中国城镇体系空间分布特征及其变化

城镇体系空间结构是人类活动区位选择的必然结果。通过对我国城镇密度、最邻近距离和空间自相关等定量研究,对我国城镇体系的空间结构进行了分析,从中发现中国城镇网络的密度在增大,东、中、西部发展的差距有进一步扩大趋势,城镇体系的空间联系有所加强。     

青藏高原城镇体系的时空演变

城镇体系的形成和发育对区域城镇化进程及社会经济发展起着至关重要的作用,并对生态环境产生重要影响。青藏高原特殊的地理环境与相对落后的社会经济基础,导致城镇体系不甚健全。目前国内外相关研究薄弱,不利于国家生态安全屏障建设及青藏高原可持续发展。为此,本文以建制镇以上的镇区和城市市区为研究对象,结合统计数据与遥感数据,借助GIS空间分析方法对青藏高原1990-2015年城镇体系的空间结构和规模结构进行时空演变格局分析,并采用重心移动模型揭示了青藏高原城镇人口规模和用地规模重心的迁移规律。结果表明：青藏高原城镇空间分布总体呈现出“东南密集、西北稀疏”、“大分散、小集聚”的格局;城镇分布在时间上具有阶段性增长特征且总体趋于集聚,在空间上不均衡程度呈上升趋势但2005年后明显减缓;虽然建制镇数量大幅增长,但96.88%的城镇规模在5万人以下,大中小城市发育不足;城镇人口规模重心呈现“先向西南,再向东北,又向西南”的移动轨迹;城镇用地规模重心呈现“先向东南,再向西北,再向东北”的迁移趋势。本文研究了青藏高原城镇体系的规模结构及其时空演变特征,为青藏高原新型城镇化及城镇空间格局优化提供基础依据;提出了资料缺乏和统计口径不一致的条件下城镇规模的合理估算方法,对我国城镇化相关研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Regional structure and spatial morphology characteristics of oasis urban agglomeration in arid area —A case of urban agglomeration in northern slope of Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China

It is great important to the health development of urban agglomeration to correctly understand the formation and development law of regional structure of urban agglomeration. Employing the analysis methods like fractal theory and quantitative statistics, coupling with the use of remote sensing images and other spatial data, this article discusses the urban agglomeration of oasis on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in an arid area, and conducts the researches on its city scale, spatial distribution and individual form from 1990 to 2005. The result shows that it has loose hierarchical scale structure and polarization trend of population distribution while its hierarchical scale structure tends to mature. Under the influence of natural conditions, the spatial layout of urban agglomeration of oasis has macro characteristics that suggest cities distributed along oasis edges (dense or sparse), spatially expand along rivers, and cluster around traffic branches. The connectivity among the cities is high and shows an internal organization form of a banding distribution. The whole spatial shape of the internal structure of cities presents a “dumbbell” form, with mononuclear phenomenon receding and multi-nuclear appearing gradually. Individual cities spatially expand along rivers, portraying a long strip appearance. It indicates that the urban agglomeration of oasis shows regular and close structure but with a tendency to be complicated form and the loose structure. In the development of urban agglomeration, the authors recommend that the development of the city with good economic development conditions should be strengthened, and more attention be put into regional planning.     

北京市城市用地百年变迁分析

对城市的空间扩展过程及其时空规律的研究,可正确地把握其在城市化进程中所处的阶段,预测城市发展趋势。本文利用数字化地形图、陆地卫星MSS、TM影像,对民国时期至2005年北京市城市用地的面积变化、扩展过程进行了监测分析,并对北京市中心建成区及周边典型卫星城的动态变化作了重点分析。结果表明:在近百年的时间内,北京市建成区的扩展基本上呈现出以旧城区为中心向四周扩展的方式,并未在某一方向表现出特别明显的变化,但在不同时期内的扩展速度差异非常明显。北京市的道路交通用地发展迅速,周边卫星城的建设有较大的发展。     

基于Globcover和DMSP/OLS数据的中国大陆城市潜能分析

城市潜能作为城市体系空间相互作用的代表性指标,反映了城市与其所在的城市体系内所有城市间相互作用的强度,即城市所具备的的集聚能力。合理分析城市空间布局及结构、探寻城市发展的空间差异,以及制定区域发展政策日益迫切,研究城市空间相互作用具有重要意义。本文以Globcover数据集提取中国大陆范围内26 619个城市斑块,获取了城市潜能计算时所需的城市斑块规模总量;同时,以DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像为数据,提取能综合反映人类社会经济活动的城市斑块夜间灯光总强度,参与城市潜能的计算。利用潜能模型,依据城市斑块分层结果,以城市斑块规模和时间成本为参数,计算得到公里格网的城市潜能值模拟分布图,并分析了中国大陆城市潜能的空间分异特征。     

Transportation characteristics change under rapid urban expansion: A case study of Shanghai

This paper focuses on the economic development and urban morphology as well as its impact on the transportation system during the urban expansion of Shanghai in the last more than 20 years(1986-2008).Based on data from 3 comprehensive transport surveys of Shanghai since 1986,the changes in residential trip demand,vehicle use,and the spatial distribution of trips were studied to understand the demands on the transportation system.The factors contributing to those changes in transportation demand were discuss...     

向心扩张指数构建及其在郑州都市圈城镇空间扩张中的应用

探究城镇空间扩张的方向性及其时间变化特征,能够反映都市圈发展过程中核心城市与边缘地区空间关联的动态过程,为制定都市圈发展的相关政策提供科学依据。本文从都市圈的核心城市与边缘地区相互关联的视角,借鉴物理学中力的分解原理,构建了同时兼顾扩张强度和方向性的向心扩张指数CEI,并以郑州都市圈为对象,采用2000—2018年30 m分辨率的全球人造不透水面数据产品GAIA,分析了建设用地扩张的总体数量和占比变化、动态度及强度变化、以及空间方向性变化等特征,进一步应用多元逻辑回归模型,揭示了影响城镇空间扩张向心性的关键因素。结果表明：(1)向心扩张指数CEI为揭示都市圈核心城市对边缘地区的辐射带动作用提供方法支撑,能够定量刻画边缘地区朝向核心城市的发展趋势;(2)在郑州都市圈近20年的快速扩张过程中,尽管各区县市的DEI指数和CEI指数随时间而增减波动,但郑州都市圈总体呈现“核心—边缘”发展模式,除个别地级市中心城区及其下辖县以外,多数区县市的向心性显著且随时间增强,郑州市中心城区对于边缘地区具有显著的辐射带动作用;(3)核心城市与边缘地区的人均GDP差异及城镇化率差异是影响边缘地区向心扩张的重要...     

FORMATION MECHANISM AND SPATIAL PATTERN OF URBAN AGGLOMERATION IN CENTRAL JILIN OF CHINA

1 INTRODUCTION Urban agglomeration researches originated from the concern about the city cluster in the developed areas of western countries. The modern researches have been extended to the specific areas. HALL (2001) summa- rized the generality and difference of urban metropoli- tans in Europe, and analyzed the spatial structure of dif- ferent areas. NAUDE and KRUGELL (2003) analyzed the spatial development of urban agglomeration in South Africa, and thought that the size of the p…     

城市形态信息图谱的理论框架与案例分析

本文主要对城市形态信息图谱的理论框架构建进行研究,并通过具体案例实践进行理论框架解析.首先,从城市形态的本体特征、层次结构、驱动机制三方面探讨城市形态的本体论,归纳总结城市形态本体;其次,从认识论角度对城市形态进行剖析,得出对于城市形态,应遵从系统论的认识;再次,在方法论的层面,通过对城市形态诸多方法进行探讨与比较,得...     

基于空间场-水文模型的城市影响腹地界定及其空间演变分析——以河南省地级城市为例

城市影响腹地范围的划分,在区域与城市规划中有着重要的理论和实际意义。本文从"城市结节性"和"空间交通可达性"两方面改进场强模型,采用主成分分析法与指标体系计算河南省城市结节性指数,利用累积耗费距离测算空间可达性,借助k阶数据场模型与水文分析模型,综合测度了1991年和2010年河南省17个地级城市的影响腹地范围及空间演变特征。研究表明,20年间河南省地级城市的平均可达本文时间从1991年的45.41 min缩短为2010年的33.03 min,空间场能显著增长且空间分异性显著。南阳的腹地面积增加最大,信阳的腹地面积缩小最大;安阳腹地面积增加率和漯河腹地面积减少率最大。郑州的腹地范围与其行政辖区偏移度最大。     

An empirical study on Chinese city network pattern based on producer services

Globalization and informatization have accelerated city networking process over the world, which makes research on city network a hot topic in the fields of urban geography and economic geography. With Chinese economic structure adjustment and city economic growth, producer services have begun to play an increasingly important role in city-region networking. This paper employs the methodology of world city network to analyze and explain the spatial development characteristics of China’s urban network system based on the data of nationwide producer services enterprise network. The research result indicated that the distribution of producer services network has a positive effect on the development of Chinese city networks. City network connectivity is closely related to the significance of city in producer services development, and the former will gradually decline with the drop of the latter. Accordingly, the 64 cities can be divided into the national central cities, regional central cities, sub-regional central cities and local central cities in accordance with their position and role in the nationwide producer services network. It is concluded that high-grade cities with quality producer services dominate the pattern of Chinese city networks and there emerges three spatial agglomerations of producer services enterprises in Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta, Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Economical Region. Moreover, the distribution of different producer services industry varies from city to city, which also affects the characteristics of network development.     

Evolutionary Pattern and Effect of Administrative Division Adjustment During Urbanization of China: Empirical Analysis on Multiple Scales

The adjustment of administrative divisions is one of the important factors guiding China’s urbanization, which has profound economic and social effects for regional development. In this paper, we comprehensively describe the process of the adjustment of administrative divisions at provincial and municipal levels in China and summarize the effects on the basic structure and patterns of the spatial development. We quantitatively assess the effects on fields such as urbanization and social economy through the use of multidimensional scaling. The results show that: 1) Upgrading county to municipality (or city-governed district) is the main way of adjusting the administrative divisions. It is also an important factor in the spatial differentiation of interprovincial urbanization. China’s population urbanization can be divided into four patterns including interprovincial migration, provincial migration, natural growth, and growth caused by the adjustment of administrative divisions, which is also the main reason for the increased Chinese urbanization rate at the provincial level. 2) Taking the city of Beijing as an example, we generalize five adjustment patterns made to administrative divisions: the set-up of sub-districts, the set-up of regional offices, the upgrading of townships to sub-districts, the upgrading of townships to towns, and the set-up of towns and the addition of new regional offices. We summarize the municipal urban spatial structure, including the sub-district office area in the central urban area, the regional office area in the new urban area, the mixed area of villages, towns, and sub-district offices in the suburb area, and the township area in the outer suburb area. 3) The adjustment of administrative divisions triggers a significant circulative accumulation effect, resulting in the spatial locking of population and industrial agglomeration. It affects the evolution of the urban spatial form and plays an important role in shaping the urban spatial structure to move to the characteristic of multicenter. In general, the adjustment of administrative divisions was an important factor affecting the inflated statistical level of urbanization and also an important driving force for the evolution of Chinese urban spatial organization structure.     

Changing spatial and structural patterns of non-agricultural activities in outward-moving Beijing urban fringe

As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.     

基于GIS的城镇体系规划空间分析系统研究

基于提高城乡规划工作中城镇体系空间规划分析工作的准确性与效率的目的,本次研究提出了城镇势力圈划分、城镇职能识别、城镇规模等级划分定量分析方法。应用这些方法,基于ArcGIS 9.3系统平台基础上进行二次开发,设计了基于GIS的城镇体系空间规划分析系统。本系统适用于当前城镇体系规划实践,解决城镇势力圈划分、城镇职能识别、城镇规模等级划分等3个核心问题。本系统在城镇经济腹地划分、行政区划调整、经济协作区划定、中心城镇吸引范围的空间识别、中心镇判别、城镇体系结构识别等领域具有应用价值。     

基于政府大数据的北京城市空间发展模式分析

城市的发展都有各自的特征。这些特征通常是受城市发展过程中政府决策及规划政策的影响而形成。作为我国首都,同时也是人口最稠密的城市,北京市的城市建设用地在过去20年快速城镇化进程中持续扩张。笔者认为,北京市城市扩张期间,城市建设用地开发模式有特定的规律和空间特征。本文中,笔者采用非负矩阵分解(NMF)的方法,对北京市建设用地规划许可发放数据进行挖掘,以此识别城市空间发展模式。笔者发现这个阶段包含了两种主要发展模式,同时也结合诸多辅助信息对这两种模式进行了深入的分析和解释。本文中使用的城市空间发展模式识别方法可以推广到其他区域的城市研究中,对城市设计及政府决策工作起到较大作用。     

广州城市空间形态特征与时空演化分析

城市空间形态的形成和变化是城市内、外各种社会力量相互作用的物质空间反映。本文基于历史资料和遥感影像,探讨了近百年来广州城市空间形态特征和演变过程。广州城市空间形态演变依次经历了轮形团块期、触角期、分散组团式、轴向发展期、带形发展期、新的触角期等几个阶段。利用遥感方法对1979～2004年间广州市建成区变化的监测表明,该期间广州先后经历了20世纪80年代的相对稳定期、90年代前期的快速发展期、90年代中后期的平稳发展期和近年来的高速发展期,目前是扩展速度较快的时期。     

城市地表净辐射通量的季相变化及与地表覆盖格局的关系研究

本研究利用厦门市4个季节的Landsat-5 TM遥感影像和气象资料,反演地表净辐射通量,进而分析其季相变化特征;使用景观格局指数表征和描述地表覆盖的空间组成与配置,采用相关分析、偏相关分析、逐步回归和方差分解相结合的方法,从多季节角度研究地表覆盖格局对地表净辐射通量的影响。结果表明：① 厦门市地表净辐射通量平均值夏季最高,春季次之,秋季和冬季较低,地表净辐射通量在水体和林地区域较高,建设用地和裸地等其他地表覆盖类型区域较低;② 地表覆盖的空间配置对地表净辐射通量没有显著影响;③ 地表覆盖的空间组成对地表净辐射通量产生重要影响,全年内林地和裸地所占面积比例对地表净辐射通量的影响最显著,林地所占面积比例是影响和解释地表净辐射通量跨季节差异的最重要和持续有效的因素。该研究加深了关于地表覆盖格局对地表净辐射通量的影响的科学认知,有助于探索城市热岛的形成和演变机制,也可为城市规划和可持续发展提供理论依据和实践指导。     

Exploring Smart Growth Boundaries of Urban Agglomeration with Land Use Spatial Optimization: A Case Study of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Group,China

Urban agglomeration is the main spatial organization mode used by the Chinese government to promote the policy of new urbanization strategy. Hence, a better understanding of the urban growth boundary(UGB) has profound theoretical and practical significance regarding sustainable urban development. This study devised a raster-based land use spatial optimization(LUSO) framework, and utilized ant colony optimization(ACO) algorithm to delimit the smart growth boundaries of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city group(CZTCG) in China. The aim of this study is to design a LUSO model to explore an optimal pattern of urban agglomeration for sustainable growth. Multi growth scenario including a single development center, multipolar development and balanced development patterns are generated by the LUSO model for the year of 2050, and the optimum spatial pattern is chosen based on objectives comparison and the present stage of economic and social development in CZTCG. The main results are listed as the following. 1) It is feasible to identify the growth boundaries of the urban agglomeration using the land use spatial optimization model, and the optimal form of the spatial pattern can be defined. 2) With the growth trend of the urban agglomeration gradually spreads from a single center to multi-centers and even small towns, the total optimization target performance gradually increases, which means that the traditional pie-shaped development does not meet the maximum comprehensive benefit of the city group. 3) Subject to the regional social and economic development stage, absolute fair development or simply developing the central city is not conducive to promoting the coordinated development of the urban agglomeration. Gradient equalization and gradual advancement are the best choice for UGB delineation of urban agglomeration. The findings of this study would be useful to identify the UGB in CZTCG for more sustainable urban development in the future.     

首都圈“京津冀”三轴线城市空间格局的遥感分析

城市空间结构是城市规划和发展的基础研究内容之一,特别是以城市群综合发展的区域经济体成为当前城市发展的主要形态,以首都北京为核心的首都圈则是其中具有代表性的城市群,许多学者将该区域作为城市格局研究的首选对象。本文针对首都圈“京津塘、京唐秦、京保石”三条发展轴线内的主要城市,从区域内城镇体系空间结构、道路基础设施空间布局、...     

Influencing factors for formation of urban and rural spatial structure in metropolis fringe area—Taking Shuangliu County of Chengdu in China as a case

With rapid urbanization process, the pace of urban sprawl has been quickened and most metropolises have experienced expansions in leaps and bounds in suburbanization, which has greatly changed the urban and rural spatial structure of the metropolis fringe area. In this paper, Shuangliu County is taken as a case, since it is a typical fringe area of Chengdu Metropolis. Based on Landsat TM images of Chengdu City and Shuangliu County obtained in 1985, 2000 and 2004, characteristics of urban and rural spatial structure in Shuangliu County were analyzed, such as core-periphery spatial structure and some obvious integration trends. Then the influencing factors for the formation of urban and rural spatial structure were identified, including some natural, social, economic and political factors. According to the discussion of this paper, Shuangliu County is undergoing a key transition and reform period. Its formation of urban and rural spatial structure was affected not only by such common factors as the location, natural background, industrial transition, migration, etc., but also by some unique factors such as city planning and policy guidance, which played an important role in accelerating its uneven spatial structure. The understanding of the role of the influencing factors would be useful for carrying out spatial management and development planning of metropolis fringe area.