壳聚糖的磺化产物对大鼠血栓和凝血时间的影响

甲壳质及壳聚糖的硫酸酯化反应是其化学修饰中最吸引人的研究内容之一。由于它们与肝素有相似骨架,经硫酸酯化,引入-NHSO3H,-CH2OSO3H-OSO3H,COOH,-CH2COOH基团后得到甲壳质(壳聚糖)类肝素药物,显示出抗栓、抗凝血性能(李鹏程等,1998;曾宪放等,1992;Proeyanatet al·,2002);如M     

甲壳质/壳聚糖硫酸酯研究进展

人们希望能够找到或合成能够代替肝素的物质,以解决肝素资源有限问题,在众多的衍生物当中,甲壳质、壳聚糖磺化修饰成为最诱人的领域,由于壳聚糖具有独特的分子结构,比其他多糖更适合于制备肝素类物质,因此科学家对甲壳质、壳聚糖选择性磺化,对它们的构效关系,生物活性与应用开发进行了大量研究,以期在海洋药物领域获得突破。１甲壳质／壳聚糖硫酸酯的理化性质甲壳质是一种天然高分子多糖,存在于各种节肢动物（虾、蟹、昆虫等）的甲壳中,在褐煤中曾找到约２５０×１０４ａ前各种甲虫翅膀的残余,可见甲壳质对细菌作用十分稳定。这…     

壳聚糖及其衍生物在生物工程领域中的应用研究

壳聚糖是甲壳质部分和全部脱乙酰基的产物 ,由于其分子中含有 ＯＨ和 ＮＨ ２,所以可酰基化、磺化、羧甲基化、羟基化、酯化、醚化、交联、螯合等 ,获得溶解性和生物活性不同的衍生物 ,从而拓宽了壳聚糖的应用领域。本文对壳聚糖及其衍生物在生物工程领域中的应用研究进行评述。１在细胞工程领域中的应用研究利用动物细胞大规模培养技术，可以制备出稀有的生化药物和细胞活性因子等医疗产品。微载体是直径在６０～２５０μｍ能够适于贴壁细胞在其上附着生长的微珠 ,研究表明 ,壳聚糖是一种新型的细胞大规模培养用优质材料。ＳｃｈｏｌｚＭ…     

褐藻酸钠硫酸酯的抗凝血及抗血栓作用

褐藻酸钠硫酸酯是以褐藻酸为原料合成的硫酸酯钠盐系列物。首次报道该系列化合物（Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,主要是Ⅰ）的抗血栓和抗凝血作用。实验发现,褐藻酸钠硫酸酯系列物均有抗凝血作用。其作用具有浓度和磺化度依赖性。实验测定化合物Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ的抗凝效价,分别相当于肝素钠的22．5％,16．7％,11．1％和11．7％。以该化合物10mg·kg－1静脉注射能增加小鼠的出血量并能抑制大鼠实验性动脉血栓的形成。化合物Ⅰ还具有延长大鼠凝血酶原时间和抑制静脉血栓形成的作用。结果提示：褐藻酸钠硫酸酯的抗凝血与抗血栓作用的活性基团可能为该化合物上的硫酸根,具有肝素样作用。     

壳聚糖的脱乙酰度、分子质量和性状对其体外促凝血活性的影响

制备不同脱乙酰度、分子质量的壳聚糖固体粉末和溶液,并利用试管法比较了不同浓度、不同性质及不同状态的样品的体外凝血时间.结果表明:当分子质量相近时,壳聚糖溶液的体外凝血时间随脱乙酰度的增加而减少,脱乙酰度中等的固体粉末具有最强的促凝血能力;当脱乙酰度相近时,只有高分子质量的壳聚糖溶液具有一定的促凝血活性,但固体粉末状态的三种壳聚糖均具有一定的缩短体外凝血时间的能力;同等剂量的壳聚糖溶液和粉末,除了高脱乙酰度、高分子质量的壳聚糖外,其余样品的固体粉末对于缩短体外凝血时间更为有效     

甲壳多糖及单糖的制备工艺研究

甲壳质(chitin)，又名甲壳素，几丁质，主要存在于虾、蟹、蛹及昆虫等动物外壳中。其衍生物壳聚糖(chitosan)又名甲壳胺或脱乙酰甲壳素，是甲壳质经脱乙酰化反应制得的产物，是最基本、最重要的甲壳质衍生物。 壳聚糖具有良好的吸湿性、成膜性、气透性、降解性、生物相溶性、无毒副作用以及不污染环境的优良性质，广泛应用于环保、食品、化工、医药、纺织、造纸、卷烟、农业、化妆品、印染、生物医学、酶制剂、保健品、金属回收等许多行业中。因此甲壳质作为一种纯天然的自然资源，对其开发和应用具有极其深远的意义。但甲壳质及其壳聚糖的高度不溶性极大地限制了它们的应用，必须对它们进行化学深加工，或结构修饰，引入或改变其分子链上的某个基团，或者完全降解或部分降解其分子链，从而得到一些具有特殊性质、水溶性有所改善的衍生物产品来满足人们的使用需要，因此甲壳单糖随之问世。 D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐(GAH)是甲壳质或壳聚糖的降解产物，其结构为D-葡萄糖分子中C2-羟基被氨基所取代，因氨基显碱性，与盐酸结合成盐。D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐是重要的生化试剂和医药中间体，其用途十分广泛：对人体具有重要的生理功能，它参与肝肾解毒，发挥抗炎护肝的作用；它能促进抗生素药剂的注射功能，也可作为糖尿病患者的营养补助剂，大剂量使用对宿主组织无害，但对体内恶性细胞却是一种细胞毒；它促进人体黏多糖的合成，改善关节软骨的代谢及修复；此外，它还可作为化妆品和饲料的添加剂。目前，国内、外对D-氨基葡萄糖的需求日益增加。 本文论述了甲壳质和壳聚糖的制备技术，并着重研究了单糖的最优化制备方法，通过正交实验，进行了3因素6水平72(36×2)个实验；同时研究了抽滤工艺和脱色工艺对产品质量的影响，为今后高质量的生产D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐及工业化提供了技术指导。     

壳聚糖硫酸酯制备方法

壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰基的产物,本身可生物降解,具有良好的生物相容性。经过硫酸化引入SO4^2-基团。给予化合物重要生理功能,使其具有增强机体免疫力,抑制肿瘤,抑制病毒,降糖降脂,抗凝血,防治血栓,治疗溃疡和肾衰等方面的作用,国内外对其开发十分活跃,作者就壳聚糖硫酸酯的理化性质和几种制备方法进行介绍。     

一种甲壳素硫酸酯制备条件的研究

由于甲壳素的水不溶性特点，使其应用受到一定的限制，因此改性甲壳素的开发更受到重视。甲壳素硫酸酯属改性甲壳素，具有类肝素的功能，如：抗炎，抗凝血，降血脂，降低毛细血管的通透性等。本文主要研究了水溶性甲壳素硫酸酯的制备条件［１］为甲壳素的进一步应用提供理论依据。１材料与方法１．１材料自制甲壳素（脱乙酰度分别为８０．４％，５８％，４５．２％，２０．８％）；浓硫酸（化学纯）；氢氧化钠（化学纯）；无水乙醇。１．２仪器与设备标准口四口圆底烧瓶；搅拌机；旋转蒸发器；阴阳离子交换脂。１．３有机硫测定方法称取干燥…     

壳聚糖的化学改性及其产物的红外解析研究

甲壳素是一种天然高分子多糖，具有与纤维素相近的骨架结构，其资源丰富，用途广泛(方波，1998)。但由于分子内和分子间存在很强的氢键作用力，因而不能熔融，也不溶于普通溶剂(如水、乙醇等)(董炎明等，2002)，实际应用中较多的是其部分或全部脱乙酰化产物——壳聚糖。壳聚糖虽然可以溶于酸性水溶液，但不能直接溶于水中，且在酸性水溶液中不稳定，也不溶于一般的有机溶剂，这在很大程度上限制了它的应用(董炎明等，2002)。所以，水溶性壳聚糖衍生物的研制正成为一个新的研究方向。壳聚糖分子中C2位上的-NH2，C3、C6位上的-OH，均具有较强的反应活性，在适当条件下可进行多种化学修饰，如酰基化、羧烷基化、硫酸酯化、烷基化、羟烷基化及氰烷基化等。引入上述功能性基团，可增加壳聚糖的溶解性和功能性，拓宽了壳聚糖的应用范围。这些衍生物的制备研究已成为壳聚糖应用开发的主要方向之一。     

哌啶—N—磺酸作为壳聚糖硫酸酯化试剂的初步研究

采用哌啶 - N-磺酸作为壳聚糖的硫酸酯化试剂 ,研究了硫酸酯化试剂的加入方式、反应原料的比例、反应时间、反应温度对硫酸酯化程度的影响。结果表明 ,采用滴加哌啶 - N-磺酸的方式 ,反应温度为 80℃ ,壳聚糖与哌啶 - N-磺酸质量比为 1∶ 4时 ,产物有较高的硫酸酯化程度。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.