黑洞发光环谱线轮廓的精确解

围绕黑洞作开普勒运动的环状发光物所发射的光，将受到多普勒颇移和引力的综合作用．本文用光子输运方程方法，针对洛仑兹型发射谱线，求出在Schwarzschild度规下谱线轮廓的精确解，并讨论了Hercules星系团中类星体1604＋179光谱的认证．     

猎户座中SiO脉泽分布的新模型

我们研究了Orion-IRc2SiO脉泽饱和辐射谱线轮廓，找到了很好的拟和谱线轮廓的函数．在观测结果中发现，Orion－IRc2SiO脉泽饱和辐射谱线轮廓中存在着若干峰，为了解释这一现象，我们提出了一个新的分布模型，即多重分离的旋转膨胀盘壳模型.计算结果表明，这个新模型，不仅可以解释脉泽的非饱和辐射谱，而且可以解释脉泽的饱和辐射谱.     

黑洞发光环谱线轮廓的精确解

围绕黑洞作开普勒运动有环发光物所发射的的光，将受到多普勒频移和引力的综合作用，本用光子输运方程方法，针对洛仑兹型发射谱线，求出在Ｓｃｈｗａｒｚｓｃｈｉｌｄ度规下谱线轮廓的精确解，并讨论了Ｈｅｒｃｕｌｅｓ星系团中类星体１６０４＋１７９光谱的认证。     

小质量X射线双星铁发射线观测特征的理论分析

小质量Ｘ射线双星在６－７ｋｅＶ的铁发射线具有一些明显观测特征，如谱线展宽、红移和轮廓非对称性。这些性质可能是由高价Ｆｅ离子发射线光子穿过致密天体周围较“冷”等离子体介质时的康普软化过程所造成，本文按此模型求解了康普软化扩散方程，所得理论谱线轮廓与观测线拟合得很好。拟合参量（等离子体的汤姆孙散射光深）取为τｅ～３，由此定出散射等离子体电子密度Ｎｅ≈１０＾１６ｃｍ＾－３，散射球半径Ｒ≈１０＾９ｃｍ．     

几何薄光学厚吸积盘谱线轮廓及成像研究

假设位于黑洞赤道面上做圆形轨道运动的吸积盘是几何薄、光学厚的.利用光子追踪法计算在Kerr度规下的光子运动轨迹,通过数值计算研究薄吸积盘的相对论谱线轮廓及成像.在大角度观测时,吸积盘下表面的光子对谱线轮廓及成像的影响是显著的.     

猎户座中SiO脉泽分布的新模型

我们研究了Ｏｒｉｏｎ－ＩＲｃ２ ＳｉＯ脉泽饱和辐射谱线轮廓，找到了很好的拟和谱线轮廓的函数。在观测结果中发现，Ｏｒｉｏｎ－ＩＲｃ２ ＳｉＯ脉泽饱和辐射谱线轮廓中存在着若干峰，为了解释这一现象，我们提出了一个新的分布模型，即多重分离的旋转膨胀盘壳模型。计算结果表明，这个新模型，不仅可以解释脉泽的非饱和辐射谱，而且可以解释脉泽的饱和辐射谱。     

有吸积盘时径向运动云的谱线轮廓

在活动星系核的黑洞模型中,黑洞附近运动的电离云所发出的光线将要受到多普勒频移、引力红移和光线偏折等效应的影响,如果黑洞周围还有吸积盘存在,电离云的辐射还可能被吸积盘遮挡。本文全面地考虑了这些效应,利用光子输运方程方法,给出了在Schwarzchild度规中径向运动电离云发出的谱线轮廓的精确解,并发现在某些情况下将出现不对称的双峰结构。     

在CepheusE中C^18O（J=1—0）分子外流的不准直分布的研究

从在CepheusE中C18O（J＝1－0）的谱线频谱图发现,相对于峰速度的蓝移成分的积分流量密度明显大于相对于红移成分的积分流量密度．从在它的强度分布图也可以发现强度分布轮廓向西北和向东延伸．为此,研究了在CepheusE中C18O（J＝1－0）的速度分段积分等高图,发现相对于峰速度的蓝移速度分段积分等高图中的C18O（J＝1－0）的积分强度,要大于相对于红移速度分段积分等高图中的C18O（J＝1－0）的积分强度,同时强度分布图中的分子外流的不准直分布是由相对于峰速度的蓝移成分的分布的不准直性所引起的．     

Fermi耀变体的辐射特性和演化研究

搜集和计算了734个Fermi耀变体样本,包括322个蝎虎天体(其中148个高峰频蝎虎天体、73个中峰频蝎虎天体以及101个低峰频蝎虎天体)和412个平谱射电类星体(其中18个高峰频平谱射电类星体、45个中峰频平谱射电类星体以及349个低峰频平谱射电类星体)。研究了每个子类的红移分布、黑洞质量分布以及γ射线光度的分布,并对其红移、黑洞质量、γ射线光度以及同步峰值频率的相关性进行了分析,结果表明:(1)根据红移与γ射线光度分别从高到低的排序,得到Fermi耀变体的演化序列遵循平谱射电类星体→蝎虎天体,且高同步峰频耀变体→中同步峰频耀变体→低同步峰频耀变体,但根据黑洞质量从高到低得到的演化序列不同,这可能是黑洞质量的估计误差以及黑洞质量样本数量较少造成的;(2)Fermi耀变体每个子类的红移与黑洞质量、黑洞质量与γ射线光度之间正相关;(3)Fermi耀变体每个子类的红移、γ射线光度分别与同步峰频之间反相关,黑洞质量与同步峰频之间不存在相关性。     

黑洞吸积理论的新进展(II):含激波的吸积理论

着重评述了含激波吸积理论的发展历史和研究现状, 介绍了在伪牛顿势以及严格广义相对论框架下, 对等温和绝热两种不同的流体模型中可能发生的Ｒ－ Ｈ 激波、等温激波等各种不同激波的解析和数值模拟研究, 包括激波发生的参数空间、不同流体参数（ 比能量和比角动量） 下激波发生的位置、强度以及耗散的能量。这些研究结果表明, 在理想流体近似下, 黑洞吸积流中必定会产生激波。此外, 还介绍了含激波吸积理论在活动星系核方面的应用。对黑洞吸积理论简单讨论, 评述了含激波吸积理论与ＡＤＡＦ 吸积理论的关系, 着重评述了目前对于ＡＤＡＦ 中是否会发生激波这一存在很大争议的问题。     

The general analytical expression for computation of generalized relativistic Fermi-Dirac functions

In this paper, general sufficiently analytical formulae are developed for the arbitrary order generalized relativistic Fermi-Dirac (FD) functions. Analytical assessment of relativistic FD function is very important for various fields of physics especially in the theory of relativistic nondegenerate and degenerate electron gas systems. One of the more appropriate and correct approximations is based on a binomial expansion method and incomplete Gamma functions that have been used in the calculations of the generalized relativistic FD functions. Note that, the established expression in special cases of specific values of parameters becomes the evaluation formulae of other type FD functions. Calculation results of the generalized relativistic FD functions are compared with the other approximations methods and available numerical approaches and demonstrated satisfactory agreement.     

Forbush Decrease: A New Perspective with Classification

Sudden short-duration decreases in cosmic ray flux, known as Forbush decreases (FDs), are mainly caused by interplanetary disturbances. A generally accepted view is that the first step of an FD is caused by a shock sheath and the second step is due to the magnetic cloud (MC) of the interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME). This simplistic picture does not consider several physical aspects, such as whether the complete shock sheath or MC (or only part of these) contributes to the decrease or the effect of internal structure within the shock-sheath region or MC. We present an analysis of 16 large (\({\geq}\,8 \%\)) FD events and the associated ICMEs, a majority of which show multiple steps in the FD profile. We propose a reclassification of FD events according to the number of steps observed in their respective profiles and according to the physical origin of these steps. This study determines that 13 out of 16 major events (\({\sim}\,81\%\)) can be explained completely or partially on the basis of the classic FD model. However, it cannot explain all the steps observed in these events. Our analysis clearly indicates that not only broad regions (shock sheath and MC), but also localized structures within the shock sheath and MC have a significant role in influencing the FD profile. The detailed analysis in the present work is expected to contribute toward a better understanding of the relationship between FD and ICME parameters.     

A close look at Saturn's rings with Cassini VIMS

Soon after the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft entered orbit about Saturn on 1 July 2004, its Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer obtained two continuous spectral scans across the rings, covering the wavelength range 0.35-5.1 μm, at a spatial resolution of 15-25 km. The first scan covers the outer C and inner B rings, while the second covers the Cassini Division and the entire A ring. Comparisons of the VIMS radial reflectance profile at 1.08 μm with similar profiles at a wavelength of 0.45 μm assembled from Voyager images show very little change in ring structure over the intervening 24 years, with the exception of a few features already known to be noncircular. A model for single-scattering by a classical, many-particle-thick slab of material with normal optical depths derived from the Voyager photopolarimeter stellar occultation is found to provide an excellent fit to the observed VIMS reflectance profiles for the C ring and Cassini Division, and an acceptable fit for the inner B ring. The A ring deviates significantly from such a model, consistent with previous suggestions that this region may be closer to a monolayer. An additional complication here is the azimuthally-variable average optical depth associated with “self-gravity wakes” in this region and the fact that much of the A ring may be a mixture of almost opaque wakes and relatively transparent interwake zones. Consistently with previous studies, we find that the near-infrared spectra of all main ring regions are dominated by water ice, with a typical regolith grain radius of 5-20 μm, while the steep decrease in visual reflectance shortward of 0.6 μm is suggestive of an organic contaminant, perhaps tholin-like. Although no materials other than H₂O ice have been identified with any certainty in the VIMS spectra of the rings, significant radial variations are seen in the strength of the water-ice absorption bands. Across the boundary between the C and B rings, over a radial range of ∼7000 km, the near-IR band depths strengthen considerably. A very similar pattern is seen across the outer half of the Cassini Division and into the inner A ring, accompanied by a steepening of the red slope in the visible spectrum shortward of 0.55 μm. We attribute these trends—as well as smaller-scale variations associated with strong density waves in the A ring—to differing grain sizes in the tholin-contaminated icy regolith that covers the surfaces of the decimeter-to-meter sized ring particles. On the largest scale, the spectral variations seen by VIMS suggest that the rings may be divided into two larger ‘ring complexes,’ with similar internal variations in structure, optical depth, particle size, regolith texture and composition. The inner complex comprises the C and B rings, while the outer comprises the Cassini Division and A ring.     

Changes of the profiles of spectral lines due to mass transfer in close binaries

In this paper, the model of the ring envelope round the primary component and the stream of the gaseous mass flowing from the secondary component to the primary is constructed on the basis of theoretical computations concerning the exchange of the mass between the components of the binary. The paper studies the influence of the gaseous mass on the profiles of spectral lines before and after occultation; the influence of the stream on the profile in case the secondary is near elongation, is also investigated. The line profiles obtained by numerical computations show that their changes caused by outflowing mass should be well detectable from spectrograms taken at particular phase of the binary. Changes in the lines may influence the measurement of radial velocities. The method for distinguishing the influence of the stream from the influence of the ring is described.     

A spectroscopic study of the peculiar galaxy UGC 5600

We present our observations of the galaxy UGS 5600 with a long-slit spectrograph (UAGS) and a multipupil field spectrograph (MPFS) attached to the 6-m Special Astrophysical Observatory telescope. Radial-velocity fields of the stellar and gaseous components were constructed for the central region and inner ring of the galaxy. We proved the existence of two nearly orthogonal kinematic subsystems and conclude that UGC 5600 is a galaxy with an inner polar ring. In the circumnuclear region, we detected noncircular stellar motions and suspected the existence of a minibar. The emission lines are shown to originate in H II regions. We estimated the metallicity from the intensity ratio of the [N II]λ6583 and Hα lines to be nearly solar, which rules out the possibility that the polar ring was produced by the accretion of gas from a dwarf companion.     

A search for massive young stellar objects with 98 CH_3OH maser sources

Using the 13.7m telescope of the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO),a survey of the J = 1 - 0 lines of CO and its isotopes was carried out on 98 methanol maser sources in January 2008.Eighty-five sources have infrared counterparts within one arcmin.In the survey,except for 43 sources showing complex or multiple-peak profiles,almost all the 13CO line profiles of the other 55 sources have large line widths of 4.5km s-1 on average and are usually asymmetric.Fifty corresponding Infrared Astronomical Satellite (I...     

Keck infrared observations of Saturn's main rings bracketing Earth's August 1995 ring plane crossing

We present results of near-infrared (2.26 μm) observations of Saturn's main rings taken with the W.M. Keck telescope during August 8-11, 1995, surrounding the time that Earth crossed Saturn's ring plane. These observations provide a unique opportunity to study the evolution of the ring brightness in detail, and by combining our data with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) results (Nicholson et al., 1996, Science 272, 453-616), we extend the 12-hour HST time span to several days around the time of ring plane crossing (RPX). In this paper, we focus on the temporal evolution of the brightness in Saturn's main rings. We examine both edge-on ring profiles and radial profiles obtained by “onion-peeling” the edge-on data. Before RPX, when the dark (unlit) face of the rings was observed, the inner C ring (including the Colombo gap), the Maxwell gap, Cassini Division and F ring region were very bright in transmitted light. After RPX, the main rings brighten rapidly, as expected. The profiles show east-west asymmetries both before and after RPX. Prior to RPX, the evolution in ring brightness of the Keck and HST data match one another quite well. The west side of the rings showed a nonlinear variation in brightness during the last hours before ring plane crossing, suggestive of clumping and longitudinal asymmetries in the F ring. Immediately after RPX, the east side of the rings brightened more rapidly than the west. A quantitative comparison of the Keck and HST data reveals that the rings were redder before RPX than after; we ascribe this difference to the enhanced multiple scattering of photons passing through to the unlit side of the rings.     

The rings of Uranus: Occultation profiles from three observatories

Occultation profiles for the nine confirmed Uranian rings obtained from Las Campanas, the European Southern Observatory, and Cerro Tololo on 15–16 August 1980 are compared. The α ring shows a “double-dip” structure; the η ring shows a broad and narrow component (similar to Saturn's F ring); and the ε ring shows six features that appear in the data from all three observatories. Diffraction fringes appear at the edges of several of the occultation profiles.     

Non-LTE Effects of Helium Lines in Late-B and A Stars

A helium model atom that includes 55 He I levels and the He II ground level in a detailed consideration has been constructed to investigate the departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) in the formation of helium lines in stars with effective temperatures from 9300 to 20 000 K. For eight stars with effective temperatures from 9380 to 17 500 K the helium abundance has been determined from He I lines. The neutral helium lines in B stars cannot be described under LTE conditions using the common helium abundance. Furthermore, the profiles of several lines cannot be described in terms of the LTE approach at all. In contrast, a satisfactory coincidence of the theoretical and observed profiles for the entire set of helium lines observed in a wide spectral range can be achieved using virtually the same helium abundance by taking into account the departures from LTE. The LTE and non-LTE helium abundances can differ by up to a factor of 2–3, depending on the stellar parameters. The higher the stellar temperature, the stronger the departures from LTE. As a rule, the lines in the blue spectral region are less affected by non- LTE effects. In the atmospheres of six stars the helium abundance corresponds, within the error limits, to the present-day solar value. A helium underabundance is observed in the atmospheres of Sirius and HD 72660 classified as hot Am stars.     

A photometric study of the double ring structure of NGC 4736

In this study we present photometric results for the galaxy NGC 4736: infrared and visible profiles. After a careful correction for the extinction within the galaxy based on measured neutral gas surface densities, we interpret the profiles in the individual bands and in colour indices, in terms of the radial distribution of stellar populations. We pick out the behaviour of the two rings, an inner ring some 40–50 arc sec from the nucleus, and an outer ring some 300 arc sec away. We show how the photometry allows us to make tentative physical inferences about the nature of these two structures, showing that the inner ring is connected with an outflow of gas observed via itsHii regions, and is probably the result of an axisymmetric starburst, while the outer ring is a site of star formation which appears to be further from the centre than the typical resonant structures associated with a density wave.