厦门海岸线遥感动态监测研究

海岸线是指多年大潮高潮位时的海陆界线。不同类型海岸有各自的地貌特征,它们在遥感影像上的解译标志与提取方法也存在差异。目前大部分海岸线自动提取研究只是解译出遥感影像中的水边线,即卫星在过顶时刻所记录的海水与陆地的瞬时交界线,并不是真正意义上的海岸线。本文以厦门地区海岸影像为研究对象,根据不同海岸类型的地貌特点采用不同的海岸线解译方法,提取出1987年、1997年和2007年的海岸线,并进行岸线变迁原因分析。实践表明：人工海岸、基岩海岸、砂质海岸及红土海岸的海岸线解译标志明显,提取效果较好,基本能够实现计算机自动提取;淤泥质海岸在遥感图像上呈现复杂的边缘,仍没有理想的线性特征自动提取技术,是海岸线提取中的难点。     

基于机载LiDAR与潮汐推算的海岸带自然岸线遥感提取方法研究

海岸线对于海岸带保护与管理具有重要意义。海岸线现场测绘施测周期长且在地形复杂的区域施测难度大,基于遥感影像的海岸线判绘对解译人员的要求高,难以获取严格意义的海岸线。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于机载LiDAR与潮汐推算的自然岸线遥感提取方法:基于机载LiDAR系统获取的航空正射影像解译瞬时水边线,应用LiDAR系统提取的DEM和建立的高程系统转换模型,通过潮汐数据推算研究区域的海岸线。通过与“908专项”航空遥感调查岸线结果比对,按本文方法所提取的3种自然岸线(砂质岸线、基岩岸线和淤泥质岸线)的均方根误差分别为1.66,5.23和32.48 m。结果表明,该方法可用于砂质岸线和基岩岸线的提取,且具有无需开展现场测量工作的优势,可提高海岸线提取的效率。     

面向自然资源管理的海岸线界定方法探讨

立足自然资源管理视角,针对海岸线分类中的自然岸线、人工岸线和其他岸线,分析了其位置界定的原则和方法。以往对于海岸线提取方法的研究,大多是基于遥感影像,结合潮汐模型或数字高程模型,重点依据其空间形态和位置分布特征进行提取,并未过多考虑岸线管理现状情况。近年来,随着近海海域开发利用强度的加大,围填海工程以及海岸线生态修复工程对岸线变迁的影响愈加明显,因此有必要对不同类型海岸线位置的界定重新进行梳理。结合海岸线修测工作实践,提出了作者的理解和具体操作,以期对海岸线界定方面提供有益的参考。     

珠海市海岸线分类及开发利用的遥感分析

文章采用遥感解译与现场踏勘相结合的方法,开展珠海市海岸线分类及开发利用现状研究。通过遥感影像解译提取岸线数据,对砂质岸线、淤泥质岸线、基岩岸线、生物岸线、具有自然海岸形态特征和生态功能的岸线、人工岸线等岸线类型进行解译标志建立,并对岸线进行分类与统计;根据岸线分类统计结果与现场踏勘情况,对珠海市海岸线开发利用现状进行评价,并分析其存在的问题。研究表明,珠海市大陆海岸线长257.48km,其中自然岸线仅占岸线总长的17.49%,岸线开发利用强度较大且利用方式粗放,近岸海域生态压力增大,同时由于围填海导致大陆与海岛相连,海岛属性发生改变。文章最后提出加强自然岸线保护与修复、优化利用人工岸线、开展岸线动态监测、强化生态环境保护的建议,以期增强珠海市海岸线的保护与开发利用,落实自然岸线保有率,为珠海市海岸带相关规划研究和海域管理提供参考作用。     

基于特征区域统计的多光谱遥感影像海岛瞬时岸线提取(英文)

本研究采用IKONOS遥感图像,选取波谱特征区,通过区域像元统计并计算各波段权重系数,将影像进行波谱归一化处理,使归一化的影像岛陆与海水特征更明显。在此基础上,采用最大类间方差法确定最佳分割阈值,对归一化的影像进行二值化,从而提取海岛岸线。该方法采用特征曲线法进行水陆分离,得到的二值图像保持了原图的有效边缘,采用二值形态学提取的海岸线连续可靠、信噪比高。结果表明,该方法简单、快速,能有效提取海岸线,具有实用价值。     

1988年以来深圳市大陆海岸线时空演化特征

在保护海洋生态环境的原则下，实现陆海统筹发展是生态文明建设的重要内容之一。海岸线是研究海陆关系的重要载体，本文选取深圳市大陆海岸线为研究对象，通过对Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像的处理与提取，获得深圳市1988、1993、1998、2003、2008、2013、2018、2021年共8期海岸线数据。基于岸线提取结果对8期深圳岸线进行量化处理，从长度、形态、类型、开发4个角度分析深圳市大陆海岸线演变格局。分析结果表明：研究时段内，深圳大陆海岸线在长度与形态上总体趋势为不断变长、变曲折；在岸线类型与开发强度上，自然岸线不断减少，人工岸线逐年增加，城镇建设岸线逐渐成为深圳市海岸线的主体。东西海岸由于地理环境要素差异而空间分异突显，西海岸的人工化指数与开发强度要明显高于东海岸。     

基于边缘引导约束的高分辨率遥感影像海岸线提取

针对海岸线的影像特征,提出一种基于边缘引导约束的海岸线提取方法。该方法是在遥感影像进行中值滤波处理,去除噪声的基础上,通过交互方式对遥感影像进行灰度拉伸,以增强海岸线特征;再利用梯度算子卷积运算得到梯度影像;然后通过边缘像素点和灰度差阈值引导种子点进行生长,进而提取包括滩涂在内的水域或其他地物;最后通过轮廓跟踪提取生长区域的边界,即海岸线。试验表明,该方法可准确提取出海岸线位置,效果较好。     

人工岸线建设对浙江大陆海岸线格局的影响

海岸人工地貌建设是沿海国家开发利用海岸带资源的重要方式,海岸人工岸线的形成改变了自然岸线的格局,并影响着岸线的自然演替规律。基于1990,2000和2010年3期TM遥感影像,提取不同时相的浙江省大陆海岸线信息,对浙江大陆海岸线类型构成及人工岸线建设对岸线格局的影响进行了分析。结果表明:(1)受人类开发活动的影响,近20 a来浙江大陆海岸格局以人工岸线不断增长为特征;(2)不同岸段的人工岸线增长速度有明显差异,以杭州湾、三门湾及台州湾沿岸岸线变化最为显著;(3)20 a间,浙江大陆岸线整体向海推进趋势明显,仅少数岸线发生了海岸蚀退;(4)人工岸线的建设通过对自然岸线的截弯取直,缩短了自然岸线的长度,降低了自然岸线的曲折度,却使浙江省大陆海岸线的多样性指数不断增加。     

基于多源遥感的1987-2021年广西海岸线变迁分析

海岸线的变迁直接影响海岸带生态环境的变化,具有重要的研究意义。以广西海岸带为研究区,通过多景遥感卫星影像,在基于半自动化提取的基础上,利用MNDWI阈值分割技术和潮位校正原理,获取了近35年间广西海岸线的总长度变化。结果表明：广西海岸线的长度在近35年来呈现出先减后增的趋势,其中人工岸线的比重不断增长,淤泥岸线比重不断减小,其他的生物岸线、砂质岸线和基岩岸线长度总体趋势呈减小状态。其中,淤泥沉积、海潮波浪侵蚀和气象灾害是主要的自然驱动力,围海造陆、破坏红树林、修建海堤等为主要的人为驱动力。     

GF-3号SAR卫星遥感围填海监测方法研究——以大连金州湾为例

依据不同围填海类型在高分三号(GF-3)合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)卫星遥感影像上可分性,建立围填海遥感分类体系及相应的围填海类型解译标志,进而分析SAR图像岸线提取方法,构建GF-3围填海监测技术流程。采用几何主动轮廓模型进行GF-3 SAR影像自动提取海岸线,获得围填海专题图。通过外业精度调查验证GF-3 SAR卫星遥感影像可以有效获取围填海信息。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.