苏门答腊--蒙古(1935～1957)地震大迁移的回顾

为了分析2004年12月26日苏门答腊Ms8．9大地震对大陆地震形势的影响,本文介绍了1935～1957年苏门答腊-蒙古地震大迁移事件,时间持续22年,长度4600km,迁移速度205km／a。迁移以1935年12月28日苏门答腊Ms7．7地震为起点,从印度-澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块南部边界俯冲事件开始,向北经安达曼海沟到达缅甸弧和喜马拉雅弧东端后,进入中国大陆,沿着中蒙大陆中轴地震带直抵蒙古。     

减小直流输电对地磁观测影响的几种办法

随着经济建设的飞速发展,地震监测环境的保护越来越困难。各种干扰因素不断出现,有些干扰影响范围较小,可以设法避开;有些干扰影响范围较大,几乎无法躲避。直流输电对地磁观测产生的干扰其影响范围特别广,幅度特别大。我国于1989年建成了葛洲坝至上海南桥的±500KV~200A高压直流输电工程。2002年12月份从三峡至武进政平的±500KV~3000A直流输电工程也开始进入测试阶段,并于2003年7月开始正式运行。随着“西电东送”战略的确定,以后会有更多条超高压直流输电线路将建成(龚大卫等,2000;陈红军等,2001;吴元熙等,2000)。其中三峡至武进政平的…     

Ashes to ashes, dust to dust

An account of the RAS Presidential Address of 11 February 2000, given by David A Williams , Perren Professor of Astronomy, University College London.     

依据剖面资料求解断层的水平位移

提出依据开挖剖面中的楔形体在受到断层作用时其厚度的变化量求解断层水平位移的方法。分析表明断层水平位移量S与楔形体在断层两侧厚度变化量Δh满足关系式S＝Δh/ρsinβ。式中ρ为楔形体在断层走向上的尖灭系数，β为断层的倾角，该关系式不仅能满足纯走滑运动的断层，而且也满足一般斜滑断层，同时提出了在剖面上判断断层水平运动性质的方法。     

紧急救援有关问题的探讨与思考

首先简要回顾了紧急救援的发展过程；简述了与紧急救援有关的一些概念；讨论了城市搜索与救援、地震灾害紧急救援两个概念的由来和区别；回顾了国家地震灾害紧急救援队的设计并提出了地方救援力量建立的原则。最后是关于紧急救援未来发展的思考，并对保障措施提出了建议。     

A field trial to test the efficiency of induced partial saturation and horizontal drains to mitigate the susceptibility of soils to liquefaction

Within the European project LIQUEFACT some activities have been devoted to the experimental verification of the effectiveness of two techniques in the mitigation of soil liquefaction susceptibility: induced partial saturation (IPS) and horizontal drains. After a preliminary check of their efficiency via centrifuge tests, the two techniques have been studied by means of some large scale shaking tests carried out in a field trial located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). A preliminary extensive in situ and laboratory investigation was necessary to identify the shallow liquefiable soil layer in which the mitigation techniques and the monitoring instrumentations (pore pressure transducers and geophones) had to be installed. Both techniques required the installation of horizontal well screens via a directional controlled drilling technique: the pipes were used as drainage systems (linear HDL and rhomboidal configurations HDR) or for the air injection in the area treated with IPS technique. The in situ experimental evidences showed that both techniques are able to avoid liquefaction triggering, that on the contrary was attained during the tests in the untreated testing area. The processing of in situ data highlighted that the efficiency of the two techniques is strictly related to chosen arrangement of the horizontal drains and the induced degree of saturation.

     

Susceptibility of fish to Chattonella marina is determined by its tolerance to hypoxia

The harmful alga Chattonella marina has caused massive fish kills and economic losses worldwide. However, the fish kill mechanisms by C. marina have not been identified. The present study has confirmed that a significant elevation of blood osmolality is the universal response in moribund fish exposed to C. marina and the possible reasons leading to contradictory reports were identified. Both osmotic distress and respiratory impairment are important mechanisms leading to fish kill by C. marina. The susceptibility of marine fish to C. marina appears to be inversely related to their tolerance to hypoxia, with the hypoxia intolerant goldlined seabream being the most susceptible, and the hypoxia tolerant green grouper being the most tolerant to C. marina. Further studies in the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) showed that fish susceptibility to C. marina is directly related to susceptibility of the fish to hypoxia, but not related to its tolerance to hypersalinity stress.     

Susceptibility of fish to Chattonella marina is determined by its tolerance to hypoxia

The harmful alga Chattonella marina has caused massive fish kills and economic losses worldwide. However, the fish kill mechanisms by C. marina have not been identified. The present study has confirmed that a significant elevation of blood osmolality is the universal response in moribund fish exposed to C. marina and the possible reasons leading to contradictory reports were identified. Both osmotic distress and respiratory impairment are important mechanisms leading to fish kill by C. marina. The susceptibility of marine fish to C. marina appears to be inversely related to their tolerance to hypoxia, with the hypoxia intolerant goldlined seabream being the most susceptible, and the hypoxia tolerant green grouper being the most tolerant to C. marina. Further studies in the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) showed that fish susceptibility to C. marina is directly related to susceptibility of the fish to hypoxia, but not related to its tolerance to hypersalinity stress.     

Study of damage to a high concrete dam subjected to underwater shock waves

To study the effect of a strong underwater shock wave on a concrete dam, this research aims to improve hammer impact methods in model tests. Six 1:200 scale models were designed and tested under distributed impact loads. A device was deployed for a direct measurement of the impact force at the upstream face of the dams. The model dam bases were anchored to prevent displacement. The experimental results indicate that the top part of the concrete dam is a weak zone, and the impact failure initiates with a fracture on the top of the dam. The peak value of impact stress increases when the second crack appears in the concrete dam from the upstream face to the downstream face. And, the level of the second crack in the dam body is lower as the peak value of impact stress increases. In this study, dynamic analysis was conducted by calculating the results to verify the effectiveness of a device to directly measure the impact force. This method may be used to approximately forecast the damage of concrete dam and may also be useful in other engineering applications.     

Atlas of susceptibility to pollution in marinas. Application to the Spanish coast

An atlas of susceptibility to pollution of 320 Spanish marinas is provided. Susceptibility is assessed through a simple, fast and low cost empirical method estimating the flushing capacity of marinas. The Complexity Tidal Range Index (CTRI) was selected among eleven empirical methods. The CTRI method was selected by means of statistical analyses because: it contributes to explain the system's variance; it is highly correlated to numerical model results; and, it is sensitive to marinas' location and typology. The process of implementation to the Spanish coast confirmed its usefulness, versatility and adaptability as a tool for the environmental management of marinas worldwide. The atlas of susceptibility, assessed through CTRI values, is an appropriate instrument to prioritize environmental and planning strategies at a regional scale.     

圆弧状多层沉积谷地在Rayleigh波入射下动力响应的解析解

利用波函数的Fourier-Bessel级数展开法,推导出了含任意多个圆弧状沉积层的谷地在Rayleigh波入射下二维稳态动力响应的解析解,分析了该级数形式解析解随截断项数的收敛问题,讨论了在获取该解析解的过程中,用于计算Rayleigh波自由场的有限Fourier级数的项数和用于模拟水平地表的大圆弧的半径对解的影响.研究结果表明,该解析解能够在一个非常宽的频带内收敛.最后,利用该解析解,在一个较宽的频带范围内,讨论了谷地中沉积介质的成层性,包括沉积层的层数、软弱夹层的存在及其厚度等因素对地面运动的影响.     

人工神经网络原理在建筑物震陷预测中的应用

运用人工神经网络原理，对BP型神经网络作了多方面的改进，采用改进后的BP算法，建立了建筑物震陷预测模型，研究结果表明，改进的BP网络性能良好，所建立的模型预测精度高，能满足工程要求，是一种有效可行的预测新方法。     

Use of practical aspects of soil behaviour to evaluate different methods to generate soil hydraulic functions

Soil hydraulic functions can be obtained with methods that range from complex and costly to simple and cheap. Decisions as to which is the most appropriate method for a specific application have to be based on a comparison of generated hydraulic functions. This comparison should preferably be based on a statistical comparison of practical applications calculated with the different hydraulic functions rather than on a statistical comparison of the functions themselves. In this study four different methods were used to generate hydraulic functions: (A) direct on-site measurement, (B) measurement in soil horizons in the area, (C) use of a national data set, and (D) use of Van Genuchten parameters correlated with soil texture and organic matter content. The four methods were compared by their effect on two practical aspects of soil behaviour: (1) evapotranspiration deficit and (2) flux through a plane at 30 cm below soil surface. These two aspects are highly relevant for agricultural and environmental use. However, direct measurement is not feasible. A validated simulation model was used for the calculations and results obtained with method A were taken as a reference. Calculations were performed for three soil profiles for a period of seven years. Deficits and fluxes, calculated with the four methods to generate hydraulic functions, were not significantly different using the data of the seven-year period. However, methods were significantly different when rainfall deficits were used as a covariable. This is true with the exception of downward fluxes in the period October until March which are most important for leaching of pollutants. The user has to decide whether differences between methods are sufficiently large to justify repeated, expensive on-site measurements (method A) or whether an investment will be made to make standard series of curves to be used everywhere (methods C and D).     

一种适用于大地震临震预测的地声监测系统

介绍了震前地声的历史记载以及震前地声的产生机制和特征．还有如何利用震前地声观测结果对地震发震的三要素进行预测。并针对震前地声监测所存在的问题、困难和发展趋势,提出了一种适用于大地震临震预测的地声监测系统,该系统可详尽、完整地记录震前地声的强度、频度、频谱,并可通过在地震易发区域的大规模密集布点,组成这一区域的震前地声监测网络,以监测大地震孕育过程,以及对大地震的三要素进行预测预报。     

川滇中短期地震活动图象异常及其在强震预报中的应用

根据川滇２０例Ｍ≥６７级强震前中短期地震活动图象异常的分析对比,归纳出８项有普适性的图象异常指标,试图对一、二年内各个强震区（１００×２００平方千米）强震孕育程度给出一个经验性的估计量。并将它作为中短期强震预报的基本依据。同时,这些异常的动态既是改进年度性震情会商的着眼点,又是震情跟踪的具体目标。