天津近海鱼类群落结构及功能群组成初步研究

鱼类群落结构和功能群组成是了解水域生态系统的结构和功能的基础,本研究基于2018年4月、6—11月底拖网鱼类资源调查数据,分析了天津近海鱼类群落结构和功能群组成。调查共捕获鱼类23种,隶属于6目14科20属,主要以暖温性底层鱼类和中上层鱼类为主。优势种以矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaetueichthysstigmatias)、六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaetueichthyshexanema)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossusjoyneri)等小型鱼类为主,其中矛尾鰕虎鱼为各月共有优势种。根据月间CLUSTER聚类分析结果,可将天津近海鱼类群落分为3个组,其中,4月为一组,6—9月为一组,10—11月为一组。根据各鱼种饵料组成进行聚类分析,天津近海鱼类群落由浮游动物食性功能群、广食性功能群、杂食性功能群、虾/鱼食性功能群、鱼食性功能群和底栖动物食性功能群,其中杂食性功能群、虾/鱼食性功能群和广食性功能群为主要功能群。     

大亚湾春秋季鱼类种类组成及年龄结构分析

2006年4月和9月对大亚湾海域通过拖网和流刺网捕获的鱼类进行初步调查.结果表明,渔获物中出现18目76科135属200种鱼类,其中软骨鱼纲4目5科5属6种,占调查鱼类总种数的3.0%;硬骨鱼纲14目71科130属194种,占调查鱼类总种数的97.0%.根据其适温类型可分为暖水性种、暖温性种和冷温性种,其中暖水性鱼类有183种,占总种数的91.5%;暖温性鱼类有16种,占总种数的8.0%;冷温性鱼类仅有1种,占总种数的0.5%.渔获物中底层和近底层鱼类占多数,其中,底层鱼类共有74种,占总种数的37.0%;近底层鱼类共有68种,占总种数的34.0%;中上层鱼类共有45种,占总种数的22.5%;岩礁鱼类有13种,占总种数的6.5%.大亚湾鱼类的年龄普遍偏低,以1 a龄鱼为主.与相邻海区鱼类区系特征比较,大亚湾海域具有我国热带和亚热带性海湾的鱼类区系特征.     

乐清湾口海域春、秋季鱼类种类组成和数量分布

根据2012年4月(春季)、10月(秋季)在乐清湾口的大小门岛海域开展拖网渔业资源调查所获得的鱼类数据, 用渔获率作为鱼类资源数量分布的指标, 对乐清湾口调查海域的鱼类种类组成、区系特点、数量分布等进行了分析。结果表明, 乐清湾口海域春、秋两季共获得并鉴定出的鱼类有49种, 隶属于10目26科,其中以鲈形目最多, 有20种, 占鱼类总种数的40.8%; 鲱形目次之, 有9种, 占鱼类总种数的18.4%; 优势种有龙头鱼和刀鲚; 数量是秋季较多且分布较均匀; 根据鱼类适温性可将该海域的鱼类分为暖水性和暖温性2种适温类型, 其中暖水性种类占55.1%; 同时, 根据其生态习性, 可分为河口性、沿岸性和近海性3种生态类群。     

杭州湾海域春、秋季鱼类种类组成和数量分布

采用底层拖网法,用渔获率作为鱼类资源数量分布的指标,进行了杭州湾调查海域2012年5月(春季)、10月(秋季)2个季节的鱼类种类组成、区系特点、数量分布等研究。结果表明:(1)杭州湾海域春、秋两季共获得并鉴定出的鱼类有31种,隶属于9目15科,其中以石首鱼科和■虎鱼科的种类为最多,各有5种,分别占总种数的16.7%;鳀科鱼类次之,有4种,占总种数的13.3%,优势种有睛尾蝌蚪■虎鱼、龙头鱼、刀鲚、棘头梅童鱼;(2)根据鱼类适温性可将该海域的鱼类分为暖水性、暖温性和冷温性3种适温类型,以暖温性种类为主,暖水性种类次之,而冷温性种类极少,仅有1种;(3)根据其生态习性,可分为河口性、沿岸性和近海性3种生态类群;(4)渔获数量分布规律是春季在调查海域的内侧或者说中西部较高,而湾口较低,秋季则正好相反。     

夏季莱州湾东部近岸水域浮游动物的生态特征

根据2009年6—7月在莱州湾东部近岸水域的海洋调查资料,研究了该水域浮游动物群落的种类组成、丰度分布以及环境因子与浮游动物丰度之间的相关性。研究显示,夏季莱州湾东部近岸水域共记录浮游动物36种(含夜光虫)、浮游幼虫20类。叼龙嘴东西两侧海域浮游动物的群落结构差异明显,东侧的三山岛近岸水域浮游动物种类数(53种,含浮游幼虫)和丰度(900.6ind/m~3)都高于西侧的土山镇北部近海(28种,含浮游幼虫,581.6ind/m~3)和太平湾南部水域(33种,含浮游幼虫,612.5ind/m~3)。聚类分析(CLUSTER)将研究海域的浮游动物划分为2个组群,土山镇北部近海和太平湾南部水域划为同一组群,三山岛北部近海为另一组群。相关性分析结果表明,影响莱州湾东部近岸水域浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子为温度。     

春、秋季东海大桥海上风电场水域鱼类群落结构

为探明工程建设后东海大桥风电场水域鱼类群落结构特征,作者利用等级聚类和多元统计等方法对该水域鱼类种类组成、优势种及群落结构进行分析。春、秋季共发现18种鱼类,隶属6目9科15属;鲈形目鱼类所占比例最高(50%),其中又以虾虎鱼科鱼类最高(44.4%)。春季优势种为短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)、矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)和孔虾虎鱼(Trypauchen vagina),秋季优势种为棘头梅童鱼、龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)和凤鲚(Coilia mystus);棘头梅童鱼为春、秋季共同优势种。等级聚类和非度量多维标序排序表明,东海大桥风电场水域鱼类群落可分为春季和秋季2个组群,相似性检验(ANOSIM)显示2个组群差异极显著(R=0.851,P0.01)。生物与环境相关分析(BIOENV)表明温度和盐度是影响东海大桥风电场水域鱼类群落结构的最主要环境因子,两者结合因子与鱼类群落的相关系数为0.791。本研究发现,东海大桥风电场水域是棘头梅童鱼、凤鲚、龙头鱼等多种鱼类的育幼和索饵场所,群落结构具有典型的季节特征。     

浙南近海秋冬季鱼类群落结构研究

文章根据2015年11月(秋季)、2016年2月(冬季)对浙南近海进行的渔业资源调查数据,用标准化后的渔获率作为鱼类资源分布的数量指标,对该海域鱼类的组成、数量分布以及季节变化进行分析。结果显示:该区域共鉴定出鱼类115种,隶属于2纲13目51科91属,以鲈形目(Perciformes)鱼类最多,其次为鲽形目(Pleuronectiformes),鲱形目(Anguilliformes)位居第三位。根据适温性可将其划分为暖水种、暖温种和冷温种3种适温类型,以暖水种鱼类为主,有78种,占鱼类总数的62.9%。按季节来看,秋季共鉴定鱼类97种,各站位平均生物量为411.65kg/km2,丰度为1.26×105 ind/km2,优势种为龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)、带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)和棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)等3种,占总渔获量的64.82%;冬季鉴定出鱼类68种,平均生物量为27.89kg/km2低于秋季,丰度为3.07×105 ind/km2高于秋季,除了龙头鱼和棘头梅童鱼仍为优势种外,黄(Lophius litulon)的优势度明显上升,3种鱼占总渔获量的78.14%。从丰度生物量曲线分析来看,秋季、冬季ABC曲线W值均为负值,秋季W值为-0.066,鱼类群落受到中等强度干扰,冬季W值为-0.13,且生物量优势曲线几乎全部在数量优势度曲线之下,鱼类群落可能受到了严重干扰。     

海洋鱼类分布“上中下”

海洋鱼类种类繁多,千姿百态。生物学家按目、科、属、种分门别类约有2万多种之众,而水产工作者却多按水层、深度,将鱼分为中上层鱼类、中下层鱼类和底层鱼类。各层鱼类的色彩、形态特征与所栖息的自然环境,其高度的统一,体现出物以类分、鱼以群集的自然特性。中上层鱼类:按平面划分可分为潮间带、浅海区和远洋区。典型的中上层鱼类身体呈梭形,两端尖细,在海水中游泳阻力小,大部分为高速游泳鱼类。远洋区中上层鱼,例如蓝点马鲛、金枪鱼、东方旗鱼、白枪鱼、箭鱼、噬人鲨等都是在海洋中快速游泳的鱼类,其背部颜色具有与远洋区海水一样的蓝黑色,腹部颜色较淡。     

台湾海峡西部海域浮游动物的基本特征

本文研究台湾海峡西部海域浮游动物的种类组成,共记录各类别浮游动物491种,划分4个生态类群,以暖水性类群为主体,体现亚热带性质的群落结构特点.同时,研究浮游动物总种数的季节变化及平面分布与环境因子的关系.     

中街山列岛海洋保护区岛礁生境鱼类资源及群落多样性季节变化

根据2011年2、5、8、11月(I年度)和2012年2、5、8、11月(II年度)对中街山列岛海洋保护区4个采样带的定置刺网调查数据,结合多样性、相对资源丰度、相对重要性指数、更替和迁移指数,对该保护区的鱼类组成、多样性特征和群落稳定性进行了分析。各季节调查共采集鱼类58种,隶属8目31科48属,其中,鲈形目鱼类26种,占44.8%。保护区鱼类以暖温性和暖水性为主,趋礁性鱼类占所有种类的79%;底层、近底层和中上层鱼类各为21、23和14种,其中褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)和鳀(Engraulis japonicus)分别为各水层的绝对优势种,褐菖鲉在秋季和冬季对丰度贡献最大,而鳀在春季和夏季对丰度贡献最大。对群落多样性和稳定性的分析显示,Margalef丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性和更替指数均为夏季最高,冬季最低;Pielou均匀度呈现相反特点,且在冬季与夏季差异极显著(P0.01)。研究结果表明:中街山列岛海洋保护区鱼类生物量受温度影响较大,鱼类群落组成格局主要受季节变化影响,过度捕捞导致了岛礁生境鱼类多样性下降,因此,需加快海洋牧场建设和加强岛礁生境的管理工作。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.