青海门源─福建宁德地学断面综合地球物理研究

概述了青海门源─福建宁德地学断面的综合地球物理研究结果．综合研究以贯穿断面的深地震测深剖面资料为基础．综合地球物理模型表明了各大地构造单元的结构特征及相互关系．断面显示了太平洋板块、印度板块与欧亚板块之间相互作用的结果．断面西段由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞，急剧的岩石圈缩短使地壳增厚；断面东段则处于西太平洋裂陷引张状态，形成一系列张性断裂和断陷盆地，导致岩石圈变薄，地壳亦随之减薄．本文还讨论了断面中几个重要构造单元的动力学问题．     

青海门源─福建宁德地学断面综合地球物理研究

概述了青海门源─福建宁德地学断面的综合地球物理研究结果．综合研究以贯穿断面的深地震测深剖面资料为基础．综合地球物理模型表明了各大地构造单元的结构特征及相互关系．断面显示了太平洋板块、印度板块与欧亚板块之间相互作用的结果．断面西段由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞，急剧的岩石圈缩短使地壳增厚；断面东段则处于西太平洋裂陷引张状态，形成一系列张性断裂和断陷盆地，导致岩石圈变薄，地壳亦随之减薄．本文还讨论了断面中几个重要构造单元的动力学问题．     

滇西地区及邻区构造单元划分及其特征

依据板块构造学说划分大地构造单元的原则和构造亲缘关系,将滇西及邻区划分为８个一级构造单元Ｉ印度板块、Ⅱ冈底斯中间板块、Ⅲ拉萨地块、Ⅳ顷甸板块、Ⅴ滇顷泰板块Ⅵ印度板块、Ⅶ杨子板块、Ⅷ松潘一甘孜活动带。并且对其主要构造单元的地质特征进行阐述。     

中国海陆及邻域大地构造格架图编制

20多年来,中国海陆及邻域的地质地球物理调查在不断进步,尤其是海域取得很多新认识,但中国海陆及邻域的大范围编图,尤其是大地构造图,没有随之更新;中国海陆的编图还一直存在海陆不接、海域编图相比陆域落后的问题;亟需编制一幅中国海陆及邻域的大地构造图.1992年编制的"中国海域及邻区地质地球物理系列图"的大地构造图,运用以活动论为内涵的全球构造理论作为指导思想,对中国海区及邻域的大地构造特征做出了较好的诠释.最近,中国海陆地质地球物理系列图编制项目,把1:500万中国海陆及邻域大地构造格架图作为图种之一.在全球构造理论基础上发展而来的块体构造学说,作为本次编图的指导思想,根据其大地构造体系,板块和板块边界作为一级构造单元,块体和结合带(缝合带等)作为二级构造单元,结合系列图中重力图、磁力图、地质图等图件成果,以及最近的其他调查研究资料,完善了对特提斯在南海周边的界线、东海陆架的基底构造属性等认识,在研究区内共划分出了欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块和印度-澳大利亚三大板块,6个板块边界构造单元,30个块体、14个结合带和10个缝合带.     

昆仑Ms8.1地震前青藏块体边界水平形变的关联性与机制

青藏块体被誉为中国大陆地球动力学系统中的一把"活塞".研究涉及的青藏块体边界,主要指青藏块体东北缘的甘宁青地区(33°～42°N,93°～108°E)和块体东缘的川滇地区(22°～34°N,95°～109°E).前者在大地构造上属于青藏、新疆和华北三大亚板块交界地带,区内NWW-NW向和NEE向的大型构造边界断裂(祁连山-海原断裂、东昆仑-西秦岭断裂、阿尔金断裂)、NNW向断裂以及由这些断裂分割而成的诸多构造单元,形成了本区断隆山地和断陷盆地相间的构造格局;后者属于青藏与华南亚板块交界地带,本区NW-NNW向和近SN向的大型构造边界断裂(甘孜-玉树断裂、鲜水河断裂、安宁河-则木河-小江断裂、金沙江-红河断裂等),NE向的龙门山断裂、剑川-丽江-小金河断裂等,以及由这些断裂围限、分割而成的川滇菱形块体与次级构造单元,构成了本区复杂的活动构造系统.这两个构造区域的共同特点是被深大断裂交错切割、地貌反差强烈,是地壳物质最易变形和流动、构造运动极其强烈的地区.但这两个区域构造环境又有很大差异,青藏块体东北缘离印度板块-欧亚板块碰撞边界较远,其构造运动主要受控于印度板块北推作用产生的NE向挤压构造应力场;而川滇块体则位于印度板块-欧亚板块碰撞带东端阿萨姆顶点附近,其构造运动主要受控于阿萨姆顶点的NNE向楔入和沿缅甸弧的NNE向侧向挤压作用.     

潮汕坳陷地球物理特征及油气勘探潜力

潮汕坳陷位于珠江口盆地南部,是珠江口盆地油气勘探的新领域.中生界地层特征和油气勘探潜力是目前工作重点.本文分析了潮汕坳陷区域重力、磁异常特征及地震地质规律,提出潮汕坳陷是衔接东沙群岛和西沙群岛两个构造单元的构造过渡带的观点,同时盆倾断层控制了中生界发育与分布.根据潮汕坳陷地震等地球物理特征及地质规律,结合前人研究结果,分析了该区的油气勘探潜力.     

利用接收函数和噪声面波提取青藏高原东北缘地震各向异性

正青藏高原东北缘作为青藏块体东北部大型边界变形带,地处青藏块体、鄂尔多斯地块和阿拉善地块的交汇处,是新构造时期以来较为活跃的地质构造单元,是印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞形成的产物。由于缺乏浅地表、地壳和上地幔的构造信息,目前对这种大规模地壳运动的具体成因以及由碰撞引起的地壳和上地幔形变仍未有定论,这也是当前地震学和地球动力     

华北坳陷中南部深部结构大地电磁探测

为研究华北坳陷中南部河南地区的深部电性结构和该区3次破坏性地震的深部孕震背景，采用宽频带大地电磁测深法对该区深部的电性结构进行探测。使用NLCG二维反演方法对TE、TM模式进行联合反演，最终获得研究区的深部电性结构。结果显示，以新乡-商丘断裂为界，其北部的北华北坳陷中的内黄隆起、东濮凹陷的电性结构相对简单，为低阻、高阻2层结构，与该区地壳由沉积盖层和基底整体性较好的坚硬地块结晶基底组成相对应。新乡-商丘断裂以南的南华北坳陷中的构造单元深部的电性结构相对复杂，纵向上表现为低—高—低3层结构，横向上高阻、低阻交互出现，分析其可能与受到扬子板块与华北板块南缘相互俯冲碰撞影响有关。而北华北坳陷因边界断裂———新乡-商丘断裂的调控，受到扬子板块和秦岭-大别造山带造山作用的影响较小。1342年和1918年河南通许2次破坏性地震的震源位于太康隆起下方的高、低阻边界交接区域，1737年河南封丘■级地震的震源位于壳内高、低阻梯度带附近。     

台湾-阿尔泰地学断面阿尔金-龙门山剖面的地壳纵波速度结构

通过分析阿尔金—龙门山地学断面的地震资料,建立了该剖面的地壳纵波速度结构。研究结果表明,阿尔金北侧的塔里木盆地地区莫霍面为50km,而在其南侧的祁连地块莫霍面突然加深至73km,在柴达木盆地莫霍面又抬升至58km左右,然后,在松潘甘孜地块莫霍面降至70km,并呈现为台阶状向龙门山方向抬升到60km左右,最低速层,而在其南部地区则没有低速层出现,推测低速层为地壳中部的局部熔融物质,阿尔金—龙门山剖面上的两个莫霍面坳陷区分别与祁连地块和松潘—甘孜地块上的两个莫霍面坳陷区相对应,指示出这个两个地块具有较深的山根,青藏高原北部的巨厚地壳很可能是由于中生代以来发生的印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞时受到来自东西及南北方向的挤压,使地壳缩短所致。     

基于重磁震资料的南海新生代盆地分布综合研究

作为西太平洋最大的边缘海,南海分布有30多个新生代沉积盆地,其蕴含着丰富的油气资源.但由于资料的限制,南海存在不同区域盆地研究程度不同,不同区域盆地面积差别较大,部分盆地只是坳陷而没有达到盆地的级别以及盆地外围可能存在凹陷等问题.南海新生代盆地分布问题制约了其油气分布规律、储量等基础地质问题的研究.本文以地震剖面数据为约束,以重力资料为主、辅以磁力资料,研究了南海新生代盆地分布及构造区划.通过提取新生代盆地及其构造单元引起的重力异常,结合地震剖面等资料反演了新生界底界面深度及新生界厚度.在充分调研已有盆地和构造单元划分方案的基础上,根据南海的地质及地球物理特征,确定了盆地及构造单元划分标准.以新生界厚度为基础并结合重、磁、震、地质等资料,进行地质-重磁震联合解释,将南海原有的36个盆地重新划分为24个盆地,盆地总面积扩大了约15万km².研究表明,南海新生代盆地沉积层厚度在1.5~16 km之间,有6个北东东/北东向沉积坳陷带、2个近南北向沉积坳陷带以及1个三角沉积坳陷区;盆地展布方向主要为北东和北东东向,其次为北西和近南北向,呈现"南三北三"的分布特征.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.