川西南雷波地区降水的D和^18O同位素研究

通过对川西南雷波地区不同高程降水站历时一年４８个降水的Ｄ和＾１８Ｏ同位素资料的回归分析,得到本区大气降水方程,尝试把全年降水期段分为雨季和非雨季,并按降水量加权平均的方法求取和川西南地区降水量效应方程和高程效应方程及δ值高度梯度,使所得结果更加逼近实际,相关系数达０．９４７。     

哈尼梯田麻栗寨河流域雨季大气降水氢氧同位素特征及影响因素

以红河哈尼梯田文化景观遗产核心区麻栗寨河流域的雨季大气降水为研究对象,对2014年雨季典型月7月的氢氧同位素组成进行了分析,拟合出大气瞬时降水线方程,并与邻近地区及全国、全球降水线方程进行对比,分析温度、湿度、降水量等气象参数和海拔对氢氧稳定同位素的影响,并初步判断该区的水汽来源。结果表明：（1）研究区雨季大气降水δ¹⁸O值变化范围大,与邻近的昆明、贵阳、成都地区相比,贫化明显;（2）大气降水线方程为δD=7.59δ¹⁸O+3.31,其斜率和截距较小,说明研究区雨季降水量大且蒸发强烈、降水的水汽来源非单一化,除受印度洋、孟加拉湾的变热性热带海洋气团的影响,还受研究区地表水体的二次蒸发影响;（3）研究区降水稳定同位素特征显示不但存在明显的降水量效应,也存在温度效应和海拔效应,但各因素是综合作用的,主导因素不明显。     

珠江流域大气降水稳定性氢氧同位素特征

大气降水稳定同位素的特征对于明确流域水循环过程、水汽来源和气候变化等方面都有重要指示作用。选取珠江流域的广州、桂林、柳州和香港4个站点的IAEA大气降水氢氧同位素数据,对其时空分布特点及影响因素进行了研究。结果显示:该地区降水中氧同位素的变化呈现出旱季高、雨季低的特点。全年尺度下,4个站点主要受温度效应影响,只在旱季有着较为微弱的降水量效应;得到的珠江流域大气降水线方程:δD=8.084δ~(18)O+10.998,R=0.965,对比全球及中国大气降水线方程,都较为接近,证明该地区降水主要遵循瑞利分馏过程;d盈余值的变化呈现出雨季低、旱季高的特征,表明珠江流域水汽主要源于海洋,在旱季受到北方空气南下及局地水循环的影响。     

四川黄龙降水氢、氧同位素对气候变化的指示意义

与全球大气降水线相比,黄龙大气降水线的斜率和常数项均较小,这与水滴在未饱和大气中降落时重同位素的蒸发富集作用有关,且反映了近几十年以来黄龙的气候有向暖干变化的趋势。降水稳定同位素的显著降水量效应说明黄龙降水的水汽主要来源于低纬度海洋。过剩氘的季节变化及降水氢、氧同位素的降水量效应反映了黄龙地区旱季受大陆性气团的影响,空气干燥,降水量小,因此蒸发强,重同位素的富集作用强,从而降水中稳定同位素比率高;在雨季,受来自海洋水汽的影响,空气湿润,降水量大,因此蒸发弱,重同位素的富集作用轻,从而降水中稳定同位素比率低。据此推测,降水量效应可能是不同水汽来源对降水稳定同位素影响的结果。黄龙的降水温度效应不显著,季风气候抑制和掩盖了温度效应。      

青藏高原及其毗邻地区降水中稳定同位素成分的经向变化

分析了从南亚经青藏高原到毗邻的我国西北地区一个经向剖面上降水中稳定同位素成分的时空分布以及与温度、降水量、水汽来源的关系.在青藏高原南部和南亚,温度效应均不存在.在所统计的站点中,大约一半的取样站具有降水量效应,但降水中稳定同位素比率的季节变化并不与降水量强度的变化相一致.在季节变化中,δ¹⁸O的最大值往往出现在雨季到来之前的春季,最小值则出现在雨季后期或雨季结束的秋季.在青藏高原中、北部和毗邻的我国西北地区,各取样站均具有显著的温度效应,且降水中δ¹⁸O的季节变化与温度的季节变化几乎一致.说明在这些地区,温度是制约降水中稳定同位素变化的主要影响因子.由于来自源区水汽的直接凝结,南亚地区降水中平均稳定同位素成分相对较重.稳定同位素比率的季节差异较小;从青藏高原南坡的坚景到唐古拉山,由于翻越喜马拉雅山时水汽受强烈的洗涤作用,降水中稳定同位素比率急剧减小,达经向分布中δ¹⁸O的最低值段;从31°N到青藏高原北部,降水中稳定同位素比率随纬度而增大,并最终过渡到与我国西北地区降水中稳定同位素比率的变化型相类似.     

中国大陆降水时空变异规律——I.气候学特征

为系统了解大尺度降水气候特征,利用2 300多个国家级气象站逐日观测资料,分析了中国大陆1956—2013年多年平均降水的空间分布和季节性变化规律。主要新认识有:① 暴雨量、暴雨日数和暴雨强度最高的站点在华南沿海,而小雨量、小雨日数最多的站点主要在江南内陆山区、丘陵;东部季风区山地、丘陵多出现低强度降水,平原和沿海易出现高强度降水;② 四季降水量均由西北内陆向东南沿海递增,南方秋季降水量明显小于春季,但华西和江南沿海秋季降水量较多,冬季降水在东南丘陵出现高值中心;③ 珠江和东南诸河流域降水量年内存在2个峰值,其中珠江流域有6月主峰值和8月次峰值,东南诸河流域主峰在6月中下旬,次峰在8月末,长江流域总体表现为单峰型,出现在6月下旬和7月初,西南诸河流域和北方所有流域降水均表现为夏季单峰型;④ 南方各大河流域从2月末到6月中下旬陆续进入雨季,北方各大河流域进入雨季时间集中在6月末、7月初;南、北方雨季结束时间比雨季开始时间集中,从南到北进入雨季时间持续120 d以上,而从北到南退出雨季时间则仅持续不到45 d;⑤ 丰雨期的持续时间,珠江流域从5月初到9月上旬后期,东南诸河从5月上旬到7月上旬,8月末到9月初再度短暂出现,长江流域从6月中下旬到7月中旬,西南诸河从7月中旬到 8月下旬,淮河流域从7月上旬至7月底、8月初,辽河流域在8月初出现极短丰雨期;⑥ 降水年际变异性最高的站点在青藏高原西南、塔里木盆地、阿拉善高原、华北平原北部和汾河谷地,海河流域年降水具有最大的变异系数。     

羊卓雍错流域降水中稳定氧同位素变化特征

根据青藏高原南部羊卓雍错流域白地、翁果和堆乡3个水文站2004年1~10月降水中δ¹⁸O的测定结果,分析了该流域降水中δ¹⁸O的变化特征及其与温度和降水量之间的关系.结果表明:3个站点降水中δ¹⁸O的值在雨季前变化不大,且都保持相对高值;进入雨季后都开始下降,雨季结束后又均开始增大.该流域夏季降水中δ¹⁸O表现出低值的特征与夏季西南季风的强烈活动密切相关.受西南季风影响,3个站点夏季降水均表现出季风降水的特征,降水中δ¹⁸O与降水时温度关系不明显,而与降水量之间存在着一定的反向变化趋势,从而表现出一定的“降水量效应”.羊卓雍错流域降水中δ¹⁸O的这种变化特征与拉萨的基本一致.     

祁连山典型小流域降水特征及其对径流的影响

研究了祁连山排露沟流域降水特征及对径流的影响.结果表明: 降水的季节性强且分配不均匀, 存在明显的干季(11月至翌年4月)和雨季(5-10月)之分;排露沟雨季降水占全年降水量的88%, 占全年降水频数的70%;干季降水仅占全年的降水量12%, 占全年降水频数的30%. 降水事件主要以0～5 mm的降水为主, 占全年降水事件的78.8%, 占全年降水量的30%;0～10 d的降水间隔期出现的频率高达86.1%, 占全年无降水期的55.5%. 降水受海拔高度的影响明显, 沿海拔梯度呈先增后减的趋势, 降水的峰值出现在海拔3 400 m的区域. 径流受降水的影响, 主要集中在雨季, 占全年的95.6%, 干季径流仅占4.4%. 径流与日降水、旬降水及其雨季月降水显著相关, 其复相关系数均＜0.7. 径流主要受降水量和前期降水的影响, 对于前期无降水基础、雨量＜20 mm降水过程, 径流变化迟缓, 而对于前期有一定降水基础, 雨量＞25 mm的降水过程, 径流变化大.     

北京西山鹫峰地区氢氧稳定同位素特征分析

以北京西山鹫峰低山区为研究对象,通过对降水、土壤水、泉水氢氧同位素的变化特征分析,研究低山区的降水-土壤水-泉水的转化关系。研究结果表明:该地区的雨季降水线与北京地区的地区降水线有明显区别,斜率和截距偏小;随降雨的进行氢氧同位素特征有时程变化和降雨量效应,而降雨的时程变化也对土壤水的同位素特征产生了影响;土壤水分同位素分布特征相对集中,蒸发线方程的斜率和截距相对于当地大气降水线和雨季降水线都偏小,栓皮栎混交林土壤水对于小雨量次降雨事件反应不敏感,而侧柏林的土壤水分运动较栓皮栎混交林快,说明林分类型和土壤特性对不同水体之间的转化有影响;泉水的同位素特征比较稳定,主要分布在地区降水线的右下方与雨季降水线的交点附近;不同水体中降雨的δD、δ18O变化范围较大,土壤水次之,泉水变化最小;而沿着大气降水-土壤水-地下水(泉水)这一水循环路径,水体中的δD、δ18O值总体上呈下降趋势。     

重庆岩溶地下水氢氧稳定同位素地球化学特征

重庆地区分布有380条岩溶地下河, 是重庆市重要的水资源。为掌握岩溶地下河水稳定同位素地球化学特征及其环境意义, 研究了重庆市不同地区51条地下河水体的稳定同位素地球化学特征。研究表明, 重庆市岩溶地下河旱、雨季δ18O、δD值均沿大气降水线分布, 表明地下河水均起源于大气降水。受雨季降水云团运动规律(环流效应)和区域地形的影响, 地下河水δ18O、δD值雨季表现出渝东北地区(渝西地区, 渝东地区)<渝东南地区的明显区域分布规律(“<”表示偏负于), 旱季由于地下河水在含水层中运动较慢, δ18O、δD值的区域性规律不明显, 且由于具有较雨季长的滞留时间, 导致其d-excess值明显小于雨季。利用岩溶地下水δ18O值和区域高程建立了二者之间的二元回归模型, 揭示了重庆岩溶地下河水旱季δ18O值随高度的变化率为–0.34‰/100 m, 雨季为–0.31‰/100 m, 这对于区域水循环研究具有重要意义。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.