北部湾涠洲岛南湾火山砂岩捕虏体光释光(OSL)测年结果

涠洲岛是北部湾内的一座火山岛,火山活动初步可以分为早-中更新世和晚更新世2期。晚期南湾火山是典型的射气岩浆喷发成因的火山,文中报道了南湾火山的上、下2层火山碎屑岩中砂岩捕虏体的光释光(OSL)测年结果,提出南湾火山喷发时代为距今约3万年左右的晚更新世末期     

五大连池火山带的火山喷发方式及灾害类型

沿科洛—五大连池—二克山NNW向分布的五大连池火山带上分布了约40座第四纪单成因火山。通过野外地质特征结合火山岩年代学数据分析表明,研究区火山活动分为2期:上新世—早更新世期火山活动主要分布在北部的科洛火山区,以熔岩溢流式喷发为主;中更新世—全新世期火山活动分布在整个火山带,爆破式喷发形成大量火山碎屑锥,溢流式喷发产生结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩与块状熔岩,形成广泛分布的熔岩流。野外调查发现了夏威夷型、斯通博利型与强斯通博利型等岩浆爆破式火山喷发的典型堆积剖面,首次发现并报道研究区射汽岩浆型火山喷发堆积剖面。结合火山活动历史与火山地质特征,分析认为五大连池火山带的火山系统仍有再次活动的潜力。基于火山时空分布与喷发特征,文中对五大连池火山带未来可能喷发的方式和危险区进行评估。如若发生强斯通博利型喷发,将形成高度10km的喷发柱,产生的火山灰一般不会对航空运输产生影响;斯通博利型喷发产生的火山碎屑最远可抛射约1km;夏威夷型喷发及溢流式喷发产生的熔岩流是主要的灾害源,计算得出结壳熔岩运移的距离为3. 0～13. 5km,渣状熔岩运移的距离为2. 9～14. 9km;射汽岩浆型喷发产生的基浪速度可达200～400m/s,运移距离≤10km,是潜在的重要灾害类型,应该引起更多重视,并积极进行防范。     

黑龙江省科洛火山群火山地质研究

科洛火山群的新生代火山共有23座,坐落于科洛河两岸,火山岩面积约为350km2,岩性主要为碱性玄武岩.由于地处NE向断陷盆地这一特殊的构造位置,科洛地区的火山活动及展布主要受到区域基底断裂的制约.火山喷发形式总体为中心式,属斯通博利式火山.火山活动可划分为上新世、更新世和全新世3期.上新世在断陷盆地边缘形成了一系列NE向线性展布的中心式溢出型火山,其中部分火山因风化剥蚀而失去了原有的火山地貌特征,仅保留盾形熔岩台地.早更新世火山活动相对平静.中-晚更新世火山活动仍受到NE向基底断裂的控制,但喷发中心、喷发方式及喷发强度均发生改变,火山由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流组成.进入全新世以后南山喷发,其火山结构保存完好,裸露的熔岩台地保留了较好的微地貌特征.该期火山亦由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流构成.在科洛火山群的火山活动过程中,其熔岩流覆盖了早期沉积地层,并对盆地中的河流进行了改造,最终导致该区断陷盆地初始地貌的改变.     

五大连池老黑山,火烧山火山喷发史料的新发现及其意义

火山喷发史料是研究近代火山的重要基础资料。对于具体的火山而言,喷发史料了解的越全面、越准确,对该火山研究就会越深入。因此,火山喷发史料一直为火山工作者所关注。五大连池老黑山、火烧山属于近代活动的火山(五大连池火山群中另有12座火山属于更新世火山(王允鹏等,1...     

长白山天池火山气象站期喷发类型研究

全面系统地了解一座活火山的喷发特征与历史,对于预测其未来喷发形式及灾害性具有重要意义.长白山天池火山晚更新世或全新世以来存在3期大规模的喷发活动,天文峰期喷发与千年大喷发皆为典型的大规模的布里尼式爆炸喷发,而气象站期喷发方式却在爆炸式或溢流式的喷发类型上存在着激烈的争论.气象站期喷发物在遥感影像上表现为以气象站为寄生火口,向北流动长约5.4km,形貌上似一条熔岩流,但文中研究认为是小规模的脉冲式爆炸喷发而形成的岩层形态.主要依据为:1)岩石成分为高黏度的酸性岩浆;2)野外露头与剖面的薄层状堆积特征;3)晶屑的棱角状破碎形态;4)岩石的颗粒支撑结构.研究结果表明,气象站期的堆积物是爆炸喷发产生的碎屑物沿山坡以火山灰流的形式快速流动,在高温与高流速的剪切力作用下,火山灰流形成1套薄层状的熔结凝灰岩.因此,长白山天池火山晚更新世或全新世以来3期喷发活动均为爆炸式喷发,而非以前认为的爆炸-溢流-爆炸式喷发.     

广西涠洲岛火山喷发特征

通过对涠洲岛南湾火山火山口的地质地貌、射气喷发基浪堆积、岩浆爆破喷发产物及海蚀火山地貌的研究,表明南湾火山是一巨型射气岩浆喷发火山,火山口位于南湾海中。推测涠洲岛的火山活动始于晚第三纪,更新世南湾火山喷发形成涠洲岛的现代地貌。     

长白山天池火山喷发序列研究

长白山天池火山周边的11个钻孔资料揭示了长白山天池火山的喷发序列和岩浆演化过程.天池火山的喷发序列分为3个旋回:早期旋回喷发于上新世至早更新世,对应着周边地区的造高原喷发,天池火山熔岩盾主体开始形成,岩浆演化顺序是粗面玄武岩到粗面岩;中期旋回是早更新世的玄武岩浆演化到粗面岩和粗安岩(相当于小白山组);晚期旋回是从更新世到全新世,老房子小山组的玄武岩演化到白头山组粗面岩及碱流岩.在粗面质岩浆喷发过程中,有寄生火山的玄武质岩浆伴随喷发.全新世内天池火山千年大喷发主体由碱流质火山碎屑堆积物构成,松散堆积物的钻孔堆积层序表明,天池火山在全新世至少发生过两期巨型造伊格尼姆岩喷发.     

锡林浩特-阿巴嘎火山群内的玛珥式火山

锡林浩特-阿巴嘎火山群位于内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟,处于大兴安岭-大同新生代火山喷发带中段。火山群内发育300余座不同类型的第四纪玄武质火山,其中玛珥式火山属首次发现,以阿巴嘎旗东南部的浩特乌拉、西北部的车勒乌拉和额斯格乌拉玛珥式火山最具代表性,其火山规模较大,锥体直径一般为3～4km,大者约6.5km。火山结构较完整,具有相似的双轮山地貌景观和明显的阶段性喷发过程,喷发阶段早期为强烈的射汽-岩浆爆发,晚期均转变为弱岩浆爆发,最后为玄武质熔岩流的溢出。这种喷发序列反映了岩浆与水相互作用以及岩浆上升速度和溢出率变化的过程。火山喷发形成的基浪堆积物覆盖在中更新统河谷砂砾石之上,其中近火口溅落堆积物中上新世砂泥岩"包体"的热释光年龄为(0.112±0.0096)Ma,表明玛珥式火山喷发时代属晚更新世早期。     

长白山火山活动的现状和未来展望

长白山天池火山是中新世以来,特别是中更新世以来多次喷发并造成严重灾害的火山,是一座具有潜在喷发危险性的活动火山,文章主要阐述了全新世和近代火山活动及其喷发物,并对火山的现代活动与未来火山活动及其灾害作了评估。     

2021年1-2月全球火山活动简报

0全球火山活动概况 2021年1-2月全球共有49座火山出现喷发活动,其中,警戒级别为Ⅰ级的火山13座,警戒级别为Ⅱ级的火山21座,警戒级别为Ⅲ级的火山14座,警戒级别为Ⅳ级的火山1座(表1).从空间分布上看,绝大多数活动火山位于环太平洋火山带上,少数分布在印度洋板块与欧亚板块碰撞带上,个别活动火山处于其他板块交界地带...     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.