南大西洋洋中脊玄武岩中斜长石特征及其岩石学意义

本文利用电子探针技术分析了南大西洋洋中脊玄武岩中斜长石的结构构造和物质组成特征,讨论了该区岩浆过程在斜长石中的记录。按粒径大小可将研究区玄武岩中的斜长石分为斑晶、微晶和基质三类,斑晶斜长石核部平均An值为74,属于培长石,而边部平均An值为69,属于拉长石,呈正环带构造,微晶斜长石平均An值为67,与斑晶斜长石边部成分近似,且其粒径与斑晶斜长石边部宽度接近,约在30μm,极可能是同一时期形成。基质斜长石平均An值为63,略小于微晶斜长石。利用马西兹修改后的斜长石结晶温度计算公式,估算出斑晶斜长石核部结晶温度约为1 214℃,斑晶斜长石边部结晶温度约为1 085℃,微晶斜长石的结晶温度约为1 081℃,而基质斜长石的结晶温度约为1 056℃。由此推测,高An值(78~80)的斑晶斜长石的核部可能是形成于岩浆源区的捕掳晶。斑晶斜长石的边部、微晶斜长石及基质斜长石的结晶温度相近,说明三者可能近乎同时结晶;但由于它们的颗粒大小变化范围较大,很可能分别形成于岩浆房、岩浆通道及喷出洋壳表面后等环境中。与冲绳海槽玄武岩中斜长石比较,本区斜长石平均An值跨度以及结晶温度跨度均比冲绳海槽小,本区An值为74~63,结晶温度为1 214~1 056℃,而冲绳海槽An值为86~47,结晶温度为1 250~950℃。这表明相对于岩浆物理化学环境曾经历快速变化的弧后盆地来说,慢速洋中脊的岩浆活动的物理化学环境则相对稳定。     

马里亚纳海槽玄武岩中斜长石矿物化学及意义

玄武岩中的斜长石矿物记录了岩浆过程的重要信息,可为揭示岩浆活动规律提供重要线索。马里亚纳海槽玄武岩中斜长石矿物具有两种产出类型:斑晶和微晶。岩相学特征指示,斜长石斑晶常具有聚片双晶结构、环带结构,偶见熔蚀结构和冷凝边;斜长石微晶呈半定向或杂乱分布在火山玻璃中,其中空骸晶结构表明斜长石微晶石在淬冷的条件下迅速形成。海槽18°N附近不同玄武岩样品中环带斜长石斑晶环带数与其寄主岩石Mg#值呈负相关,指示了在马里亚纳海槽扩张中心轴部地堑很小范围内获得的玄武岩样品经历的岩浆滞留时间以及岩浆混合作用周期存在一定程度的差异。海槽18°N,17°N和15°30′N附近3个位置的斜长石斑晶边部及斜长石微晶的An值接近,表明这3个位置的岩浆活动具有相似的岩浆上涌喷发通道结构及海底淬冷环境。与冲绳海槽相比,马里亚纳海槽玄武岩具有更深的产出水深;同时,研究区斜长石微晶An值总体上略高于前两者,这可能反映了水深对斜长石微晶An值的影响。研究区斜长石斑晶的形成温度范围比冲绳海槽更窄,暗示与冲绳海槽(陆缘弧后盆地)相比,马里亚纳海槽(洋内弧后盆地)岩浆过程所经历的物理化学环境可能相对更稳定。此外,微晶斜长石结晶温度略高于冲绳海槽,反映出两个弧后扩张区域岩浆喷出淬冷结晶时的水深的差异。     

冲绳海槽浮岩包裹体的测温试验

对浮岩中斜长石斑晶中的包裹体及玻璃基质中的包裹体首先进行双面光薄片的镜下观察，然后进行了系统的均化法与爆裂法测温试验。观察与试验结果表明：(1)斜长石中的包裹体均为玻璃质+气泡的两相包裹体，未发现气—液包裹体。固化包裹体为玻璃质，非晶质的固化包裹体外即是大量的气泡，特别是基质当中气泡更为发育，说明熔浆中含有丰富的挥发性组分，同时也说明包裹体形成于较浅的地质条件下。(2)长石中包裹体的均化温度不受包裹体特征不同的影响，均化温度分布范围从910—1250℃，峰值明显，计算的均化温度为Tz=(1081.4±177.9)℃，但还存在有高于1250℃的均化温度峰。包裹体均化法测试结果说明浮岩中斜长石的形成过程至少有两个阶段：第一阶段的岩浆温度在1200—1300℃左右，在此温度下形成的是An值较高的基性斜长石，同时结晶的还有辉石等矿物，斜长石结晶第二个阶段时的熔浆温度在1100℃以下，这一阶段持续的时间长，跨越的温度范围大，应是岩浆在近地表和岩浆喷出过程中的岩浆快速冷却期，同时伴随有矿物大规模晶出。(3)包裹体中的气相部分均聚合成圆形或近圆形，说明温度下降速度较快。斑晶斜长石中部分包裹体与基质玻璃中包裹体的形成温度是连续变化的，这一事实应该与冲绳海槽特殊的地质条件有关     

马努斯海盆东部裂谷岩浆演化过程——火山岩中斜长石斑晶的启示

岩浆岩中斜长石矿物的结构、成分特征记录了岩浆演化过程的重要信息。本文对马努斯海盆东部裂谷(East Rift, ER)火山岩中的斜长石斑晶进行了详细的矿物学研究,结果表明:在玄武质安山岩中,斜长石斑晶具正环带结构,核-幔部属高An值(斜长石中钙长石分子百分数)斜长石(An值大于80,最大为87),而边缘的An值骤降(最小为63);而在英安岩中,大多数斜长石斑晶的成分从核部到边部变化较小, An值逐渐缓慢降低,呈现正环带结构,少量为韵律环带。结合火山岩斑晶矿物形成的温压条件计算结果,ER地区岩浆演化过程为:地幔源区发生部分熔融产生玄武质岩浆(温度～1300℃);在岩浆活动早期,由于岩浆供应充足,岩浆上升过程中速度较快,仅发生很小程度的分离结晶,形成少量斑晶矿物,并以较高的速度、温度(～1 100℃)直接喷出海底后形成玄武岩-玄武质安山岩;至岩浆活动晚期,岩浆供应量减少,岩浆在岩浆房(3～10km)停留较长时间,岩浆温度已经明显下降(960～1 020℃),发生强烈的分离结晶作用,岩浆喷出海底形成酸性火山岩;而在整个岩浆演化过程中,未有明显的岩浆混合作用发生。     

冲绳海槽浮岩中岩浆包裹体岩石化学成分特征

系统地分析了冲绳海槽酸性浮岸中玻璃质岩浆包裹体的岩石化学成分，探讨了包裹体的岩石化学成分特征及其在岩浆起源及结晶演化过程中的指示意义，并结合前期及前人工作讨论了冲绳海槽不同岩石类型之间的成因联系及演化关系。结果表明，斑晶结晶时岩浆熔体为钙碱性英安质或流纹质岩浆，是来自地幔的拉斑玄武质岩浆充分结晶分异作用的产物。尽管各斑晶矿物中玻璃质岩浆包裹体的化学成分有所差异，但根据包裹体的岩石化学成分特征可以断定包裹体所代表的岩浆具有同源性，其差异只是反映了岩浆结晶演化的不同阶段或不同矿物结晶期，为进一步详细研究浮岩岩浆的结晶演化过程提供了最直接的资料。对比冲绳海槽酸性浮岩与玄武岩等不同岩石类型的岩石化学特征，可以证明这些岩石类型之间存在着密切的成因联系，包括同源性与继承性，它们分别是岩浆作用不同阶段的产物。另外，包裹体的成分主要取决于包裹体所在斑晶矿物的种类与成分，分析中未发现岩石化学性质明显不同的岩浆包裹体共存的现象，也没有在中酸性矿物中发现基性玻璃质岩浆包裹体，因此可以推断基本不存在不同性质的岩浆之间的直接混合作用。     

马里亚纳海槽玄武岩中熔融包裹体的初步研究

对马里亚纳海槽玄武岩科长石和橄榄石斑晶中的熔融包裹体进行了镜下观察和均一化测温实验。镜下观察表明,斑晶中结晶质熔融包裹体和玻璃质熔融包裹体均较发育,具有不同的相态特征和演化程度,反映了岩浆被捕获处不同的地质条件。捕获在橄揽石和斜长石斑晶中的包裹体均一化测温结果分别为1035～1100℃和105C～1145℃,比利用玄武岩全岩化学成分计算的矿物结晶温度结果低100℃左右,反映了斑晶矿物结晶的多期性。根据本次实验结果,结合马里亚纳海槽的构造背景和地质资料,对研究区玄武岩浆的运移过程进行了探讨．     

冲绳海槽南部流纹岩中角闪石的化学特征及其对岩石成因的指示

为了揭示冲绳海槽西南端流纹岩成因,利用电子探针和LA-ICP-MS对该流纹岩中角闪石进行了主量和微量元素测定。所有角闪石主量元素成分变化范围小,晶体化学特征主要表现为:Ca_B>1.60,Ca_A=0,（Na+K）_A<0.33,Na_B介于0.23~0.39之间,均为钙质镁闪石。微量元素以富集Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni和REE,亏损Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr、Th、U和Pb为特征,这些元素的富集与亏损与复杂的类质同象作用有关。由角闪石温压计得出其结晶时的温度范围为775~839℃,压力为0.12 GPa,大致相当于4 km的深度。角闪石的成因矿物学研究显示该流纹岩中角闪石为壳-幔混合成因,进一步表明冲绳海槽南部流纹岩由幔源玄武质岩浆与壳源长英质岩浆混合形成的中基性岩浆在浅层岩浆房中结晶分异而形成,且壳幔混合源很可能是冲绳海槽西南端火山岩岩浆的主要来源。     

西太平洋弧后盆地的热液系统及其岩浆环境研究

研究海底热液系统及其岩浆环境,可为了解西太平洋流固界面跨圈层物质与热交换过程,揭示板块俯冲过程的岩浆活动和资源环境效应提供研究支撑。为此,研究了冲绳海槽热液活动的岩浆环境、马努斯海盆的热液柱以及弧后盆地和洋中脊背景下的硫化物与玄武岩的同位素组成,对冲绳海槽热液区附近玄武岩、安山岩、粗安岩、英安岩、流纹岩及其基性岩浆包体进行了岩相学、矿物学以及主量元素、微量元素和同位素组成分析,对马努斯海盆PACMANUS和Desmos热液区的热液柱及海水进行了测量,在海底热液区岩浆混合过程及时间尺度、透视冲绳海槽深部岩浆房及岩浆演化过程和岩浆对热液系统物质贡献研究方面获新进展,揭示了俯冲蛇纹岩对琉球构造带南部岩浆活动的影响,论证了熔体包裹体对弧后盆地岩浆演化的指示,获得了冲绳海槽玄武质岩浆来源新证据,揭示了弧后盆地与洋中脊硫化物和玄武岩中铁、铜、锌的来源及其同位素在硫化物形成和岩浆活动过程中的分馏情况,明确了热液柱的物理、化学空间结构与物质组成特征,以及热液柱的扩散受深度和底流流速的影响,且热液柱扩散过程中溶解铁浓度异常比溶解锰的维持时间更长。未来,发展非传统稳定同位素和挥发份测试技术,进一步了解西太平洋板块俯冲环境下热液活动与岩浆作用的关系,将有助于海底热液系统及其成矿过程研究获得新进展。     

冲绳海槽浮岩中斑晶矿物结晶的P-T条件

本文利用多种地质温度计估算了冲绳海槽浮岩中斑晶矿物的结晶条件。结果表明:灰白色浮岩中的橄榄石、辉石、基性斜长石、磁铁矿等是在大约890℃和大约三十几km深的条件下结晶的。这些矿物之所以存在于SiO2含量高达70％的酸性浮岩中是由于在岩浆喷出地表之前发生了岩浆的混合作用。根据斑晶矿物的结晶深度,推测灰白色浮岩的初始岩浆来自地幔的熔融。     

冲绳海槽浮岩岩浆活动模式浅析

本文根据部冲绳海槽的地下结构、地温场特征、以及浮岩中斑晶矿物的结晶温度和榴辉岩的熔融相关系等，综合分析了冲绳海槽酸性浮岩岩浆的活动模式。提出：在冲绳海槽中部和东部地下１５ｋｍ以下的地幔物质部分熔融、产生橄榄拉斑玄武质岩浆，而在海槽中部地壳一结构层中（７－１５ｋｍ）熔融产生少量安山质岩浆。因此，在冲绳海槽地下存在有双层岩浆房结构，并且二者之间中部有岩浆通道。来自地幔的拉斑玄武质岩资源下部地壳中一方面     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.