地区的地球化学特征.内蒙古兴安褶皱带为SiO2、K2O、Ag、As和Be的高背景分布区域,华北地台边缘、大别造山带和苏鲁造山带为Sr和Ba高背景分布区域,豫西台隆为Cu、Pb、W和Sc的高背景分布区域.南秦岭、西秦岭造山带以挥发性元素Hg、As、Sb、B以及Cd、Se、S的高背景显著特点.对于整个华南褶皱系而言,W、Sn、Bi、Mo、Rb、Cs、Tl、U、Th、Pb、Y和REE(Eu除外)为高背景,此外东南沿海火山岩带有是SiO2、K2O的高背景,而赣南闽西褶皱带还是碱金属Li,稀有元素Be、Nb、Ta,分散元素Cd及F的高背景.     

“二十世纪著名科学家书系”之《刘广志》出版

由当代八位著名科学家吴阶平、杨福家、吴文俊、袁隆平、孙家栋、陈清泉、刘国光、汝信主编的“二十世纪著名科学家书系”,选录了20世纪以来中国高层次的自然科学家、社会科学家、工程科学家百余人,每人一传。这套“书系”通过对一批最具代表性的科学的人生经历、不懈追求、科学成就、突出故事的介绍,生动展现他们为中华复兴、人类福祉而表现出来的勤奋拼搏、勇于创新和赤诚奉献的精神与品格,     

征稿简则

正1.《古地理学报》是地学类学术性期刊(双月刊),主要刊登国内外古地理学及其相关学科或相关学术领域的文章,如岩相古地理学、生物古地理学、构造古地理学、层序地层学及古地理学、第四纪古地理学、人类历史时期古地理学、古今地理环境与人类文明、沉积学、沉积环境、沉积相、古生态、古构造、古地貌、古气候、古水文、古岩溶、古土壤、古地理学研究方法和技术等学科和学术领域的科研成果的论文,以及以这些学科或学术领域的理论、观点和方法论述石油、天然气、煤炭、水、化工材料、建筑材料、其他非金属与金属矿产资源的预测、勘探、开发和环境等方面的论文。2.学术论文的字数(图表在内)不作严格限制,以讲清楚文章内容为准,一般以6~10页(10000~18000字)为宜。     

Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills

Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.     

Stress-strain analysis of geogrid-supported liners over subsurface cavities

Summary Finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the magnitude of tensile strains imposed on landfill liners due to the formation of subsurface cavities. The study incorporated the significance of using geogrids to reduce the magnitude of strains and possibly the potential for collapse of landfill liners. Variations of key parameters included depth of overburden (D) and diameter of the cavity (B). Estimated stress distributions were compared to theoretical values obtained from a model reported in the literature. Results indicated that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the critical area based on the mechanics of arching was above the edge of the cavity where stress concentration occurred. Incorporation of geogrid reinforcement reduced the magnitude of tensile strains. The tensile force in the geogrid was dependent upon the size of the cavity, the depth of the overburden, and the applied pressure.     

Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere

The evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) and the Alpine orogen is discussed on the base of a set of palaeotectonic maps and two retro-deformed lithospheric transects which extend across the Western and Central Alps and the Massif Central and the Rhenish Massif, respectively.During the Paleocene, compressional stresses exerted on continental Europe by the evolving Alps and Pyrenees caused lithospheric buckling and basin inversion up to 1700 km to the north of the Alpine and Pyrenean deformation fronts. This deformation was accompanied by the injection of melilite dykes, reflecting a plume-related increase in the temperature of the asthenosphere beneath the European foreland. At the Paleocene–Eocene transition, compressional stresses relaxed in the Alpine foreland, whereas collisional interaction of the Pyrenees with their foreland persisted. In the Alps, major Eocene north-directed lithospheric shortening was followed by mid-Eocene slab- and thrust-loaded subsidence of the Dauphinois and Helvetic shelves. During the late Eocene, north-directed compressional intraplate stresses originating in the Alpine and Pyrenean collision zones built up and activated ECRIS.At the Eocene–Oligocene transition, the subducted Central Alpine slab was detached, whereas the West-Alpine slab remained attached to the lithosphere. Subsequently, the Alpine orogenic wedge converged northwestward with its foreland. The Oligocene main rifting phase of ECRIS was controlled by north-directed compressional stresses originating in the Pyrenean and Alpine collision zones.Following early Miocene termination of crustal shortening in the Pyrenees and opening of the oceanic Provençal Basin, the evolution of ECRIS was exclusively controlled by west- and northwest-directed compressional stresses emanating from the Alps during imbrication of their external massifs. Whereas the grabens of the Massif Central and the Rhône Valley became inactive during the early Miocene, the Rhine Rift System remained active until the present. Lithospheric folding controlled mid-Miocene and Pliocene uplift of the Vosges-Black Forest Arch. Progressive uplift of the Rhenish Massif and Massif Central is mainly attributed to plume-related thermal thinning of the mantle-lithosphere.ECRIS evolved by passive rifting in response to the build-up of Pyrenean and Alpine collision-related compressional intraplate stresses. Mantle-plume-type upwelling of the asthenosphere caused thermal weakening of the foreland lithosphere, rendering it prone to deformation.     

Tectonics of the western part of the Polish Outer Carpathians

The western part of the Polish Outer Carpathians is built up from the thrust, imbricated Upper Jurassic-Neogene flysch deposits. The following Outer Carpathian nappes have been distinguished: Magura Nappe, Fore-Magura group of nappes, Silesian, Subsilesian and Skole nappes. Interpretation of seismic and magnetotelluric survey from the region South of Wadowice, allows observation of relationship between basement and flysch nappes in the Outer Carpathians. It also allows identification of dislocation cutting both flysch nappes and their basement. All the Outer Carpathian nappes are thrust over the southern part of the North European Platform. The platform basement is composed of older Precambrian metamorphic rocks belonging to the Bruno-Vistulicum terrane. Sedimentary cover consists of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Neogene sequences. The characteristic features of this boundary are horsts and troughs of general direction NW-SE, turning W-E. Faults cutting only the consolidated basement and the Paleozoic cover were formed during the Hercynian Orogeny in the Carboniferous and the Early Permian. Most of the older normal faults were covered by allochtonous flysch nappes forming thus the blind faults. During the last stage of the geodynamic development the Carpathians thrust sheets moved towards their present position. Displacement of the Carpathians northwards is related to development of dextral strike-slip faults of N—S direction. The orientation of this strike-slip fault zones zone more or less coincides with the surface position of the major faults perpendicular to the strike of the Outer Carpathian thrustsheets. The huge fault cuts formations from the Paleozoic basement through the flysch allochton between the boreholes in Sucha Beskidzka area. The displacement of nappes of the Carpathian overthrust and diapiric extrusion of plastic formations of the lower flysch units occurred along this fault.     

Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) stratigraphy and structure of the Walterstown-Kentstown area,Co. Meath,Ireland

Stratigraphic units are defined and described for the Lower Carboniferous succession in the Walterstown-Kentstown area of Co. Meath, Ireland. A complete (unexposed) Courceyan succession from the terrestrial red bed facies of the Baronstown Formation to the Moathill Formation of the Navan Group has been penetrated in several boreholes. Although the lower part of the sequence is comparable with the Courceyan succession at Navan and Slane, the middle part of the sequence differs markedly in the Walterstown-Kentstown area and two new members, the Proudstown and Walterstown Members, are defined in the upper part of the Meath Formation. Syndepositional faulting was initiated during the Courceyan, probably in latest Pseudopolygnathus multistriatus or early Polygnathus mehli latus time. Movement on the ENE trending St. Patrick's Well Fault influenced the deposition of the Walterstown Member and the overlying Moathill Formation and was probably associated with the development of the East Midlands depocentre to the south of the area. A second episode of tectonism in the latest Courceyan or early Chadian resulted in uplift and erosion and the development of ‘block and basin’ sedimentation. Subsequent transgression of the uplifted block led to the establishment of the Kentstown Platform, bounded to the north, west and south by rocks of basinal facies. The Milverton Group (Chadian-Asbian), confined to this platform, unconformably overlies Courceyan or Lower Palaeozoic strata and is subdivided into three formations: Crufty Formation (late Chadian), Holmpatrick Formation (late Chadian-Arundian) and Mullaghfin Formation (late Arundian-Asbian). The Walterstown Fault controlled the western margin of the Kentstown Platform at this time. Contemporaneous basinal sediments of the Fingal Group (Lucan and Naul Formations) accumulated to the west of the Walterstown Fault and are much thicker than age-equivalent platform facies. Platform sedimentation ceased in latest Asbian to early Brigantian time with tectonically induced collapse and drowning of the platform; platform carbonates of the Mullaghfin Formation are onlapped northwards by coarse proximal basinal facies of the Loughshinny Formation. A distinct gravity anomaly in the Kentstown area suggests the presence of a granitoid body within the basement. The Kentstown Platform is therefore considered to have formed on a buoyant, granite-cored, footwall high analogous to the Askrigg and Alston Blocks of northern England.     

Controls on the evolution and demise of Lower Carboniferous carbonate platforms,northern margin of the Dublin Basin,Ireland

Shallow water platform limestones of the Chadian–Asbian Milverton Group are restricted to the north-eastern part of the Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) Dublin Basin. Here, they are confined to two granite-cored fault blocks, the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks, known to have been active during the late Dinantian. Three areas of platform sedimentation are delimited (the Kentstown, Drogheda and Milverton areas), although in reality they probably formed part of a single carbonate platform. Resedimented submarine breccias and calciturbidites (Fingal Group) composed of shallow water allochems and intraclasts sourced from the platform accumulated, along with terrigenous muds, in the surrounding basinal areas. Sedimentological evidence suggests that the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks possessed tilt-block geometries and developed during an episode of basin-wide extensional faulting in late Chadian time. Rotation of the blocks during extension resulted in the erosion of previously deposited sequences in footwall areas and concomitant drowning of distal hangingwall sequences. Antithetic faults on the northern part of the Balbriggan Block aided the preferential subsidence of the Drogheda area and accounts for the anomously thick sequence of late Chadian platform sediments present there. Continued subsidence and/or sea-level rise in the late Chadian–early Arundian resulted in transgression of the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks; carbonate ramps developed on the hangingwall dip slopes and transgressed southward with time. Subsequent progradation and aggradation of shallow water sediments throughout the Arundian to Asbian led to the development of carbonate shelves. Several coarse conglomeratic intervals within the contemporaneous basinal sequences of the Fingal Group attest to periodic increases of sediment influx associated with the development of the shelves. Sedimentological processes controlled the development of the carbonate platforms on the hangingwall dip slopes of the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks, though periodic increases of sediment flux into the basinal areas may have been triggered by eustatic falls in sea level. In contrast, differential subsidence along the bounding faults of these blocks exerted a strong control on the margins of the late Dinantian shelves, maintaining relatively steep slopes and inhibiting the progradation of the shelves into the adjacent basins. Tectonically induced collapse and retreat of the platform margins occurred in the late Asbian–early Brigantian. Platform sediments are overlain by coarse-grained proximal basinal facies which fine upwards before passing into a thick shale sequence, indicating that by the late Brigantian carbonate production had almost stopped as the platforms were drowned.     

Viscous effects on penetrating shafts in clays

The penetration of rigid objects such as piles and penetrometers into soils creates a zone of soil disturbance around them. The extent of this disturbed zone influences the resistance of the moving rigid body. This paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the resistance in the disturbed zone created by a shaft penetrating a clay soil. The soil is modeled as a viscous material after it reaches failure [critical state (CS)]. The results of this analysis show that the viscous drag stress component on the shaft surface is influenced by the size of disturbed zone that has reached CS around the shaft, the shear viscosity of the soil and the velocity profile (or strain rate) in the CS zone around the shaft. The size of CS zone, the velocity profile and the viscosity of soil are interdependent. Large variation in viscous drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone is less than four times the shaft’s radius. Limiting drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone exceeds six times the shaft’s radius. The theoretical velocity distribution of the movement of soil in the CS zone shows that the soil is dragged along with shaft in the near field (close to the shaft surface) and moves upwards in the far field.     

具彩色斑纹颅形贝在广西桂林下石炭统黄金组中的发现:兼论颅形贝属的地质地理分布

文中描述了产自广西桂林地区下石炭统黄金组下部的颅形贝属一新种,桂林颅形贝(Cranaena guilinensis)。新种以平直的前结合缘和背壳上发育中槽为特征。在4枚标本上发现保存有放射状的彩色条带,表明该种当时生活在温暖海域的浅水环境。对该属70个种的地质地理分布和生物多样性变化的初步分析表明,该属可能起源于早泥盆世欧美大陆西北缘的老世界区,之后的地理分布和生物多样性发展以北美地区为中心,经历了中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期和早石炭世2次比较明显的辐射演化、迁移扩散高峰和晚泥盆世晚期的1次严重衰退。第1次高峰是中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期,该属的生物多样性达到巅峰,生物地理分布范围扩大到欧美大陆之外的西伯利亚板块、哈萨克斯坦板块和华南板块等;第2次高峰是早石炭世,该属的生物多样性虽不及前一次,但获得了最广泛的地理分布,不仅在北方大陆有分布,而且已进入到冈瓦纳大陆边缘。晚泥盆世晚期该属的1次严重衰退显然与F/F灭绝事件有关。早石炭世之后,该属进入衰退阶段,最终在二叠纪初灭绝。     

Nouvelle interprétation tectonique de la montagne Sainte-Victoire (Provence,France)

The explanation normally given for the tectonics of Sainte-Victoire Mountain, a dozen kilometres east of Aix-en-Provence, to the north of the limestone Provence, is incorrect. To the east, the morphology of the Sainte-Victoire is subdued, whereas to the west, before the mountain breaks savagely, the morphology is that of a young mountain as appears in Alpine landscapes. This unusual aspect in the region and the large subvertical faults with vertically striated surfaces that mark the massif to the south and to the west, induce the idea of strong vertical uplifts and caste doubt on the tectonic interpretation given in 1962 by Corroy et al. According to those authors, the Sainte-Victoire is a unit of Jurassic and Cretaceous formations overthrusting 1800 m to the south conglomerates of the Late Cretaceous or Palaeocene. New observations about the conglomerate transgression over the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds, and about the faults around and on the massif do not give evidence of an overthrusting but, on the contrary, induce the idea of a uplift, perhaps still active, in the form of a ‘piano key’ inclined to the northeast. To cite this article: J. Ricour et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

中国中新元古代重要沉积地质事件及其意义

地球曾经历了3次超大陆演化过程,其中2次超大陆(哥伦比亚(Columbia)和罗迪尼亚(Rodinia))旋回涉及中新元古代,并与一系列区域性事件相联系,形成了多成因的超大陆演化模型。华北中东部新元古代沉积事件、扬子和塔里木新元古代裂谷事件、雪球事件等都被视为Rodinia超大陆的裂解响应,它们对定时三大陆块相互关系及定位其在全球超大陆的位置具有至关重要的作用,也反映了重要沉积地质事件在超大陆研究中不可或缺的作用和意义。此外,在中新元古代的Columbia和Rodinia超大陆演化过程中,还伴随发育具有广泛区域性甚至全球意义的巨厚白云岩与碳酸盐岩微生物(岩)、红层与黑色页岩、全球性臼齿亮晶碳酸盐岩和埃迪卡拉纪盖帽碳酸盐岩等沉积事件群及元素(同位素)漂移等地球化学异常事件,也包括特殊且重要的磷块岩、锰、铁矿等沉积成矿事件。由于不断显示出来在全球古大陆重建和古地理恢复方面的重要作用,它们越来越得到学术界的广泛关注和研究。文中通过系统分析中国中新元古代超大陆旋回演化中发育的部分重要或关键地质事件(群)时空发育与分布特征,并结合作者团队的实际资料和测试数据,以期揭示超大陆演化过程与重要沉积地质事件的内在联系,为超大陆聚散旋回演化和时空定位及原型沉积盆地的发育和评价提供科学证据。