Long-term Changes in the Main Components of Lake Khanka Water Regime

Changes in annual total precipitation and annual pan evaporation for the Lake Khanka water area during the period of 1949–2015 are analyzed based on observational data of weather stations within the lake basin. The reliability of the calculated values of characteristics affecting evaporation changes was confirmed by their comparison with observations at the 20-m² evaporation pan installed at Astrakhanka lake station. It is shown that against a background of significant interannual fluctuations of annual precipitation during the whole period under study, its trends are almost absent. However, a rather stable increase in annual precipitation value caused by the summer precipitation rise has been noted since the early 2000s. The value of annual pan evaporation decreased from 1949 to 2015, and the rate of its decrease till 1980 was higher than in the next period. Moreover, some evaporation increase has been observed in the recent decade. The main contribution to the evaporation change is made by wind speed changes which cause about 50% of evaporation variance. Air humidity deficit is the second affecting factor that determines a little over 20% of annual evaporation variance. It is demonstrated that the increase in annual precipitation is possible by the middle of the 21st century, while the change in annual evaporation from the Lake Khanka water area would be minimal. Under such changes in the main components of the lake water regime, no reduction of its level due to natural climate processes should be expected.     

利用LAS资料估算能量平衡各分量

一般气象台站都没有能量平衡射观测.而能量平衡各分量是判别下垫面状况的重要因子,本文利用乐至县LAS(Large Aperture Scintillometer)观测资料计算了显热通量,并通过能量平衡方程求得能量平衡各分量,揭示了能量平衡各分量的日变化和年变化规律,以及与下垫面干湿状况的关系.     

史灌河流域水量平衡研究

建立了一个水量平衡模型,并用1998、1999年淮河流域能量和水循环试验(HUBEX)期间获得的史灌河流域(HUBEX水文试验区)加密观测资料来率定模型中的参数.结论表明:(1)水量平衡的要素计算合理;(2)梅山、鲇鱼山、蒋集土壤含水量的平均值系列基本上反映了流域蓄水量的变化过程;(3)流域蓄水量的衰减系数、蒸发能力的折算系数比较稳定,不应通过调整这些系数来实现水量平衡.     

利用LAS资料估算能量平衡各分量

一般气象台站都没有能量平衡射观测。而能量平衡各分量是判别下垫面状况的重要因子，本文利用乐至县LAS（Large Aperture Scintillometer）观测资料计算了显热通量，并通过能量平衡方程求得能量平衡各分量，揭示了能量平衡分量的日变化和年变化规律，以及与下垫面干湿状况的关系。     

1998年夏季青藏高原辐射平衡分量特征

利用1998年夏季第二次青藏高原气象科学试验(TIPEX)获得的改则、当雄和昌都三个热源观测站的数据和相关资料,统计和分析了高原夏季辐射平衡分量和热源强度的变化特征.结果表明高原地面总辐射平均强度以西部最强,中部次之,东部最小.6月中旬后随着雨季到来,地表反射率均有所降低,中部和东部的辐射强度明显减弱,西部雨季降水和云量都比较少,辐射强度变化不明显.高原中部和东部的净辐射在6月中旬有明显的突变现象,西部突变期出现在7月上旬,以中部的辐射加热强度最大,东部次之,西部最小.湿期随着地面长波辐射的减少,热源强度明显增大.     

无定河区域1981～2001年植被生产力和水量平衡对气候变化的响应

基于土壤-植被-大气系统过程模型(VIP模型)和NOAA-AVHRR遥感信息,模拟了1981～2001年黄土高原无定河区域(36～40°N,108～111°E)植被总第一性生产力(GPP)和水量平衡的时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应.结果表明:该研究区域1981～2001年间气候有明显变暖趋势,斜率为0.08℃·a-1,降水量下降,斜率为-3.2 mm·a-1.GPP年总量1998年前呈上升趋势,之后呈下降趋势,平均值为289g·m-2·a-1(C),最大值和最小值分别为377 g·m-2·a-1(C)(1994年)和143 g·m-2·a-1(C)(2001年).年降水量、蒸散量和径流量随时间都呈下降趋势,且其空间分布有明显的由南向北梯度递减特征.     

Changes of Atmospheric Water Balance over China under the IPCC SRES A1B Scenario Based on RegCM3 Simulations

Simulations of the Regional Climate Model Version 3 (RegCM3) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario were employed to investigate possible decadal changes and long-term trends of annual mean atmospheric water balance components over China in the 21st century with reference to the period of 1981-2000. An evaluation showed that RegCM3 can reasonably reproduce annual evapotranspiration, precipitation, and water vapor transport over China, with a better performance for March-June. It was found that the water vapor exchange between the land surface and atmosphere would be significantly intensified in Northwest China by the mid-to late-21st century and that the region would possibly shift to a wetter or drought-mitigated state under global warming. Conversely, the water vapor exchange evidently weakened over the Tibetan Plateau and South-west China by the mid-to late-21st century. In addition, there appears to be a drier state for Northeast China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley by the mid-to late-21st century, with slight mitigation by the end compared with the mid-21st century. The westerly and southwesterly water vapor transport over China generally presents an increasing trend, with increasing diver-gence over the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast China, corresponding to a loss of atmospheric water vapor by water vapor transport.     

东亚季风区地气系统的水平衡

本文利用欧洲中心ＥＣＭＷＦ１９８０～１９８９年１０年逐日资料及同期中国六大流域片的月径流量资料,用水平衡方法尝试了对东亚季风区进行蒸发估算、土壤和地下水含量估算及总的水量平衡分析。结果表明：全国陆地降水在７月份最大,平均约为９５ｍｍ,蒸发的最大值（８０ｍｍ）比其滞后１个月出现。北方流域和南方流域的水平衡特征明显不同。南方流域降水始终大于蒸发,蒸发峰值比降水峰值滞后１个月,土壤、地下水含量盛夏或初秋开始减小;北方流域蒸发有时超过降水,两者的峰值同月出现,土壤、地下水含量初夏就开始减小。东北流域片的水平衡特点介于上述南、北方流域特点之间。计算误差中由水汽通量散度项的日变化引起的误差可能占总误差的５０％。     

一种改进的土壤水分平衡模式

将美国学者,Ｊ．Ｔ．Ｒｉｔｃｈｉｅ等研制的作物生长模拟模式（ＣＥＲＥＳ－小麦模式）中的土壤水分平衡子模式应用于我国半干旱地区甘肃省西峰市农业气象试验站固定地块麦地土壤水分的模拟,对原有模式中潜在蒸散、地表蒸发和作物蒸腾加以修正,同时,为增强模式的应用性能,引入一种由作物生育期来估算作物根系最大深度和土壤各层相对根密度的方法。改进后的土壤水分平衡模式取得较好的应用效果,为旱地农田土壤水分管理提供了一     

The influence of atmospheric circulation on the occurrence of hail in the North German Lowlands

The atmospheric circulation and thermal conditions in the troposphere were analysed to identify the situations which are conductive to hail development in the North German Lowlands. They were established on the basis of the data obtained from the US National Center for Environmental Prediction/US National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis database, and they included sea level pressure, 500 hPa geopotential height, the temperature at 850 and 500 hPa and HYSPLIT backward trajectories model. Daily information about hail occurrence in 16 selected stations was received from Deutscher Wetterdienst database and it covered the years 1951–2010. It was found that hail in the studied area was connected with large negative anomalies of the sea level pressure over Scandinavia and, consequently, the northwestern direction of air mass influx. In some cases, hail was associated with the northern influx, with strong negative anomalies of the temperature, and with positive anomalies of the temperature during the southern influx of air masses.     

试论气候变化对我国水资源的影响

从水文系统的降水、蒸发、径流和土壤水分及水资源系统供水、需水和水资源管理等方面综述了区域水文水资源对气候变化的响应,提出了作者的看法。     

Energy and Water Balance at Soil-Air Interface in a Sahelian Region

l. IntroductionModel simulation of soll physical properties is very 1mportant for climate studies becauseof the role they play in different interaction processes with the atmosphere. One of the mostwidespread studies is the implementation of soil models 1n General Circulation Models(GCMs); previous studies showed, in fact, that climate simulat1ons are sensitive to theparameterization of the energy and mass fluxes at the land surface (V1terbo, l995; Beljiaars etal., l996; Dolman et al., l997…     

Calculation of Precipitation Layer as a Water Balance Component of the Sea of Azov

A statistical model of the spatial coupling of precipitation over the Sea of Azov is constructed using SEVIRI radiometer data. The set of four locations of precipitation field was identified to retrieve integral precipitation layer over the sea. It was found that the model can be applied for the water-balance studies of the Sea of Azov based on data from coastal weather stations.     

科小麦分层农田土壤水分平衡模型

由土壤水分平衡方程出发，综合考虑农田土壤水分的主要收支项，加以适当处理，建立了旱地农田土壤水分动态平衡模型，模拟了地处半干旱地区的甘肃西峰地区1981－1985年冬小麦全生育期农田分层土壤水分的逐日变化，与实测值相比较，模式模拟效果较好。     

Estimating Global Distribution of Evapotranspiration and Water Balance Using Complementary Methods

ABSTRACT

The authors propose a modified complementary method to estimate regional evapotranspiration (ET) under different climatic and physical conditions using only meteorological data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the modified complementary method for estimating global ET distribution and corresponding water balance. Gridded data from the Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, with 30 min spatial resolution and monthly time steps are used. Using the Thornthwaite water budget, monthly maps of global water surplus (precipitation minus ET) are produced. The results show good agreement with many previous studies. The average annual precipitation, ET, and water surplus are 690, 434, and 256?mm, respectively. The results show that the modified model can predict regional ET using meteorological data and can be used to assess global water resources. Consequently, the proposed method has strong potential for projecting water resource balance under future climate change.     

2050年前南水北调中线工程水源区地表径流的变化趋势

以南水北调中线工程水源区为研究流域,采用线性回归法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验等方法,分析了1961—2000年的水文气象要素变化特征;基于数字高程模型、土地利用和土壤类型等资料,研究了SWAT模型在研究流域的适用性;根据IPCC第四次评估报告多模式结果,分析了IPCC SRES A2和A1B情景下2011—2050年的降水、气温、径流的响应过程。结果表明：1961—2000年南水北调中线工程水源区降水量无显著变化趋势,气温呈缓慢上升趋势,径流量呈缓慢减少趋势。与基准期（1961—1990年）相比,未来40年A2和A1B两种气候情景下水源区降水量、气温和径流量都呈现出增加趋势,A2情景下增加趋势明显,但径流量增幅小于降水量的增幅,这可能与蒸发量的增加有关。未来气候变化对南水北调中线工程水源区径流变化影响不大,总体有利于南水北调中线工程的调水。     

宁夏南部地表辐射和热量平衡的遥感研究

为了研究和揭示宁夏南部地气能量传输过程及特点并进一步评估退耕还林还草的生态效应, 利用Landsat-7 ETM+卫星遥感资料所求取的地表特征参数, 将地表分成水体、裸地、半裸地、草地、林地5类地表覆盖类型, 结合常规气象观测资料, 分别计算得出宁夏南部地表辐射和热量平衡各量的区域分布, 并给出各量的分布图和直方图, 分类别讨论了地表辐射和热量平衡各量分布特征, 使得对宁夏南部区域地表辐射和热量平衡区域分布有一个直观、综合的了解和认识。研究表明, 植被分布对地表辐射和热量平衡各量影响很大。     

气候影响下以融雪水补给为主的河川径流变化

以气象文献资料为基础,结合区域水文代表站1961—2000年的资料,分析了气候影响下融雪水补给的河川径流的变化过程,建立年平均气温、季平均气温序列,利用距平分析法、多年平均降水量与多年平均径流量相关法、模比系数差积曲线图等方法,分析了区域增温变暖趋势,与全国、全球增温变暖趋势情况大致相似。年径流量从80年代以来随气候的变化呈上升趋势,以气温的增温变暖、降水的增多为主要影响因子,分析了区域内河川径流的水量变化。     

基于SWAT模型分析淮河流域中上游水量平衡要素对气候变化的响应

本研究在对SWAT模型进行参数化的基础上,采用淮河干流吴家渡和鲁台子水文控制站1971-1990年和1991-2014年的月径流观测数据对SWAT模型进行了率定和验证。模拟效果评估结果显示：不论是率定期还是验证期,Nash-Sutcliffe系数Ens和确定系数R2均>0.8,相对误差Re<1%,模型能够较好地再现月尺度的降雨-径流过程。淮河中上游年径流深线性变化趋势不明显,但子流域空间差异显著,径流深上游及南部呈线性减小趋势,其他子流域呈增大趋势。从年水量平衡要素来看,蒸散量和渗漏量对水量平衡贡献最大。主成分分析表明,平均气温、降水量及蒸散量是淮河中上游水文要素变化的关键因子。剔除人为因素的影响,1971-2014年淮河中上游地区水资源量呈减少趋势,这可能是年平均气温升高、年降 水量略有减少以及年蒸散量减少综合作用的结果。本文研究成果可为淮河中上游水资源管理和相关政策的制定提供技术支撑。