贝类神经内分泌和免疫系统对环境胁迫的响应

贝类养殖在中国海水养殖业中占有重要的地位,其产量占中国海水养殖总量的80%以上,也是出口创汇的主要对象。近年来栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)等贝类的大规模死亡制约了相关产业的发展,而导致栉孔扇贝(C·farreri)大规模死亡的直接病因是一种球形病毒(贺桂珍等,2003;王崇明等,2002),养殖海区生态环境的胁迫作用是其大规模死亡的重要诱因(张福绥等,1999)。在多种胁迫因子的协同作用下,贝类抗病力下降、病原体大量繁殖,从而引起大规模死亡。因此,系统地研究贝类神经内分泌和免疫系统对环境胁迫作用的响应是十分必要的。胁迫反应指胁迫因子引起…     

贝类杂交及杂种优势理论和技术研究进展

中国是个海水养殖大国,也是贝类养殖大国,贝类养殖产量占中国海水养殖总产量的80％左右。目前在中国海水养殖的贝类有20余种,但主要种类如皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)、杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、海湾扇贝(Amopecten irradians)、长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、近江     

栉孔扇贝体内寄生的病毒的分离纯化及其形态学观察

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)是我国传统海水养殖贝种,养殖范围主要分布于黄海、渤海沿岸的山东、河北、辽宁等地,但是,近年来因病害发生,造成了巨大的经济损失.扇贝大规模死亡流行病学调查研究已进行多年,流行病学调查、病理学、病原感染实验及病原分离纯化等研究初步认为类立克次体是扇贝(包括栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝Argopecten irradians)的病原生物[1～4].在用泛影葡胺密度梯度离心纯化栉孔扇贝类立克次体时发现一种具囊膜的病毒粒子,本文首次报道栉孔扇贝体内该球形病毒纯化的形态学特征.     

中国栉孔扇贝养殖和育种的回顾与展望

栉孔扇贝作为一种双壳贝类，其营养和经济价值较高，在中国海水养殖业中占有重要地位。自20世纪50年代开始，栉孔扇贝养殖产业先后经历了自然采苗、半人工采苗、人工育苗、提纯复壮和新品种培育等过程，逐渐成为中国北方主要的浅海浮筏养殖品种。本文综述了中国栉孔扇贝养殖产业的发展历程，简要总结其养殖和育种过程中存在的问题，并对其今后的发展进行展望。     

数种单胞藻作为栉孔扇贝幼体饵料效果试验

栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri(Jones et Preston)是我国北方广泛养殖的珍贵贝类之一。随着生产的发展,对于栉孔扇贝的苗种需求量愈来愈大。自1974年以来,虽然许多单位对扇贝的人工育苗进行了试验,基本弄清了育苗的规律,但总的来说,仍然存在着单产量较低,生产不稳定等问题。影响扇贝育苗成败的因子很多。本文仅探讨不同饵料的育苗效果。过去扇贝育苗常用的     

山东沿岸夏季栉孔扇贝大规模死亡原因分析

在对夏季高温期山东沿海栉孔扇贝大规模死亡现状调查的基础上,从山东沿岸栉孔扇贝养殖业发展的历史,生态,环境和种质等方面分析了栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的原因,认为大规模死亡的根本原因是长期订养殖导致养殖环境的老化或恶化及栉孔扇贝抗逆能力下降,而在夏季高温期,海区饵料明显不足,栉孔扇贝本身消耗增大,养殖水体自身污染加剧及病原体大量滋生更为直接的原因。     

栉孔扇贝体内类支原体样生物的分离纯化

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)是我国北方诸省传统的一种养殖贝类.自20世纪90年代以来,北方海域养殖的栉孔扇贝灾难性的死亡事件屡有发生,1997年最甚.该贝一般呈现两个死亡高峰期:其一为春季(3～5月)死亡,在有些海区死亡率达50%以上;其二为夏季高温期(6～9月)死亡,一般在持续27℃以上高温天气(如在8月)死亡尤为严重,此期内死亡率高达80%以上,甚至有的海区100%死亡[1]1).     

栉孔扇贝大量死亡的流行病学调查研究

2001~2003年,对养殖的栉孔扇贝进行了较系统地流行病学调查研究.以栉孔扇贝养殖集中海区长岛县亚美扇贝养殖场为定点调查和样品采集点.调查内容主要包括栉孔扇贝各养殖期的死亡率和可疑病原生物检测,同时对pH、溶解氧、温度、盐度等环境理化因子进行连续监测.调查结果显示:栉孔扇贝在养殖初期幼贝阶段死亡率较低,随后死亡率逐渐升高,至8月24日月死亡率达最高点71%.9月份以后死亡率开始下降.至10月份累积死亡率达90%以上.对环境理化因子的调查显示,pH、溶解氧、盐度的变化幅度不大,与扇贝死亡率无明显相关性;温度变化与死亡率似有一定的相关性,即高温(月平均23℃以上)可能是养殖栉孔扇贝重要的环境胁迫因子.通过对可疑致病性生物因子的调查研究及病理学观察表明,栉孔扇贝在养殖过程中可感染多种微生物,其中原核微生物类立克次体(RLO)在养殖过程各生长阶段均可检出,其感染率和感染强度与扇贝死亡率呈现一致的趋势.在病原病理检测中,发现RLO的大量感染与组织细胞严重病理损伤密切相关.在病原生物检测过程中,除RLO以外还发现有类枝原体原核生物(MLO)和类病毒(VLP)寄生.RLO的人工感染实验结果说明RLO是栉孔扇贝重要的病原菌.结合感染率和死亡率、感染强度和组织病理学的相关性以及感染实验的结果分析,认为类立克次体(RLO)可能是栉孔扇贝养殖过程中大量死亡的主要致病因子.     

栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的病原研究新进展

对导致我国北方海区栉孔扇贝在养成期大规模死亡的病原研究已成为国内养殖界各方关注的焦点之一。其中对致病原因的探查工作至今至少涉及到原核类微生物 (如立克次体 ,衣原体等 )、病毒、寄生原生动物、环境因子 (如饵料、水温等 )以及微生物等几方面［１～４，６～９］。在国家重大基础研究规划项目 (９７３)的资助下 ,我们自２０００年１月起对导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的各种可能诱因分别从流行病学、环境、组织病理学以及病原学角度开展了深入、全面的调查与检测 ［２］。在此基础上 ,本课题组新近又开展和完成了对栉孔扇贝各类可疑病原的…     

栉孔扇贝三倍体与二倍体的生长比较

近几年在我国栉孔扇贝养殖业中出现了单产降低、品质下降、大面积死亡问题 ,其主要原因是缺少生长快、品质优、抗逆能力强的养殖新品种。对于养殖贝类来说 ,性成熟往往导致生长抑制、抗逆性下降和肉质下降。目前广泛开展的多倍体贝类研究的主要目的是产生不育的三倍体 ,充分利用三倍体的不育性和生长优势 ,为海水养殖业健康、稳定、持续地发展提供技术支持。通过对栉孔扇贝三倍体和二倍体的生长比较 ,证实栉孔扇贝三倍体具养殖实用价值。１材料与方法１．１材料栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓ(Ａｚｕｍａｐｅｃｔｅｎ) ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ取自青岛太平…     

Energy homeostasis as an integrative tool for assessing limits of environmental stress tolerance in aquatic invertebrates

Energy balance is a fundamental requirement of stress adaptation and tolerance. We explore the links between metabolism, energy balance and stress tolerance using aquatic invertebrates as an example and demonstrate that using key parameters of energy balance (aerobic scope for growth, reproduction and activity; tissue energy status; metabolic rate depression; and compensatory onset of anaerobiosis) can assist in integrating the effects of multiple stressors and their interactions and in predicting the whole-organism and population-level consequences of environmental stress. We argue that limitations of both the amount of available energy and the rates of its acquisition and metabolic conversions result in trade-offs between basal maintenance of a stressed organism and energy costs of fitness-related functions such as reproduction, development and growth and can set limit to the tolerance of a broad range of environmental stressors. The degree of stress-induced disturbance of energy balance delineates transition from moderate stress compatible with population persistence (pejus range) to extreme stress where only time-limited existence is possible (pessimum range). It also determines the predominant adaptive strategy of metabolic responses (energy compensation vs. conservation) that allows an organism to survive the disturbance. We propose that energy-related biomarkers can be used to determine the conditions when these metabolic transitions occur and thus predict ecological consequences of stress exposures. Bioenergetic considerations can also provide common denominator for integrating stress responses and predicting tolerance limits under the environmentally realistic scenarios when multiple and often variable stressors act simultaneously on an organism. Determination of bioenergetic sustainability at the organism's level (or lack thereof) has practical implications. It can help identify the habitats and/or conditions where a population can survive (even if at the cost of reduced reproduction and growth) and those that are incapable of supporting viable populations. Such an approach will assist in explaining and predicting the species' distribution limits in the face of the environmental change and informing the conservation efforts and resource management practices.     

舟山渔场软体生物中PCBs的残留及潜在生态风险

本文测定了舟山渔场附近6个沿海城市5种软体动物体内多氯联苯的污染水平,并进一步探讨了其潜在来源以及生态风险。结果显示,样品中PCBs的总含量水平为18.0~95.9 ng/g干重,平均含量为51.9 ng/g干重,与世界其他海域相比处于中等污染水平。组分分析表明,五氯联苯和二氯联苯为主要组成。PCBs的健康风险HR值均远低于1,表明日常食用不会对人体健康产生明显危害。     

海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑复合暴露对大马蹄螺抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化的影响

为探讨海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑环境残留对珊瑚礁区生物的影响,本文以南海珊瑚礁区关键礁栖生物大马蹄螺（Trochus niloticus） 为研究对象,探究了两种环境胁迫因素对大马蹄螺的氧化胁迫作用。分别采用两个 pH 水平 （pH 8.1、 pH 7.6） 和三个磺胺甲恶唑浓度水平 （0 ng/L、100 ng/L 和 1 000 ng/L） 单独和复合暴露 28 天,测定其对大马蹄螺鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶 （SOD）、过氧化氢酶 （CAT） 和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶 （GST） 活性以及谷胱甘肽 （GSH） 含量和脂质过氧化水平 （LPO） 的影响。结果发现：海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑单独暴露能够导致大马蹄螺鳃组织出现不同程度的氧化应激现象,表现为抗氧化酶 （CAT、SOD 和 GST） 活性和谷胱甘肽含量的升高。在复合暴露条件下,大马蹄螺鳃组织的抗氧化酶（CAT、SOD 和 GST） 活性和谷胱甘肽含量均受到不同程度的抑制,同时伴随着脂质过氧化水平的显著升高。这表明短期海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑复合暴露可导致大马蹄螺鳃组织出现氧化损伤现象,进而可能对个体存活和种群繁衍造成负面影响。     

Effect of cortisol and urea on flavin monooxygenase activity and expression in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

Expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase(s) (FMO) correlates with salinity exposure in certain species of euryhaline fish, such as the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The mechanism(s) by which salinity regulates FMO is unclear. Adult rainbow trout were infused through the dorsal aorta with either cortisol or urea. At 500 ng/ml, cortisol caused a significant increase in FMO-catalyzed thiourea oxidase activity in gill and liver microsomes. FMOI expression, however, was significantly increased by the high cortisol dose only in gill microsomes. The levels of TMAO and urea were not altered by cortisol. In the liver, urea infusion caused an increase in hepatic FMO activity. FMO expression and activity correlated with elevated tissue urea levels, but TMAO concentrations were not related. These results indicate that FMO expression and activity may be partially controlled by the osmoregulatory/stress hormone. cortisol, and concentrations of the organic osmolyte, urea, in the rainbow trout.     

Oceanic response to atmospheric forcing derived from different climatic data sets. Intercomparison study for the Black Sea

Available climatic and atmospheric analysis data have been used to prepare forcing functions for the Black Sea numerical model, based on the Bryan-Semtner-Cox Modular Ocean Model and including parameterizations for the atmosphere-ocean exchange, inflow through the strait of Bosphorus and the Mediterranean plume. Atmospheric data from different sources are compared and the drawbacks of some of them illustrated. A new wind stress data set, based on ship observations, is prepared. Compared to the existing wind stress estimates, the present ones use additional data and more accurate parameterization of the boundary layer physics. The intercomparison between forcing data sets is focused on the heat flux and freshwater flux at the sea surface.The model simulates adequately vertical stratification, seasonal variability and horizontal patterns. Five data sets for heat flux, freshwater flux and wind stress are used in different combinations to study the model response. The large differences between the simulations, forced by different wind stress and identical thermohaline forcing, justify the computation of the new wind stress. Though the forcing data used are perhaps close to the best available at the moment for the Black Sea, the model simulations range in large intervals and some of them are very poor. The model responses to forcing functions of different origin give rough estimates on the possible errors in present-day simulations. Some inconsistencies give clear indications that further verifications, improvements of the forcing functions, and intercomparisons between the responses simulated by the ocean circulation models are needed.     

Rearing in intermediate salinity enhances immunity and disease-resistance of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Studies were conducted to investigate the non-specific immune responses and disease-resistance of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus,cultured at four different salinities(8,20,32 and 40) . Three concentrations(3.75 × 10 7,3.75 × 10 8 and 3.75 × 10 9 CFU/ml) of Vibrio anguillarum suspension were employed at each salinity to determine the 4-day LD 50 . The serum lysozyme activity,the alternative complement pathway activity(ACH50) and the phagocytosis percentage of head kidney in turbot were tested at 24,48 and 72 h post-challenge of V. anguillarum(1.1 × 10 8 CFU/ml,0.1 ml) ,respectively,to evaluate the non-specific immune responses at the selected rearing salinities. Fish reared at salinity 20 had the lowest mortality,namely,the highest 4-day LD 50 value(8.88 ± 0.17) . Besides,the lysozyme activity,ACH50 and the phagocytosis of turbot were the highest at the salinity 20,but with the lowest at the salinity 40 treatment regardless of sampling time. In addition,the non-specific immune activities kept increasing within 72 h post-challenge of V. anguillarum,except that the lysozyme activity increased from 24 to 48 h,and then decreased from 48 to 72 h at 40 significantly. These results together indicate that rearing in intermediate salinity(20) was able to enhance the immunity and disease-resistance of turbot.     

National distribution of chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters in the USA

Since 1986 the NOAA National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program Mussel Watch has monitored concentrations of trace chemicals in the coastal United States by sampling mussels, oysters, and sediment. The sediment data have been used to define the status or geographic distribution of chemical concentrations (Daskalakis, K. D., & O'Connor, T. P. (1995). Distribution of chemical contamination in coastal and estuarine sediments. Marine Environmental Research 40, 381-398) and the molluscan data have provided an estimate of temporal trends (O'Connor, T. P. (1996). Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along the US coast from 1986 to 1993. Marine Environmental Research 41,183-200, O'Connor, T. P. (1998). Mussel Watch results from 1986 to 1996. Marine Pollution Bulletin 37, 14-19). This paper centers on chemical concentrations in mollusks at 263 sites around the United States. It provides perspective on concentration ranges and on geographic distributions. For most organic chemicals and lead, concentrations vary in proportion to numbers of people living near a site. For elements, other than lead, high concentrations in mollusks can be due more to natural factors than to human activity. Concentrations of PAHs in tissues of mussels from urban areas are in a range reported to exert biological responses.     

Effects of various pollutant mixtures on immune responses of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) collected at a salinity gradient in Danish coastal waters

The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea with a steady salinity gradient (3‰–30‰). Organisms have adapted to such low salinities, but are suspected to be more susceptible to stress. Within the frame of the integrated environmental monitoring BONUS + project “BEAST” the applicability of immune responses of the blue mussel was investigated in Danish coastal waters. The sampling sites were characterised by a salinity range (11–19‰) and different mixtures of contaminants (metals, PAHs and POPs), according to chemical analysis of mussel tissues. Variation partitioning (redundancy analysis) was applied to decompose salinity and contamination effects. The results indicated that cellular immune responses (total and differential haemocyte count, phagocytic activity and apoptosis) were mainly influenced by contaminants, whereas humoral factors (haemolytic activity) were mainly impacted by salinity. Hence, cellular immune functions may be suitable as biomarkers in monitoring programmes for the Baltic Sea and other geographic regions with salinity variances of the studied range.     

Bivalve molluscs as a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicity

Due to the continuous development and production of manufactured nanomaterials or nanoparticles (NPs), their uptake and effects in the aquatic biota represent a major concern. Estuarine and coastal environments are expected to represent the ultimate sink for NPs, where their chemical behavior (aggregation/agglomeration) and consequent fate may be critical in determining the biological impact.Bivalve mollusks are abundant from freshwater to marine ecosystems, where they are widely utilized in biomonitoring of environmental perturbations. As suspension-feeders, they have highly developed processes for cellular internalization of nano- and micro-scale particles (endo- and phagocytosis), integral to key physiological functions such as intra-cellular digestion and cellular immunity.Here we will summarise available information on the effects of different types of NPs in different bivalve species, in particular Mytilus spp. Data on the effects and modes of action of different NPs on mussel hemocytes in vitro demonstrate that cell-mediated immunity represents a significant target for NPs. Moreover, in vivo exposure to NPs indicates that, due to the physiological mechanisms involved in the feeding process, NP agglomerates/aggregates taken up by the gills are directed to the digestive gland, where intra-cellular uptake of nanosized materials induces lysosomal perturbations and oxidative stress. Overall, bivalves represent a particularly suitable model for investigating the effects and mechanisms of action underlying the potential toxicity of NPs in marine invertebrates.