2014年云南3次强震前后震源机制一致性时空演化特征

利用2008—2019年云南及其邻区3 121次M≥2.5地震的震源机制解资料,采用叠加应力场反演方法反演了不同时段云南地区应力张量方差空间变化和2014年3次强震震区的时间变化,分析了强震前后震源机制一致性参数的时空演化特征。结果表明:3次强震震中位于应力张量方差低值区域或其边缘,各震源区震前空间演化存在明显的区域差异性,地震发生后应力张量方差快速回升,同时在滇西和滇南—滇西南地区形成2个低值区域;3次强震前3～5年震源区应力张量方差变化过程总体呈正"V"字型,下降过程持续2年左右后开始转折并趋势回升,在正"V"字型形成过程的趋势回升阶段发生地震,回升至发震的时间间隔为1～3年。初步分析认为,3次强震前震源区的震源机制趋于一致是孕震过程中应力增强的一种表现,随着时间推移应力张量方差趋势下降后发生转折,表明发生强震的危险性增强。     

中、强震前的热异常现象

利用云南多震区的地面气温资料对上世纪90年代在云南发生的中、强震及在周边发生的强震进行了分析研究，发现中、强地震前热异常现象(震中附近地面气温月距平值即△Tji≥1.0成片出现)是普遍存在的：强震前震中及相邻地区春季回暖明显早于其相临年份；与卫星遥感OLR又资料相比地面气温资料有其自身的优点。     

作为意大利强震前兆的弱震群

意大利的绝大多数强震前都有异常的弱震群发生,这些震群多半发生在与强震相联系的同一条区域构造线附近。意大利的主要区域构造线和地震震中的分布表示在图1和图2中。分成四个区域分别进行研究。每一个区域都可以挑出那些地震次数超过平均数的年分,观察每一个这种年分内地震震中的分布,如果地震次数增多     

利用区域大气静电场监测网临震预估地震灾害

本文通过震例研究提出一种临震前形成晴天大气静电信号异常的物理机制.在大震临震阶段,震中区域附近地壳结构发生临界变化,产生大量的岩石微破碎,岩缝间的通道很可能相互连通起来,并通过土壤缝隙,将包含微量元素的气体释放到空中,其中放射性同位素在弥散到空中的过程中不断产生衰变,特别是产生α粒子的放射性电离辐射.这使得大气充满异常...     

华北地区强震前后的 h 值及“震情窗口”变化

邢台、渤海、海城以及唐山大地震前1年内,围绕震中甚至距离震中500多公里的地区发生的某些震群,出现衰减系数异常(h≤1)。同时发生在林县、太原、长岛地区的小震群,其月频度几乎同步出现峰值。称林县、太原、长岛地区为“震情窗口”。强震前区域震情h值异常和“震情窗口”变化呼应,对判断未来强震三要素是有益的。     

2022年马尔康MS 6.0地震前可能的电离层前兆信号

<正>1研究背景临震地质构造活动将引起大气层、电离层和磁层带电粒子的产生和运动,以及电磁环境的异常扰动。利用法国DE-METER卫星研究发现,国内外许多强震发生前均出现了不同程度的电离层扰动异常,异常大多出现在震前15天内,且有多参量同步出现异常的特征,如2008年汶川M_S 8.0地震前,震中附近电子密度、电子温度和氧离子密度出现剧烈变化,且电磁辐射增强;2005年苏门答腊8.6级地震前在赤道区域的多个参量均出现电离层扰动现象;2008年于田M_S 7.2地震前,震中附近电离层离子温度、离子密度、磁场等出现多参量异常现象。     

利用DEMETER卫星数据分析强震前后的电离层异常

基于法国DEMETER卫星观测的离子温度(T_i)、 VLF电磁场单频点频谱数据探索了2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0、 2010年1月12日海地M_S7.3和2010年2月27日智利M_S8.8等3次强震前后与地震有关的电离层异常现象. 结果发现, 汶川地震前3天(5月9日)震中北偏西方向离子温度明显升高, 震前4天(5月8日)VLF磁场低于200 Hz的频段范围频谱在震中2°以内有明显突升; 智利地震前9天(2月18日)震中北东方向离子温度有剧烈扰动, 震前4天(2月23日)VLF磁场100—160 Hz频段范围内出现突升; 海地地震震前没有观测到明显的异常现象, 但地震发生当天(震后约4—5小时)的T_i, 40—160 Hz频段电场频谱, 以及120—480 Hz磁场频谱均有明显突升, 应为地震发生后能量释放所引起. 分析认为, 不同地震由于发震机制等各种情况的不同, 其地震前后的表现也各不相同. 虽然目前没有直接的证据表明本文研究的异常变化是由地震的孕育和发生引起的, 但在数据处理中已尽可能排除了太阳、 地磁等因素的影响, 并且研究结果与前人的研究经验吻合, 因此本文发现的异常可能与地震发生的关系较大.      

垂直形变趋势累计率在川滇地区的应用

本文在研究形变趋势累计率的基础之上,对数据处理方法进行了局部改进,将跨断层场地布设较多的川滇地区作为实验区,利用精密水准测量分析该地区的垂直形变异常强度,并结合川滇地区震例开展研究。分析发现强震发生前后一段时期,震中附近形变异常强度几乎保持一致,但在震前（1、2个月左右）会发生较大改变,震后逐步恢复到与震前相同的情况;强震主要发生在形变异常强度值变化较大区域附近。垂直形变趋势累计率在中短期的映震效果较好。     

2009年8月11日安达曼群岛Ms7.5地震热红外变化

应用中国静止气象卫星FY -2C红外遥感资料对2009年8月11日安达曼群岛Ms7.5地震以及近年在震中(14.21°N,92.84.E)及周围区域(5°～24°N,82.～102.E)发生的多次强震进行了研究,结果表明:Ms7.5地震发生前约两个月震中以南区域开始出现热红外异常,异常区范围随时间逐渐扩大,至震前约20...     

云南区域强震活动中短期异常的共性特征及应用研究

通过梳理云南区域M≥6.8强震前,地震活动和形变、地下流体、GNSS等定点地球物理观测资料,发现:1900年以来86%的M≥6.8地震前,震中附近150 km范围内的区域,5.0级以上中等地震有7～14年的平静,平静后部分强震前3～4年会出现1次中等地震活动,继续平静再发生主震;部分强震5,6级中等地震平静后又持续活动多年,但主震前1～3年中等地震在主震附近出现丛集并形成条带;1971年以来所有M≥6.8地震前,震中附近2°×2°范围或强震所处的小构造区,震前1～2年4级地震频度显著增加,b值由高降低且△b≥0.3;震前1年内形变、流体部分测点出现显著的大幅度破年变异常;70 d内有准同步的突变异常,且有1～2项变化幅度是近10年观测以来最大幅度;2014年鲁甸6.5和景谷6.6级地震前1个月,GNSS观测到了震中附近区域显著的挤压增强现象,景谷地震后至2019年底,均未见云南有显著挤压增强区。利用这些强震前的异常特征,构建了云南区域强震的中短期预测判据,最后对部分观测现象可能的机理进行了讨论。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

Macrobenthic communities of the Pechora Sea: the past and the present on the threshhold of the prirazlomnoye oil-field exploitation

On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。