多环芳烃对海洋浮游植物的生物毒性研究

采用静态实验方法研究了4种（多环）芳烃对6种海洋浮游植物的生物急性毒性效应,并应用对数模型计算了其EC～（50）值。结果表明,根据对数模型计算的EC～（50）值与定义作图法所得结果较为一致,但在低浓度PAHs对浮游植物有促进作用时,其具有准确和合理的优点。其中甲苯、萘、2-甲基萘、菲的72h-EC～（50）分别为34.1～114mg/L,3.9～7.3mg/L,169～3.03mg/L,0.6～1.92mg/L。4种芳烃对6种浮游植物的生物急性毒性顺序为:小新月菱形藻>甲藻>三角褐指藻>中肋骨条藻>小球藻>亚心形扁藻。此外,4种芳烃的72h-EC～（50）与其相应的Kow值有较好的log-log相关性。     

海洋沉积物中酸溶硫化物对二价金属镉的地球化学特征及生物毒性的影响

通过海洋沉积物镉加标实验、沉积物间隙水分析和对加标沉积物毒性的10天底栖端足类生物检验，重点探讨在硫化物存在条件下，二介有毒金属镉在沉积物－间隙水系统中的地球化学分配和化学活性，及镉在沉积物中的化学活性与生物毒性间的关系。研究结果表明，镉加标沉积物的毒性与间隙水中镉浓度呈正相关，而与沉积物镉总量无关。在硫化物存在条件下，沉积物－间隙水系统中，二价镉在固、液两相同的分配主要受酸溶硫化物（AVS）影响。AVS归一化沉积物中二价镉含量可作为预测和评价二价有毒金属镉的化学分配行为和生物可获性或毒性的有效方法。酸解硫化物时同步提取的金融镉SEMCd^2 与AVS的摩尔浓度之比[SEMCd^2 ]/[AVS]可用作评价缺氧状况下镉沾污沉积物的环境质量和毒性的判据。     

石油开发污染物毒性监测的实验生物筛选Ⅱ.消油剂对水生动物的毒性比较

用静水式试验方法比较了消油剂对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon,罗氏沼虾Macrobrachiumrosenbergii,裸项栉虎鱼Ctenogobiusgymnachen和红剑鱼Xiphophorushelleri4种水生动物的急性毒性,并观察了消油剂浓度与水体溶解氧的相关性。结果表明：水体溶解氧与消油剂浓度明显呈负相关。消油剂对斑节对虾仔虾、红剑鱼、罗氏沼虾仔虾和裸项栉虎鱼的半数致死浓度分别为14．9,1725．0,2238.0和5861．4mg·L-1。对消油剂的敏感顺序由大至小为斑节对虾仔虾,红剑鱼,罗氏沼虾仔虾,裸项栉虎鱼。班节对虾仔虾和红剑鱼是监测消油剂生物毒性较为适宜的物种。     

基于微藻运动性的海洋污染物生态毒性效应研究

海洋污染生态毒性效应研究是认识和评价海洋环境质量现状及其变化趋势的重要依据。发展快速、有效的测试方法和指标对于防治污染、保护海洋环境具有重要意义。作者以海洋微藻运动性作为生理指标研究了典型海洋污染物的生态毒性效应。在本实验所测试的浓度范围内,铜(0～4.41μmol/L)和苯酚(0～9.03 mmol/L)分别在2 h内对亚心型扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)的能动性,包括运动方式、运动能力和游泳速度产生了一定的影响,且都呈现良好的剂量-效应关系。经Logistic模型拟合分析求得铜和苯酚对亚心型扁藻的2 h-EC50分别为2.21μmol/L～2.65μmol/L和4.47 mmol/L～5.71 mmol/L。在联合毒性实验中,铜和苯酚混合后,对亚心型扁藻的2h-EC501TU,其联合毒性效应方式表现为拮抗作用。上述结果与传统毒性试验(包括微藻72 h生长抑制试验,24 h～48 h大型蚤静止试验和96 h鱼类死亡试验)结果均是可比的,但相对所需测试时间较短,表明微藻运动性作为一种新型的生物测试指标可以对海洋污染物生态毒性(包括单一和联合毒性)进行快速、有效的评价。     

海洋油污染的生物治理技术

当前,生物治理技术在西方国家方兴未艾,广泛介入到水污染、土壤污染、海洋油污染、放射性污染、矿山金属污染、工厂排污污染等多方面环境治理范围。随着海洋石油的勘探开发与进出口贸易的开展,海洋油污染问题日渐突出。本文简要介绍了海洋油污染的生物治理技术概况与基本原理。     

重金属对几种海洋双壳类和甲壳类生物的毒性

研究了重金属和污染疏浚物对缢蛏Ｓｉｎｏｎｕａｃｕｌａ ｃｏｎｓｔｒｉｃｔａ稚贝和幼贝，褶牡蛎Ｏｓｔｒｅａ ｐｌｉｃａｔｕｌａ幼虫，甲壳类的卤虫Ａｒｔｅｍｉａｓｐ．幼体和长毛对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｐｅｎｃｉｌｌａｔｕｓ幼体的毒性，结果表明受试生物的生长，摄食，存活均受到不同程度的影响。各重金属元素对褶牡蛎幼虫，卤虫无节细，长毛对虾糖虾期的毒性顺序为Ｈｇ＾２＾＋＞Ｃｕ＾２＾＋＞Ｚｎ＾２＾＋＞Ｃｄ＾２＾＋＞     

围隔实验中海洋浮游植物对石油烃污染物中正构烷烃的生物富集

本文应用海洋围隔生态实验研究了浮游植物对石油烃污染物生物富集动力学过程 ,提出了“水相差法”测定海洋浮游植物体内石油烃浓度 ,以及包括石油烃挥发和生物生长等影响因素的石油烃生物富集动力学模型 ,并利用非线性拟合技术得到了海洋浮游植物对 0 #柴油 WAF中正构烷烃的生物富集动力学参数 kup,kel和 BCFPOC,结果与 Kováts色谱保留指数具有很好的相关性 ,与利用生物分析平衡法测定的文献数据基本一致。本模型及实验方法简便可靠 ,可在现场实验中广泛应用 ,得到的动力学参数应用于多介质环境模型和生态动力学模型 ,用以研究石油烃污染物中正构烷烃在海洋环境中的迁移变化规律     

生物集群相似性系数分析的适用性探讨

相似性系数的选择可能会影响生物集群间的β多样性分析。Bray-Curtis相似性系数是目前使用最广的系数之一,还有一些研究使用了欧氏距离等系数。通过非度量多维标度的结果直观对比了两个相似性系数在处理生物数据时的结果,以便了解两个系数的差异。分析结果表明,Bray-Curtis相似性系数比欧氏距离更适合处理包含很多零值的生物数据。生物数据中的零值与环境数据中的不同,不应该影响集群间相似性的计算。如果遇到完全没有生物的集群,可以选用零调整的Bray-Curtis系数,或者剔除此类集群后再计算Bray-Curtis相似性系数。一些研究忽略了相似性系数的差异,在比较和分析多元分析结果时应该慎重,以免在生态环境评价时被误导。     

海洋细菌在生物表面和非生物表面附着的研究

应用吖啶橙染色荧光显微镜检结合扫描电镜观察研究了海洋细菌在多种生物和非生物表面附着的情况。细菌的附着过程是端生鞭毛首先附着,随后菌体横卧在表面上,然后生长出侧生鞭毛或粘多糖的纤丝,使菌体牢固地附着。硅藻表面没有细菌附着,细菌只附着在硅藻个体之间的间隙内;多管藻及石莼表面有大量细菌附着,多管藻表面还有大量硅藻附着。死贝壳表面有大量球菌、杆菌、丝状细菌及硅藻附着。挠足类动物表面的附着细菌主要是弧菌。     

孔雀石绿的代谢机理及生物毒性研究进展

孔雀石绿(Malachite green,MG)是1种三苯甲烷类工业染料,曾广泛用于治疗水产动物的水霉病、烂鳃病、寄生虫病等,但由于具有高毒、高残留、“三致”等毒性性质,许多国家禁止其在经济鱼类(观赏鱼除外)的养殖过程中使用,成为药物残留监控的主要内容之一。本文对孔雀石绿的化学性质、代谢规律及机理、生物毒性等研究现状进行了综述,旨在为药残的监控工作提供理论依据。     

重金属锌,铅对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性试验

本文研究了必需元素Ｚｎ及非必需元素Ｐｂ对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性作用，得到Ｚｎ对其的４８ｈＬＤ５０和９６ｈＬＤ５０分别为１４７．９１、１６．４０ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３；Ｐｂ对其的４８ｈＬＤ５０和９６ｈＬＤ５０分别为３１．６２、１４．２８ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３。估算得到Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ对菲律宾蛤仔的安全浓度分别为０．８２、０．７１ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３。     

Application of indigenous benthic amphipods as sediment toxicity testing organisms

A series of experiments were conducted to develop standard test organisms and test protocols for measuring sediment toxicity using candidate amphipods such asMandibulophoxus mai, Monocorophium acherusicum, Haustorioides indivisus, andHaustorioides koreanus, which are indigenous to Korea. The relevant association of test species with sediment substrates was one of the important factors in sediment bioassay. The indigenous amphipodsM. mai andM. acherusicum were well associated with test sediments when they were exposed to various sediment substrates from sand to mud. The tolerant limits to various physico-chemical factors affecting bioassay results such as temperature, salinity and ammonia, as well as sensitivities to reference toxicant and contaminated sediments, were investigated usingM. mai andM. acherusicum in the present study. These amphipods were tolerant to relatively wide ranges of salinity (10~30 psu) and ammonia (<50 ppm), and displayed relevant sensitivity to temperature as well. They are more sensitive to Cd, the reference toxicant, when compared to the standard test species used in other countries. Field-sediment toxicity tests revealed thatM. mai would be more sensitive to sediment-associated pollutants thanM. acherusicum, while the sensitivity ofM. acherusicum was comparable to that ofLeptocheirus plumulosus, which has been used as a standard test species in the United States of America. Overall results of this first attempt to develop an amphipod sediment toxicity test protocol in Korea indicated thatM. mai andM. acherusicum would be applicable in the toxicity assessment of contaminated sediments, following the further evaluation encompassing various ecological and toxicological studies in addition to test method standardization.     

Effect of drilling fluid on concrete-soil/rock interface shear strength in seawater drilling environment

Abstract

In this article, the results of an experimental study on the effect of drilling fluid on concrete-soil/rock interface shear strength in the seawater drilling environment are presented. The series of direct shear tests using a purpose-designed shear box with seawater were performed considering different types of drilling fluid and base material, various normal stress levels at the interface, and filtration times. The results indicated that bentonite drilling fluid significantly decreased the concrete-soil/rock interface shear strength while a negligibly small effect was observed for polymer drilling fluid, confirming the findings from the previous studies. It was also observed that the degree of interface shear strength reduction when using bentonite drilling fluid varied with the type of base material as well as the level of normal stress at the interface. The results also confirmed that the groundwater chemistry does not alter governing mechanism of the drilling fluids and the concrete-soil/rock interface interaction and that significant benefit can also be expected when using polymer-based drilling fluid over bentonite in terms of the side resistance of a drilled shaft in seawater drilling environment as well.     

三唑磷对四种水生生物的毒性及安全评价研究

本文研究了三唑磷对小球藻、卤虫、南美白对虾、泥蚶四种水生生物的急性毒性作用，结果显示，三唑磷对小球藻的48h的EC50为24μg/dm^3,72h的EC50为15μg/km^3；对卤虫的24hLC50为1．64mg／dm^3，48hLC50为0．8mg／dm^3；对南美白对虾仔虾的48hLG0为3．2μg／dm^3，96hLC50为1．1μg/dm^3。；对泥蚶的48hLC50为21．0mg／dm^3，96hLC50为10．2mg／dm^3。三唑磷对小球藻、卤虫、南美白对虾为高毒农药，泥蚶对三唑磷有很强的耐受力。     

Study and application of Toxicity Test Method Using Neomysis awatschensis in Toxicity Evaluation of Drilling Fluid

Neomysis awatschensis was collected on the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao in 1992 and acclimated in the laboratory conditions.The acute toxicity method using 4 ～6 day juvenile mysid of this species is studied.The species is compared with M.bahia in taxonomy,geographic distribution,morphology,as well as the sensitivity to reference toxins,Based on the results,we recommend N.awatschensis to be a standard marine organism for toxicity test in China and the method to be applied in toxicity evaluation of drilling fluids.In this paper,we report the results of the above studies and the application of the method in the evaluation of several drilling fluid products.     

海洋生物中硒的催化动力学光度测定与形态分布研究

建立了一种测定海洋生物中不同形态硒的催化动力学光度法。在pH=3的Clark—Lubs缓冲介质中，硒(Ⅳ)能催化溴酸钾氧化甲基紫的褪色反应，硒(Ⅳ)含量在0．14～8μg／L范围内与褪色反应速率成正比，生物样品经HNO3-HClO4消化后直接测定硒(Ⅳ)和有机硒含量，再经盐酸还原后测定总硒含量，两者差减得硒(Ⅵ)含量。结合MIBK(甲基异丁基酮)萃取分离干扰组分，该方法具有良好的选择性和准确度，用于海洋生物材料中不同形态硒的测定，操作简便快速，结果令人满意。对几种海藻和双壳贝类样品中硒的形态分析结果表明，在海洋生物中，硒主要以有机硒和硒(Ⅳ)的形式存在于难溶性的大分子蛋白质中，硒(Ⅵ)的含量普遍较低，且存在显著的种间差异。     

深水表层钻井液密度与流变参数相关性研究

钻井液流变参数和密度的确定是钻井工程中一项十分重要的工作,它直接关系到钻井工作的成败。通过实验研究钻井液密度与流变参数的相关性,参照海上表层钻井液的配方,配制不同密度的钻井液测其性能,对实验数据作图,建立了密度与流变参数的数学模式。根据数学模式就可以通过钻井液的密度来初步确定钻井液的流变参数。     

Method for assessing the chronic toxicity of marine and estuarine sediment-associated contaminants using the amphipod Corophium volutator

Acute sediment toxicity tests do not test key life stage events such as moulting and reproduction and therefore do not reveal the longer-term effects of contaminant exposure. A laboratory method is described for determining the chronic toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. The test is conducted using neonates of the estuarine amphipod Corophium volutator at 15 degrees C, salinity 25 psu and a 12 h light:12 h dark photoperiod. The endpoints are survival and growth after 28 days and survival, growth and reproduction of amphipods upon termination of test i.e. reproduction within all control vessels (ca 75 days). The sediment chronic toxicity test was used to investigate the effects of sediments spiked with environmentally relevant preparations of slightly weathered Alaskan North Slope crude oil, including a water-accommodated-fraction (WAF) and a chemically-dispersed (Corexit 9527) WAF. Sediment oil concentrations were quantified using ultra-violet fluorescence. The amphipods exposed to chemically dispersed oil had higher mortality and lower growth rates than control-, Corexit 9527- and WAF-exposed organisms, resulting in reduced reproduction. The described method supplements the standard acute sediment test and would be particularly useful when long-term ecological effects are suspected but acute tests reveal no significant mortality. The sediment chronic test reported herein has shown that sediment that was not evidently toxic during 10-day acute tests could have population-level effects on sediment-dwelling amphipods.     

高平4水平井组双保钻井液技术

高平4井组水平井主要用于开发安塞长10组油藏。针对该井组上部直罗组和富县组易坍塌、下部地层钻速相对较慢、地层易造浆的特点,研究应用了环保型聚硅酸盐-黄胞胶钻井液体系。该体系具有抑制性强、润滑和剪切稀释性好的特点,有利于安全快速钻井,对环境污染极小。通过小型配浆实验确定钻井液施工方案,中测后稀释钻井液,降低钻井液滤失量和密度,加强固相控制,使用保护油层的酸溶性暂堵剂和降滤失剂,可最大限度地保护油层。