海岛生态补偿研究综述

海岛生态补偿是协调海岛开发利用与生态环境保护的重要制度安排,也是近年来海洋环境管理研究领域的热点之一。文章围绕补偿主客体、补偿标准、补偿方式等海岛生态补偿的关键环节,对不同学科学者在海岛生态补偿研究方面的进展和相关问题进行了梳理和全方位、多视角的探讨。并提出要加强海岛生态补偿跨学科合作研究;建立海岛生态补偿标准核算体系;拓宽海岛生态补偿方式;丰富海岛生态补偿实例,以促进海岛生态补偿制度实施。     

Construction of a pile-based offshore airport

The feasibility of construction of a pile-based offshore airport in open sea is considered. The concept of a pile-based airport relies on technology used to construct long concrete bridges, over sea arms and straits, during the last four decades. The features of four major bridges, in conjunction with prefabrication of prestressed structural elements, are described. The airport platform, which is set 16 m above sea level, obviates the need for protective embankments. The platform consists of modular units, supported by piers, which are based on foundations of steel piles. The modular units comprise tube girders, 35–60 m long, set on piers 15 m apart. Longer girder spans are expected to diminish the impact of the airport on the coast. Cost estimates are provided for a pile-based offshore airport serving medium haul aircraft, using 45×15 m² and 60×15 m² grids, and long haul aircraft, using 60×15 m² grids. Cost comparison with a fill island airport is provided using two different geometries. It is shown that the pile-based airport is a viable option, both technologically and economically. This new concept provides advantages over the fill island option regarding the requirement of materials, technology of construction, the modular approach and the diminished environmental impact.     

Fuzzy Optimum Model of Semi-Structural Decision for Lectotype Optimization of Offshore Platforms

In the process of concept design of offshore platforms, it is necessary to select the best from feasible alternatives through comparison and filter. The criterion set, used to evaluate and select the satisfying alternative, consists of many qualitative and quantitative factors. Therefore, the selection is a problem of multicriteria and semi- structural decision- making. Different from traditional methods in semi- structural decision- making, a new framework and methodology is presented in this paper for evaluation of offshore platform alternatives. First, the criterion set is established for the evaluation of alternatives. Next, the approach is studied to construct the relative membership degree matrix, in which both qualitative and quantitative factors are consistent with the uniform calculating standard. And then a new weight-assessing method is developed for calculation of the weights based on the relative membership degree matrix. Finally, a multi-hierarchy fuzzy optimum model is adopted to select t     

Spatial analysis of recreational boating as a first key step for marine spatial planning in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain)

Recreational boating is an important, growing leisure activity on the island of Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. This spatial analysis of anchoring of recreational boating along the coast of Mallorca is intended to generate new data to contribute to the achievement of a comprehensive marine and coastal spatial planning on the island in addition to providing important information related to the pressure of increasing demand for anchoring space that, if not properly managed, could jeopardize the coastal and marine environments. The study combines data from the natural (habitats, geology), physical (wave patterns), and social sciences (survey interviews), using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as the main analytical tool. The final result is an estimate of the average amount of seabed available for anchoring during the highest levels of boating activity in Mallorca (i.e. summer high season) based on a number of different sustainability scenarios (i.e. average distance between boats, weather conditions). In addition to being applicable to any location wishing to manage recreational boating activity, the methodology presented in this study represents an integrated, multidisciplinary approach which could be applied to a number of management scenarios with a spatial dimension in marine environments.     

拟建三亚新机场填海对区域景观特征影响分析

为进一步完善海南国际旅游岛的交通基础设施,三亚市政府提出在红塘湾海域进行填海,用于机场及附属设施建设。而伴随着海南国际旅游岛和自由贸易试验区国家战略的稳步推进,三亚将重点保护和优化具有品牌效应的标志性景观地区。本研究运用空间视线分析及实景模拟分析法,分析三亚新机场填海工程对周边三个标志性滨海景区,即南山文化旅游区、天涯海角风景区、鹿回头风景区的景观特征影响。分析结果认为:填海建设机场将对三亚重要滨海景观资源造成较大自然和人文冲击。自然景观方面,项目填海占据了南山文化旅游区和天涯海角风景区较大的视觉范围,大尺度的直线人工岛及大体量的人工设施将改变整体环境的"自然"特征。人文景观方面,天涯海角风景区的"天地尽头"景观意象受影响大,直接破坏"天之涯""海之角"陆海分界、海阔天空的意象;建成后噪音、灯光将破坏南山文化旅游区的肃静和庄严感,南海观音也将面临灯光、噪音的日夜干扰;对于鹿回头景区,"前无去路"的内涵将受到影响。建议项目用海评估论证应纳入区域景观影响的内容,结合区域发展定位和战略需求,对新机场填海工程的可行性进行全方位论证。     

基于LAHP-TOPSIS方法的围填海方案选择研究

针对围填海不同规模方案的选择问题,目前已有很多文献建立了评价指标体系,然而利用数学算法进行评价研究的还比较少。文章以现存的评价指标体系和专家评分为基础,利用语言层次分析法(LAHP)来计算各个评价指标的权重,并采用多属性决策方法——逼近理想点法(TOPSIS)对不同规模的围填海方案进行排序,从而选出最优方案。进一步用实际的例子,说明了利用LAHP-TOPSIS方法进行方案排序的步骤,给出了评价结果。结果显示:文章提出的评价方法能够为沿海及港口城市围填海方案提供有效的评价工具,对于围填海规模方案选择具有重要意义。     

Fuzzy inference system for the risk assessment of liquefied natural gas carriers during loading/offloading at terminals

A multiple attribute risk assessment approach using a fuzzy inference system is developed in this work. The approach is based on the use of fuzzy sets, a rule base and a fuzzy inference engine. Traditional input probabilities and consequences used in risk assessment are represented by fuzzy sets to take into account uncertainties associated with the assignment of their values. The output risk values can be presented as crisp values or fuzzy sets with associated degree of membership. The fuzzy inference system FIS is used as an alternative approach to qualitative risk matrix techniques currently used in many industries and by ship classification societies. Two approaches for fuzzy inference are adopted. These include the Mamdani approach in which output risk values are fuzzy sets and the Sugeno method of fuzzy inference, in which output risk values are constant or linear.The use of a fuzzy set approach is particularly suited for handling multiple attribute risk problems with imprecise data. It improves upon existing qualitative methods and allows the ranking of risk alternatives based on a unified fuzzy risk index measure. Results show that while the Mamdani method is intuitive and well suited to human input, the Sugeno method is computationally more efficient and guarantees continuity of the final risk output surface. Results also show that computed risk values using a fuzzy risk index measure are consistent with those obtained using a qualitative risk matrix approach. The proposed methodology is also applicable to other ship operating modes such as transit in open sea and/or entering/leaving port. A case study for a liquefied natural gas LNG ship loading/offloading at the terminal is presented to demonstrate the developed approach capability.     

A numerical model for combined refraction-diffraction of short waves on an island

A combined wave refraction-diffraction numerical model was developed to predict wave conditions around an arbitrary island. The methodology was based on the mild-slope equation, solved using a finite difference scheme with a marching procedure. The new model reduced the computer's memory demand considerably in comparison with finite-element, parabolic, error vector propagation and other finite difference approaches, and could therefore predict wave conditions for a large coastal area under given offshore boundary-wave conditions. Laboratory data on wave conditions under submerged circular and elliptical shoal conditions were selected to validate the numerical results. Good agreement was observed in all cases. Wave characteristics around an island were predicted using this model with the given deep-water wave condition. The model can predict wave conditions for any island with a mild-slope coastline.     

A model to assess fundamental and realized carrying capacities of island ecosystem: A case study in the southern Miaodao Archipelago of China

Research on carrying capacity, aiming at maintaining the limited ability of the Earth's life supporting system to sustain human development, requires a comprehensive and ecosystem-based approach to monitor and assess the localized sustainability of coupled social and ecological systems. A definition termed the ecosystem-based carrying capacity of island (EBCCI) was developed in this paper of which the indices of fundamental and realized carrying capacities of island (FCCI and RCCI) were highlighted to emphasize the inter-dependencies between social systems and ecological systems. In order to avoid the difficulties and uncertainties of direct assessment, the related assessment model was established on the basis of synthetic evaluation of inherent and external factors affecting the EBCCI. The southern Miaodao Archipelago (SMA) located in the intersection of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, China, was taken as a typical example to acquire integrated recognition of the island ecosystem and its carrying capacity so as to discuss its sustainable development. The index scores of FCCI and RCCI in the SMA were 0.818 5 and 0.712 9 out of 1.0, respectively, with acceptable uncertainties. The results showed a relatively well capacity to sustain progress and relatively well realization of the carrying capacity of island ecosystem, owing to a well capacity of ecologically regulating, general performance of both ecologically supporting and resource provisioning, and a relatively high level of social supporting system. The study implied that it was critical to optimize the inter-dependencies and to sustain the relative balance between social systems and ecological systems so as to improve the RCCI and further facilitate the sustainability of SMA. The approach proposed in this paper provides a powerful tool which is well applicative to the regional level of an oceanic island or archipelago to study the sustainable development and can be further popularized to the coastal zone.     

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of the Simulated Seawater?Freshwater Mixing Zones in Steady-State Coastal Aquifers

The uncertainty and sensitivity of predicted positions and thicknesses of seawater-freshwater mixing zones with respect to uncertainties of saturated hydraulic conductivity, porosity, molecular diffusivity, longitudinal and transverse dispersivities were investigated in both head-control and flux-control inland boundary systems. It shows that uncertainties and sensitivities of predicted results vary in different boundary systems. With the same designed matrix of uncertain factors in simulation experiments, the variance of predicted positions and thickness in the flux-control system is much larger than that predicted in the head-control system. In a head-control system, the most sensitive factors for the predicted position of the mixing zone are inland freshwater head and transverse dispersivity. However, the predicted position of the mixing zone is more sensitive to saturated hydraulic conductivity in a flux-control system. In a head-control system, the most sensitive factors for the predicted thickness of the mixing zone include transverse dispersivity, molecular diffusivity, porosity, and longitudinal dispersivity, but the predicted thickness is more sensitive to the saturated hydraulic conductivity in a flux-control system. These findings improve our understandings for the development of seawater?freshwater mixing zone during seawater intrusion processes, and give technical support for groundwater resource management in coastal aquifers.     

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of the Simulated Seawater—Freshwater Mixing Zones in Steady-State Coastal Aquifers

The uncertainty and sensitivity of predicted positions and thicknesses of seawater-freshwater mixing zones with respect to uncertainties of saturated hydraulic conductivity, porosity, molecular diffusivity, longitudinal and transverse dispersivities were investigated in both head-control and flux-control inland boundary systems. It shows that uncertainties and sensitivities of predicted results vary in different boundary systems. With the same designed matrix of uncertain factors in simulation experiments, the variance of predicted positions and thickness in the flux-control system is much larger than that predicted in the head-control system. In a head-control system, the most sensitive factors for the predicted position of the mixing zone are inland freshwater head and transverse dispersivity. However, the predicted position of the mixing zone is more sensitive to saturated hydraulic conductivity in a flux-control system. In a head-control system, the most sensitive factors for the predicted thickness of the mixing zone include transverse dispersivity, molecular diffusivity, porosity, and longitudinal dispersivity, but the predicted thickness is more sensitive to the saturated hydraulic conductivity in a flux-control system. These findings improve our understandings for the development of seawater?freshwater mixing zone during seawater intrusion processes, and give technical support for groundwater resource management in coastal aquifers.     

海岛生态综合评价方法探讨

从海岛生态状态及生态服务功能两个方面，探讨了海岛生态综合评价的指标和方法．其中海岛生态状态评价从海岛景观和生态系统两个层次进行分析．前者主要利用3S技术所获取的信息，从宏观角度定量分析海岛景观格局变化；后者从海岛生物和非生物环境两部分，采用与历史资料及相关环境质量标准对比的方法，分析海岛岛陆、潮间带及近海海域生态系统现状．海岛生态服务功能评价则从海岛物质生产、调节功能、支持功能及社会文化功能4个方面，分析海岛生态系统的服务能力．文中提出的海岛生态综合评价的框架、方法，可为海岛生态系统综合评价与管理提供参考．     

国际内河电子航道图标准及其应用

内河航行船舶需要比电子海图更大比例尺和更详细的导航信息,国际内河电子航道图协调组(IEHG)基于电子海图标准发布了内河电子航道图标准,将国际内河电子航道图标准与IHO ENC标准间的差异,在产品规范与要素目录、编码指南等方面进行详细的分析比较,并归纳分析其生产与应用情况,展望其标准在我国应用前景,指出我国规范的缺失和需要改进的问题。     

Selecting management methodologies for marine resources,with an illustration for southern African hake

There are many different methodologies which could be used in the management of renewable marine resources. In order to manage a particular resource appropriately, it is necessary to select those methodologies which perform most satisfactorily for that resource. In this paper, an approach is outlined which can be used to select such a "best" methodology from a set of alternatives for a particular situation. The approach involves applying alternative methodologies to a large number of data sets generated by a model of the situation and using that model to examine the consequences of each application. The approach is applied to select model-estimation and management procedures for the Cape hake resources off southern Africa. The observation error form of the Butterworth-Andrew model performs the best of the model-estimation procedures investigated, and the Maximum Allowable Catch strategy is the most satisfactory harvesting strategy of those considered. These results are relatively robust to model structure and the parameter values for the actual situation.     

中国内河电子航道图发展研究

在我国内河水运现代化快速构建时期和我国内河电子航道图发展初期,采用文献计量学、网络资源搜索、行业调查分析等方法,从研究国际内河电子航道图发展现状的基础出发,从成果现状和技术现状阐述中国内河电子航道图的发展现状。从标准发展、生产发展、应用发展、技术发展等方面分析中国内河电子航道图的发展趋势,得出中国内河电子航道图发展面临的困难与机遇,提出发展建议,以推动我国内河水运现代化进程。     

Identification and prioritization of uncertainties for management of Eastern Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)

In recent decades there has been steady progress towards a risk-based management approach for fisheries. An important first step in a risk analysis framework is scoping to identify, describe and catalog the sources of uncertainty that might have an impact on a fishery. This paper introduces a methodology based on a range of tools to formalize the process of elicitation of uncertainties, from both experts and stakeholders, for the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT). ICCAT is a regional fisheries management organization responsible for the conservation of tunas and other highly migratory fish in the Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent seas. The aim of the elicitation was to identify and prioritize uncertainties for inclusion in Operating Models for Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE). The tool presented in this paper supports the qualitative prioritization of uncertainties, while also visualizing the degree of consensus among stakeholders on particular issues. Perceptions of uncertainty in fisheries often vary widely among scientists, industry and other interest groups, so tools that can facilitate inclusion and representation of different opinions are useful where decision-making depends on broad agreement and more generally, where effective management depends on commitment from stakeholders.     

深圳大鹏半岛南岸西冲海滩的沉积物来源、平面形态稳定性及横向变化

The coast of the Dapeng Peninsula has been honored as one of "the eight most beautiful coasts in China". The most precious tourism resource for the peninsula is headland bay beaches, among which the beach at Xichong on the southern coast of the peninsula is the longest and the most important one. The information of the stability, sedimentary source and shape change of the beach is very important for maintaining the beach in terms of sustainable development of the peninsula. Heavy minerals in the sand of the beach and the inland stream at Xichong are compared with those of a nearby beach on the same coast to determine the beach sand source; with help of a computer software, MEPBAY, the equilibrium planforms of the beaches on the peninsula are compared with those of an island without rivers to evaluate the stream’s effects on the beach stability; cross shore profiles along the Xichong beach are also surveyed in different seasons of a year to assess the annual shore normal beach changes affected by the stream input, and the relation between the equilibrium planform state and cross shore changes of the beach. It is shown that(1) stream is the main sedimentary source of the beach and the weathering materials of the rocky headlands on both sides of the bay transported by waves are the second source for the beach but it is limited, sand from an inner shelf is not the sedimentary source for the beach at present and was not even during the Holocene transgression;(2) the Xichong beach cannot reach static equilibrium around the entire bay shoreline, the segment of the shoreline where a stream outlet is located is in dynamic equilibrium, and the unstable section occurs in the wave shadow region in the lee of an offshore island;(3) no matter whether the section of the beach shoreline at Xichong is in an equilibrium state or not, it is eroded in the typhoon season and recovered after the season, the maximum change in erosion and accretion occurs in the unstable segment;(4) the Xichong beach can only have small sand body since it is supplied with sand mainly form inland streams, resulting in a possible danger in which sand loss induced by human activities or huge storms cannot be replenished naturally.     

An alternative structural system for an offshore airport

An alternative floating system for an offshore airport and other reclamation works is presented. It consists of precast boxes filled with FRP hollow spheres which sit on pile system. A top slab system consisting of precast and cast in situ concrete slabs will make the whole system monolithic. The light weight but strong spheres will enable the system to make use the uplift force from water. The precast boxes and slab system will transfer the difference between the gravity and uplift forces, as well as any lateral forces to the pile system. Finally, a proposed method of any lateral forces to the pile system. construction is also presented.     

An inverse problem methodology for multiple parameter estimation in bend stiffeners

The flexible riser top connection is a critical region for lifetime assessment due to large tension/curvature variations and modeling uncertainties. The bend stiffener polyurethane mechanical response not only presents a nonlinear loading rate and temperature dependency but is also subjected to weather ageing during operation, which may affect its mechanical behavior over time. The top tension, employed for riser local cross-section stress calculation, is usually obtained from global dynamic analyses performed under selected environmental conditions, if direct measurement is not available. As a consequence, both the bend stiffener effect on the curvature distribution and the top tension time series present inherent uncertainties for riser lifetime (re)assessment. In the present work, a proposed monitoring approach composed by gyrometers installed along flexible riser/bend stiffener top connection system length combined with an inverse problem methodology is numerically investigated to estimate the following parameters: (i) polyurethane hyperelastic response and (ii) effective top tension. The top connection system is modeled using a large deflection beam bending model and the parameters are estimated using a damped least-square minimization approach with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. For the preliminary feasibility investigation, the gyrometer experimental data is numerically estimated through Monte Carlo simulations. A case study is carried out to investigate the influence that the number of sensors, sensors arrangement, loading conditions and top connection model have on the inverse parameters estimation. The results indicate that the proposed monitoring approach and inverse parameter estimation methodology may effectively reduce flexible riser lifetime calculation uncertainties.     

Information structuring and risk-based inspection for the marine oil pipelines

The proposed work is incorporated into the research theme concerning the maintenance and inspection of sensitive facilities in production systems. It is essential to promote the methodological deployment of inspection techniques to ensure the good functioning of services provided by complex production systems as well as their different components. We use a risk-based inspection methodology offering an organized analysis with knowledge sharing for collaborative possibilities in a multidisciplinary context and it consists of the following steps: data acquisition and information collection, failure analysis (probability and consequences), risk assessment, inspection plan, mitigation and revaluation. The application of this methodology can improve the maintenance management strategies of industrial companies. The inspection department is able to forecast its potential failure, root causes and impacts on the safe operation of the considered production system, based on a reliable inventory of existing situations and review options for continuous improvement in maintenance management. In particular, we addressed the application of a Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) methodology in the French petroleum company with operations on the west coast of central and southern Africa. The incorporation of expert knowledge into risk assessment is helping to find the best preventive plan for pipeline inspection in the case study.