山西省4口井(泉)水化学特征与水氡映震效能研究

对山西4口水化学观测井（泉）及周边地表水进行水化学和氢氧同位素分析,利用Piper图、durov图、Na-K-Mg三角图等方法研究其水化学特征及成因,得出井（泉）水岩平衡程度、热储温度、地下水循环深度及地下水补给来源详情;分析了井（泉）水氡测项映震特征,应用水氡映震效果与水岩平衡程度、地下水循环深度表现出的特征,评价了地震监测效能。评价结果显示夏县井、奇村井优于临猗井,适于开展地震水化学观测;定襄泉应用该水化学方法评价尚存不足之处,需要探索适用于该类观测泉点的物理与化学相结合的评价方法。     

基于水化学的永清井水温异常分析

在地下流体研究中,判定地下水异常的首要任务是区别地下水是受浅层物质补给的影响还是受深层介质活动的影响。本文通过对永清井及周边多次样品采集与测试,获得水化学组分和氢氧稳定同位素观测数据;通过对地下水样品数据对比分析、水化学组分及氢氧稳定同位素与大气降水线、水温数据分析,认为永清井水温的多次异常变化不是受干扰影响;通过对水温的异常变化与地震的对应关系的分析,认为永清井水温异常可能与3次地震有关。      

昭通地区流体观测井地下水地球化学特征

对昭通地区12口流体观测井及其周边5个地表水体进行取样测试,分析其水化学组分和氢氧同位素,确定该地区流体观测井的地球化学背景特征,为该区流体测项的跟踪分析提供基础支撑。水岩平衡结果显示:相较于其它观测井,昭阳一中井地下水水岩平衡状态更接近于部分成熟水,表现为地下水补给过程缓慢,水岩作用程度较高;其余观测井均处在未成熟水阶段,表现出补给路径较短,水岩相互作用较弱等特点。氢氧同位素组成显示:研究区内大多数流体观测井补给源均为大气降水,但补给方式略有差异。水化学组分演化过程显示:自2014年以来,大多数井含水层水体未发生新的水岩作用过程,并且与其附近的河流水力联系密切。     

江西九江2号井地震水文地球化学特征及成因

对江西省九江地震台2号观测井井水、大气降水、马尾水泉水及天花井水库水的常量化学组分、氢氧同位素及氚活度数据进行分析,讨论九江台地下水的水化学类型、成因及补给循环过程,揭示九江地震台2号井对构造活动响应灵敏的地球化学特征。研究发现九江台2号井水水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型;氢氧同位素指示九江台2号井水属于大气降水成因型,补给高程为647 m;氚活度分析给出的地下水年龄显示九江台2号井既有老水补给又有近10年的新水补给。分析结果表明,九江台2号井既有浅表水特征又有深循环水的特征,暗示两个不同补给源的含水层通过不同循环路径上升至浅表,而深部含水层可能携带部分深部构造活动的氡,并在瑞昌—阳新M_S4.6地震前出现较显著的异常信息。     

水文地球化学方法前兆机制的实验研究

借助油田的注水实验,我们研究了地下水化学成分的地震前兆机制。实验以10个井同时注水,注水深度为800～1200米。我们选用50～300米深的含水层作为水化学成分观测井。注水井的水源与观测井的含水层无关。当向800米以下深度注水时,该层压力增大,以此模拟从下层来的压力对水化学成分的影响。观测表明:当注水压力传递到上层含水层时,地下水化学成分便发生变化。其变化幅度与观测井的构造部位及地球化学环境有关,与观测井和实验注水井的距离关系不大。     

江西永平爆破的水化学效应

为了探索研究各种地震前兆现象,我国地震工作者已开始对地下水化学成分在地震发生前的变化进行观测。利用爆破作实验,是企图发现地下水化学成份在冲击力的作用下的变化,为识别地震前兆提供一定的依据。 本文着重研究江西永平铜矿前后三次爆破所取得的大量水化学观测资料,探讨爆破时水化学效应的特征,并确认爆破膨胀冲击力是使氡及水化学组分发生变化的主导因素,而各观测井孔所处的地质、水文地质条件及地球化学环境的不同,又起了加强或削弱的控制作用。为合理地选择水化学观测井孔(泉),以及研究在力的作用下水化学组分的变化特征,提供了实验依据。      

宁夏南部及邻区地震观测井地下水埋藏类型综合评价

利用宁夏南部及邻区6口地震观测井的数字化水位和气压等资料,基于井水位对气压的阶跃响应函数、频谱分析法、潮汐波群相位超前或滞后法诊断和判别了各井井-含水层的地下水埋藏类型,并结合各井点近几年水化学离子样品测量结果,分析了各井的水—岩平衡状态,综合评价和讨论了各井-含水层系统的地下水埋藏类型。结果表明：6口井承压性由强到弱的顺序分别为平凉铁路井、静宁威戎井、固原东山坡井、西吉王民井、海原甘盐池井和平凉柳湖井,但受控于区域地形地貌、构造特征、井孔结构以及裂隙发育程度等,6口井不同程度与外界有着一定的水力联系。依据成井时的贮存埋藏条件定性判别的地下水埋藏类型与多方法综合判定的这些井的地下水埋藏类型不一致的原因为各井含水层的水力特性、裂隙发育程度、井孔结构和固体潮汐波频率存在差异。     

地热开发对王3、王4井水化学动态的影响及其原因分析

王3、王4井是首都圈地区两口重要的水化学观测井,京津新城地热开发对王3、王4井有无影响,对震情监视有重要意义。依据2004年7月后京津新城地热开发与王3、王4井井压急剧下降,氡、汞等测项相应变化的相关分析,认为尽管地热开发的含水层和地震观测层位不同、埋深不同,但地热开发仍然是影响王3、王4井地震观测的根本原因。从地质构造、岩溶裂隙的发育、水动力条件及地下水物理-化学平衡等方面,论述了地热开发对王3、王4井水化学动态影响的原因,并在此基础上对地热异常区内水化学观测井选择、建设的有关问题提出了建议     

天山地区地震监测井(泉)水文地球化学特征

为研究天山地区地震监测井(泉)地下水化学特征,系统采集了20个天山断裂带地震监测点地下水化学样品,综合运用氢氧同位素、Gibbs图、离子比值、Piper三线图、Na-K-Mg三角图和舒卡列夫分类等方法探讨了监测点的水化学及水文地球化学特征。结果如下:(1)天山地区地震监测井(泉)水中主导阳离子为Na⁺,阴离子分别为HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-和Cl^-,TDS介于249.9～10 272.3mg·L^-1之间,多数为淡水。(2) δD、δ¹⁸O结果表明天山地区地震监测井(泉)水主要来源于大气降水。Gibbs图表明研究区监测点地下水元素主要受岩石溶滤控制,南天山和乌鲁木齐监测点地下水受到一定蒸发浓缩控制。离子比值显示碳酸盐和硫酸盐矿物溶解是控制地下水主要离子组分主要因素。(3) Na-K-Mg三角图表明天山地区地震监测井(泉)水多数为“部分平衡水”,部分为“未成熟水”,水—岩反应处于较为活跃的程度,有利于孕震信息的传递,适合...     

基于氢氧同位素分析南昌地震台流体观测井水补给来源

在地震地下流体研究中,地下水补给及循环过程是重要的研究内容之一,氢氧同位素示踪技术是目前研究该过程的常用手段。南昌地震台流体观测井自2013年8月22日投入观测以来,其基础数据未进行有效分析,通过对南昌井水样数据进行氢氧同位素及水化学实验分析,结果表明：井水主要补给源为直接大气降雨,补给前经历了一定蒸发作用;水—岩反应不充分,属于未成熟水;水样中无明显优势阳离子,Ca²⁺、Na⁺占主体,优势阴离子为HCO₃^－,表明井水属重碳酸型水;水源补给高程约582 m。南昌地震台流体观测井总体受大气降水影响较大。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.