大型花岗岩标本缓慢膨胀破裂过程中电阻率和声发射前兆特征的实验研究

本文重点研究了在膨胀力源作用下,大尺度花岗岩标本缓慢破裂过程中的电阻率和声发射前兆特征。实验结果表明,在岩石破裂过程申不仅观测到了电阻率的长趋势变化和短临异常,而且观测到了清晰的破裂前兆。在大破裂发生之前数小时观测到了电阻率的突变异常。实验中还记录到了声发射现象,其开始的时间较电阻率稍晚,初始破裂和主破裂时的声发射现象有其各自的特殊性。     

岩石非均匀性对地震活动状态影响的数值模拟研究

地震的孕育、发生与震源位置及其岩石力学性质有着密切的联系,本文借助数值模拟方法研究了岩石均质度在岩样变形直至破裂过程中对声发射事件活动状态的影响。数值模拟结果表明,岩石非均匀性对岩样声发射活动状态的时间演化过程有着较大影响,所得结论进一步支持了分区研究强地震前兆异常的必要性。     

泉州地区三套TJ-2C钻孔体应变观测资料对比分析

泉州地区目前存在的三套TJ-2C钻孔体应变仪整点值都能清晰地记录到应变固体潮汐,分钟值能记录到部分远大震应变波、震前异常阶跃等动态信息。由于不同的测点因其所处地质构造和钻孔自身岩性、岩石完整性、埋深等情况不同,其受干扰的影响程度和监测地震前兆异常的能力都可能存在着不同,并且观测曲线表现为较复杂的异常形态。对2015年这三套仪器观测资料进行对分析,从中找出更能真实反映地球内部应力变化的测点。     

强震前钻孔应变异常变化分析

利用2007年以来青海省6套YRY-4分量钻孔应变仪数据,对青海地区M≥6.0强震前的前兆异常信息进行研究,并对异常特征进行总结。结果显示:格尔木、门源分量钻孔应变在2008年青海海西6.3级地震前出现了较为可靠的中短期异常,在周边6级以上地震发生前未发现明显临震异常信息。     

音响计数式地声探测器的震区试验

在地震孕育过程中,由于应力的高度集中而造成岩石应变,于是产生大量的微破裂而形成声发射现象——前兆地声。从具有防干扰措施的井孔中,采用音响计数式地声探测器将探测到的岩石微破裂声放大后,再用门限电压方式进行音响脉冲的自动计数,从而获得地声频度曲线。我们用这种方法,在营口震区对地震活动进行了长期考察试验,经过六年的连续数据记录,发现地声频度曲线与区域性强余震间似乎有良好对应关系,并且具有明显的中长期趋势性异常及短临期临震特征。因此,这种技术有可能发展成为一种很有希望的前兆和临震测报手段。     

中国西部强震活动与武都应变变化关系分析

武都RZB-Ⅱ型钻孔式压容应变仪自1992年投入观测以来,至今已多次记录完整的地震波形。选取了1993年以来的中国西部地区所发生的几次7级以上强震,通过对震前武都应变资料的分析后发现这几次地震前武都应变资料均存在着显著的中、短临异常变化;并对出现前兆异常的机理进行了初步分析。     

临震预滑在青藏活动地块区的观测证据

实验室内大量岩石黏滑实验表明:对存在断层的岩石加压,岩石在黏滑失稳前会有预滑,预滑会出现在断层的某个区域.由于浅源地震也是断层失稳破裂的结果,近年来临震预滑作为一种地震前兆信息日益受到地震学界关注.但目前尚缺乏广泛的野外观测证据来证实黏滑实验中的预滑现象在构造地震前也普遍存在.本文对青藏活动地块区内姑咱地震台等12个台的应变仪和水位仪的记录作对比分析后发现:在汶川MW 7.9级地震前数月,各台陆续记录到了 一些"阶跃式"波形.在对观测结果可靠性讨论的基础上,用岩石黏滑实验结果和颗粒物理原理来解释这种"阶跃式"波形可能是预滑震相Xp.姑咱等12个地震台观测到预滑震相Xp表明:在青藏活动地块区临震预滑是普遍存在的.这种"准同步"的临震预滑,特别是2008年4月18日和5月6日2次幅度较大的预滑可能引发了汶川MW7.9级地震.因此,关注预滑,特别是临震预滑对预测未来强震有一定的前兆意义.     

大尺度花岗闪长岩试件缓慢破裂过程的倾斜变化

本文叙述了1986年夏季在四川省西昌地震中心站进行的岩石膨胀破裂试验及伴随试件缓慢破裂过程的倾变观测结果。岩石主破裂前的异常倾变及破裂时的倾斜阶跃,较好地印证了实际地壳倾斜观测中记录到的一些现象(地震前兆、同震阶跃等)。文章还对“尺度效应”等问题进行了讨论。     

大震前地震活动平静现象一种可能的机制:断层的蠕滑-匀阻化

许多大地震前地震活动存在明显的平静现象,由于其普遍性,地震平静现象被认为是具有物理意义的地震前兆并被作为地震预报的重要依据.关于大震前地震平静现象的物理机制,国内外学者从不同角度进行了研究,其中包括用破裂强度的双峰式分布、扩容硬化、震前滑动造成的应力松弛、震源体内外介质性质的差异和相互作用等机制解释强震孕育过程中短期地震活动的平静现象.尽管在一些模型中把岩石力学实验结果作为证据之一,但来自与地震活动最相似的岩石变形声发射的实验证据并不多.因为以往大量的实验结果表明,在恒定的加载条件下(等位移速率、等应力速率等),岩石破坏失稳前声发射活动多表现为加速特征,尽管一些岩石破坏前声发射活动加速现象不明显,但也难以观测到平静现象.然而,在我们开展的一系列断层结构和介质不同的中尺度标本的声发射实验中,一些标本破坏失稳前声发射活动表现出明显的相对平静现象,据此我们对大地震前地震活动平静现象的物理机制进行了讨论.     

小陶地震台钻孔体应变仪观测质量与映震能力分析

对小陶台钻孔体应变仪前兆数据开展研究、统计,分析观测曲线的同震地震波,归纳出2016-2020年体应变的国内国际同震地震波形特点,并画出地震能力线,量化评估小陶台钻孔体应变仪映震能力,得到小陶钻孔体应变仪对不同震级地震的响应范围.通过数据分析来看,小陶台钻孔体应变仪数据质量较高,映震效果较好.     

Joint FAO/WHO/IOC activities to provide scientific advice on marine biotoxins (research report)

The Joint FAO/WHO/IOC ad hoc Expert Consultation on Biotoxins in Molluscan Bivalves performed risk assessments for a number of biotoxins present in bivalve molluscs. For performing risk assessments, the Expert Consultation categorized the biotoxins into eight distinct groups based on chemical structure. The Expert Consultation established LOAELs for the azaspiracid (AZA), okadaic acid (OA), saxitoxin (STX), and domoic acid (DA) toxin groups. The derived provisional acute RfDs for the AZA, OA, STX, and DA toxin groups were 0.04 μg/kg bw, 0.33 μg/kg bw, 0.7 μg/kg bw, and 100 μg/kg bw, respectively. For the yessotoxin (YTX) group, a NOAEL was established, based on animal studies. Applying a safety factor of 100, a provisional acute RfD of 50 μg/kg bw was suggested for the YTX group. The Expert Consultation considered that the database for cyclic imines, brevetoxins, and pectenotoxins was insufficient to establish provisional acute RfDs for these three toxin groups.     

Phytoremediation of Sb,As, Cu,and Zn from Contaminated Water by the Aquatic Macrophyte Eleocharis acicularis

Sb, As, Cu, and Zn toxicity and contamination have become a growing concern in recent years. Phytoremediation, a plant based and cost effective technology, may be an effective approach in the cleanup of water contaminated by these metals. In this study, the aquatic macrophyte Eleocharis acicularis was used in laboratory and field experiments to assess its capability to accumulate Sb, As, Cu, and Zn, and thereby investigate its potential application in phytoremediation. The results showed that E. acicularis adapted well to water contaminated by these metals. The removal rates of Sb, As, Cu, and Zn in the laboratory experiment were 3.04, 2.75, 0.417, and 1.49 μg/L/day, respectively. The highest concentrations of these metals accumulated in E. acicularis after 10 days of the laboratory experiment were 6.29, 6.44, 20.5, and 73.5 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Only 8% of As, 12% of Sb, 87% of Cu and 93% of Zn removed from the water were used by E. acicularis. The highest concentrations of Sb, As, Cu, and Zn accumulated in E. acicularis after 10 wk of the field experiment were 76.0, 22.4, 33.9, and 266 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The results indicate that E. acicularis has the ability to accumulate Sb, As, Cu, and Zn from contaminated water.     

Field validation of antioxidant enzyme biomarkers in mussels (Perna viridis) and clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) transplanted in Hong Kong coastal waters

Green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, and Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum were sourced from “clean” sites in the Hong Kong region, depurated in a laboratory using uncontaminated filtered seawater for 8 days, and transplanted to a suspected gradient of chemically polluted sites in Hong Kong. After 14- and 28-days of field exposure, several antioxidant parameters including glutathione S transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) were quantified in gill and hepatopancreas tissues. Whole body tissue concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) were determined in pooled site samples. Chemical analyses indicated that: (a) clams had higher levels of PAHs, PHCs, DDTs and PCBs, whereas mussels had higher hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) and there was no difference between species for dieldrin and remaining OCs; (b) Kat O should not be continued as a “clean” reference site for Hong Kong, because of the levels of contaminants measured and (c) PAH concentrations in the current survey were similar to those previously measured. Toxicological conclusions were: (a) antioxidant responses were different between species; (b) CAT and GST have highest utility in clams for field use in Hong Kong, whereas CAT in both gill and hepatopancreas tissue showed most potential in mussels; (c) significant induction of antioxidant responses over day 0 (excluding GPx in both tissues, and GST in mussel hepatic tissue); (d) groups of contaminants do not consistently induce antioxidant responses and (e) organochlorines and PCBs correlated significantly with CAT and GST in clam hepatopancreas and with CAT in mussel gill and hepatic tissue. Multivariate statistical techniques indicated little relationship between the site patterns for antioxidant responses and the contaminant gradients identified in body burden analysis.     

Diffuse pollution by persistent organic pollutants as measured in plastic pellets sampled from various beaches in Greece

Plastic pellets found stranded on beaches are hydrophobic organic materials and thus, they are a favourable medium for persistent organic pollutants to absorb to. In the present study, plastic pellets are used to determine the diffuse pollution of selected Greek beaches. Samples of pellets were taken from these beaches and were analyzed for PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, and PAHs. The observed differences among pellets from various sampling sites are related to the pollution occurring at each site. Plastic pellets collected in Saronikos Gulf beaches demonstrate much higher pollutant loading than the ones collected in a remote island or close to an agricultural area. Based on data collected in this study and the International Pellet Watch program, pollution in Saronikos Gulf, Greece, is comparable to other heavily industrialized places of the world. The present study demonstrates the potential of pellet watch to be utilized as a detailed-scale monitoring tool within a single country.     

How fast does tufa grow? Very high-resolution measurement of the tufa growth rate on artificial substrates by the development of a contactless image-based modelling device

Accurate determination of the tufa growth rate (TGR) is required to answer the fundamental geomorphological question of tufa evolution. The TGR has been measured by various direct and indirect methods. One of the most popular direct methods uses modified micro-erosion meter (MEM), which has several drawbacks. Here, we present for the first time a coordinate measuring macro-photogrammetry device (CMD) for monitoring the TGR in a contactless manner. The CMD was applied on 28 limestone plates at 14 locations within the Skradinski buk area, Croatia, and measurements were performed in the laboratory. The TGR was derived from digital tufa high-resolution models (DTHRMs). The accuracy of the device was evaluated using state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) scanners and error calculation at checkpoints. Moreover, the precision was evaluated with the split test (n = 5). A total of 74 DTHRMs with a spatial resolution of 0.0236 mm were created. The TGR ranged from 0.327 to 19.302 mm a⁻¹, with an average of 5.771 mm a⁻¹. A higher TGR was observed on the limestone plates near mosses, located in fast and turbulent water rather than in stagnant water. We found that specific micro-environmental factors (e.g. proximity to moss) positively affected tufa growth. Erosion events were observed, as well as the presence of aquatic insect larvae (Simuliidae and Chironomidae), which positively affected tufa growth. The CMD is a precise and accurate device that does not suffer from the drawbacks of the MEM method and has many other advantages. It has a high capability of tufa erosion detection, enables the identification of macroinvertebrates, and multispectral or hyperspectral cameras can be mounted on the device for spectral reflectance analysis of the tufa surface. The CMD can be applied in any study requiring a sub-millimetre data quality and involving the comparison of consecutive 3D models and derivation of various parameters of smaller objects. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用增量动力分析方法求解人字形中心支撑钢框架的结构影响系数和位移放大系数(Ⅰ)——方法

结构影响系数是基于强度的抗震设计中确定设计地震作用的关键,也是基于性态抗震设计理论的基础。位移放大系数则是根据结构的弹性位移估算弹塑性位移的关键参数。本文采用增量动力分析方法求解结构影响系数和位移放大系数,并结合具体算例详细说明了基于增量动力分析求解结构影响系数和位移放大系数的实施步骤。该方法能反映结构的动力特征,并能考虑高阶振型对结构抗震性能的影响。     

Projected 21st century climate change on snow conditions over Shasta Dam watershed by means of dynamical downscaling

Snow is an important component of the Earth's climate system and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. It has been suggested that warmer temperatures may cause significant declines in snow water content and snow cover duration. In this study, snowfall and snowmelt were projected by means of a regional climate model that was coupled to a physically based snow model over Shasta Dam watershed to assess changes in snow water content and snow cover duration during the 21st century. This physically based snow model requires both physical data and future climate projections. These physical data include topography, soils, vegetation, and land use/land cover, which were collected from associated organizations. The future climate projections were dynamically downscaled by means of the regional climate model under 4 emission scenarios simulated by 2 general circulation models (fifth‐generation of the ECHAM general circulation model and the third‐generation atmospheric general circulation model). The downscaled future projections were bias corrected before projecting snowfall and snowmelt processes over Shasta Dam watershed during 2010–2099. This study's results agree with those of previous studies that projected snow water equivalent is decreasing by 50–80% whereas the fraction of precipitation falling as snowfall is decreasing by 15% to 20%. The obtained projection results show that future snow water content will change in both time and space. Furthermore, the results confirm that physical data such as topography, land cover, and atmospheric–hydrologic data are instrumental in the studies on the impact of climate change on the water resources of a region.     

Introducing the recharge–discharge relationship to evaluate the recharge coefficient of karstic aquifers: thematic and indexing approaches

ABSTRACT

Karst aquifers and springs are important with respect to their potential for supplying drinking water in regions suffering from water scarcity in Iran. Accordingly, it is essential to determine the recharge potential of the catchment and the regions with higher obtainability potential. This study provides a road map for the Sheshpeer catchment in southern Iran. A recharge potential (RP) map was produced from which a recharge index (RI) was computed for several selected springs in the catchment. Furthermore, the unit discharge (q) – defined as the average annual discharge for a given catchment area and unit rainfall depth for each spring – was calculated. The plot of q versus RI for the springs showed a linear positive relationship between the two variables (R ² = 0.9). Applying the trend equation of this plot to the whole Sheshpeer karstic catchment reveals that its long-term recharge coefficient is 0.74.     

The factors controlling the partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in the water-column of the Pearl River Estuary in South China

In this study, the distribution and partition of polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water from the Pearl River Estuary were investigated. A seasonal dependence for dissolved and particle phase PCB and PBDE levels was observed. A high dissolved phase level occurred in the dry season. The positive correlation between POC content in the particles and phase distribution coefficients (K_p) suggested that POC may play an important role in determining the partition of PBDEs and PCBs. A linear correlation between the observed log K_OC and log K_OW for PBDEs and PCBs was found with slopes less than one. The observed log K_OC values were lower than the predicted log K_OC values for PBDEs (except for BDE28). The log K_OC values were higher than the predicted values for PCBs. A combination of sorption to colloids (10-98% for PBDEs and less than 25% for PCBs) and adsorption to BC was responsible for this observation.     

Data-based modelling approach for variable density flow and solute transport simulation in a coastal aquifer

Data-based models, namely artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), genetic programming (GP) and extreme learning machine (ELM), were developed to approximate three-dimensional, density-dependent flow and transport processes in a coastal aquifer. A simulation model, SEAWAT, was used to generate data required for the training and testing of the data-based models. Statistical analysis of the simulation results obtained by the four models show that the data-based models could simulate the complex salt water intrusion process successfully. The selected models were also compared based on their computational ability, and the results show that the ELM is the fastest technique, taking just 0.5 s to simulate the dataset; however, the SVM is the most accurate, with a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ≥ 0.95 and correlation coefficient R ≥ 0.92 for all the wells. The root mean square error (RMSE) for the SVM is also significantly less, ranging from 12.28 to 77.61 mg/L.