The Selenga River water quality on the border with Mongolia at the beginning of the 21st century

Based on the comprehensive hydrochemical and hydrobiological studies of the Selenga River near the Naushki settlement carried out in 2010, the quality of water flowing from the territory of Mongolia is assessed. The comparison with the results of the previous years indicates that the water quality deteriorated due to the intensification of economic activity in the river basin and unfavorable climatic factors.     

河流中污染物衰减系数影响因素分析

污染物衰减系数是反映河流水质污染变化情况、建立水质模型、计算水环境容量的重要参数之一,其确定的合理性直接影响到水环境容量以及水质模型的可靠性。通过查阅有关文献,概述了国内外部分河流的COD和BOD以及氨氮的衰减系数,并分析了影响污染物衰减系数的主要因素,为研究河流水体自净规律、计算水环境容量、区域排污总量控制计划的制定提供科学依据。     

Assessment of temporal and spatial inhomogeneity of waters in the Nevskaya Guba Bay and Eastern Gulf of Finland from hydrochemical indicators

Hydrochemical inhomogeneity of waters in the Nevskaya Guba Bay and adjoining water areas of the Gulf of Finland is assessed with a principal component method. The application of the method made it possible to beforehand divide the period of study (1978–1996) into stages and then to single out hydrochemical zones that are formed under the impact of the main factors that take into account the interrelations of 17 water quality indicators. It is demonstrated that spatial water area inhomogeneity at different stages of construction of special structures to protect the city against floods, increased volumes of biologically treated waste waters, and changed sizes of dumping of polluted subsoil is related to various hypothetical factors reflecting different processes in the water body. Whereas before 1993 natural processes of organic matter production and destruction were leading in zone formation, at later stages it was the composition of treated waste waters and processes of the secondary water pollution with phosphate, lead, and cadmium.     

A new approach to the automatic computation of partial volumes of river runoff with various degrees of pollution (a case study for the Selenga River)

Proposed are the methods and software package that enable estimating automatically the degree of the pollution of annual and long-term river runoff at the joint processing of large volumes of standard (routine) hydrological and hydrochemical information. As a result of computations, the individual quality certificate of river runoff was created for the part of the river under study. Computation methods include regulations concerning the parameters that connect the water runoff volume with water quality; the parameters that may connect the computation of the pollution degree using RD 52.24.643-2002 adapted for the partial volumes of the annual runoff according to these methods, with the subsequent classification of the pollution degree. The computation technique was worked out and used for the first time. The informativeness of estimates is demonstrated for one of the discharge section lines of the Selenga River.     

Long-term Dynamics of Chemical Pollution of Coastal Waters in the Primorsky Krai,Sakhalin, and Kamchatka

The results of the comparative analysis of data of annual observations conducted in the framework of the program for the state monitoring of hydrochemical conditions and pollution of coastal sea waters in the Primorsky krai, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka are presented. Among the numerous pollutants coming to the marine environment, the priority ingredients for these water areas were selected. They characterize the marine environmental conditions in terms of the frequency of high concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and in terms of toxicity: oil hydrocarbons, phenols, synthetic surfactants, and heavy metals. Specific features of interannual dynamics of average annual and maximum concentrations of pollutants for the certain periods are considered as well as the main trends in the composition and quality of water resulting from the anthropogenic impact in 1975–2015.     

Conditions of generation of extremely high water content of Primorye rivers in autumn–winter 2012

Analyzed are the synoptic and hydrological conditions of the generation of extremely high water content of Primorye rivers in the autumn of 2012. Revealed are the general features of atmospheric circulation, precipitation, water content, and hydrological regime of rivers. Presented are quantitative parameters characterizing the extremity of observed events. The expert assessment of the probability of such combination of events demonstrates that its return period is about 500–1000 years if there is assumption on the stationarity of processes. Taking into account the revealed facts and available assessments of climate changes it can be supposed that the analyzed event rather indicates real changes in the hydrological regime of the region than represents a rare random phenomenon.     

Freezing types and winter runoff of small rivers

Investigations carried out in the Northern Dvina River basin revealed that the decrease in the ice thickness on small rivers is of significant importance in the increase in the water content of rivers in winter in recent decades. This process resulted in the improvement of the channel capacity as a result of the decrease in the ice formation intensity on the rivers and of the increase in the fraction of ground waters participating in the winter river runoff formation. It is proposed to consider the initial winter ice conditions as a separate important factor of this process as they define the types of river freezing influencing on the winter river runoff formation as well.     

Regional climate and atmospheric circulation controls on the discharge of two British rivers, 1974–97

Summary ¶The dependence of the discharge (Q) of two contrasting UK rivers (Itchen, Ewe) on concurrent and lagged regional climate (RC) and atmospheric circulation (AC) variations was assessed over the period 1974–97. RC variables used were temperature and precipitation; the AC indicators used were 850hPa water vapour flux anomalies (VF) at five western European stations, and the Arctic (AOI) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAOI) indices. Correlation analyses were performed to assess Q-RC and Q-AC relationships before two sets of multiple linear regression models were developed to specify monthly Q values from RC and AC. Q-RC associations were generally stronger and more seasonally consistent than Q-AC relationships, with the flow of the Itchen (southern England) and Ewe (northern Scotland) being most sensitive to temperature (TEMP) and precipitation (PPT) respectively. In most months, discharge values of both rivers were positively associated to zonal and vector VF anomalies over the British Isles and northern France, but inversely related to vector VF over Iceland. The AOI and NAOI were significantly related to the Ewes flow only; relationships were strongest in the winter half-year. Monthly AC regression models explained 14.8–81.0% (25.0–90.9%) of the discharge variability of the Itchen (Ewe). Strong AC forcing of the Itchens discharge is confined to the winter (DJF), since the Itchens direct meteorological signal is attenuated by groundwater dynamics in other seasons. Analysis of anomalous flow periods (e.g. 1988–92 and 1995–7) revealed that discharge does not always respond in the same manner to a given RC/AC forcing, as the relationships themselves vary inter-annually as well as between the two rivers.     

天津市夏季最大电力负荷过程个例分析

用天气学方法分析了天津市2002--2005年夏季最大电力负荷过程的天气背景场、气象要素场和人体舒适度指数。结果显示,在电力负荷上升阶段,高空由低压槽转为高压脊,副热带高压逐步北抬,地面气压、气温回升,风力减小;峰值阶段,副热带高压完全控制华北地区,地面均压,最高气温多日维持在35℃以上,综合反映气温、相对湿度和风速的舒适度指数超过1200。当高空槽再次临近,副热带高压南撤退出天津地区,强降水过程出现,气温、气压急剧下降,电力负荷极值过程宣告结束。分析表明,夏季最大电力负荷过程与天气系统的高低空配置、气象要素、舒适度指数存在一定规律性。     

夏玉米不同生育期叶片和冠层含水量的遥感反演

高光谱遥感技术监测作物含水量是了解作物生长状况的重要技术。为实现夏玉米不同生育期叶片和冠层含水量的快速、精细化、无损监测,本文基于2014年和2015年的6—10月华北夏玉米不同生育期不同灌水量干旱模拟试验数据构建了植被水分指数（WI,MSI,GVMI）、复比指数（WNV和WCG）和红边反射率曲线面积（Darea）的夏玉米冠层等效水厚度（EWTC）和叶片可燃物含水量（FMC）的反演模型。结果表明：6个指标反演夏玉米三叶期的EWTC模型均未达到0.05显著性水平,三叶期后各指标反演EWTC模型均达到0.01的显著性水平,且总体而言模型精度从高到低为抽雄期、拔节期、灌浆期、成熟期和七叶期。6个指标反演七叶期和拔节期的FMC均达到0.01显著性水平。因此,同一光谱指标反演夏玉米不同生育期叶片和冠层含水量的精度差异较大。光谱指标反演夏玉米叶片和冠层含水量指标的精度与夏玉米生育期有很大关系,进而提出了夏玉米不同生育期含水量反演模型。研究结果可为准确模拟夏玉米不同生育期含水量提供技术支撑。     

珠江流域水质现状及以区域合作为特色的水污染控制措施

通过对珠江流域水质现状的全面分析,找出污染源,发现水中COD、油类污染物、氨氮、总磷等超标,并有水质进一步恶化和水体富营养化的可能。根据珠江流域的水污染特点,提出了相应的水污染控制措施,主要有落实各项水污染控制工程、完善政策法规、强调舆论监督、加强治理力度等,并且将区域合作思想贯穿整个水污染控制工程。     

基于3S技术的生态环境质量监测与评价方法研究

在《生态气象观测规范（试行）》、《生态质量气象评价规范（试行）》、《生态监测指标体系》等规范性文件的基础上,结合新疆的实际情况,基于3S技术,利用CBERS和EOS／MODIS卫星数据结合前期相关专业调查成果和数据以及社会经济发展数据,研究并构建了一整套生态环境质量监测与评价的指数,如湿润指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、灾害指数、生物丰度指数和污染负荷指数等。在此基础上,分别建立了生态质量气象监测模型与评价标准以及生态环境综合监测模型与评价标准。     

干旱气候对青海地表水资源影响的研究

通过分析近38年青海省主要河流径流量及其流域降水、气温的变化趋势,研究了干旱气候对青海地表水资源的影响。结果表明,内陆河多为高山冰雪融水和雨水混合补给型河流,外流河多为以雨水补给为主的河流;青海地表水资源呈减少趋势,其减少趋势进入90年代后尤为明显;气温和降水是影响青海地表水资源的主要气候因子,其中气温升高加剧了流域蒸发量的增大和干旱影响,减少了地表径流量;而90年代以来降水量的减少特别是汛期降水量的减少直接影响到径流量的减少。     

Environmentally allowable levels of impact on river ecosystems in the arctic region

Using a case study for the river ecosystems in the Russian Arctic, the methodological approaches are presented to the selection of hydrochemical and hydrobiological parameters and to the estimation of the limits of their variability at which the ecosystem conditions can be considered stable. The research is carried out using the classifiers of water ecosystem conditions developed at the Hydrochemical Institute. Based on the statistical processing of long-term monitoring information carried out by the National Service of Observation of Environmental Conditions, the environmentally allowable ranges of variations of hydrochemical and hydrobiological parameters are separated for the river ecosystems of the Arctic region. Determined are the allowable limits of variations of concentration of priority pollutants and the upper limits are considered as the environmentally allowable levels of impact.     

棉花耗水量和土壤水分指标研究

在进行５年的田间试验基础上，从水分利用效率的角度确定了棉花的适宜耗水量指标，根据棉花的蕾铃脱落率，气孔阻力，纤维品质以及产量结构等与土壤湿度的关系，确定了棉花生产的适宜水平指标和干旱指标。     

Assessment of hydrobiocenosis state over sections of the Kola North water bodies heavily polluted with copper and nickel compounds

The results of assessments of the water community state with allowance for a chronic character of pollution with heavy metal compounds are presented based on the analysis of the long-term hydrochemical and hydrobiological information of the State Service of Observations over water bodies of the Kola North. Characteristic signs of changes in quantitative and qualitative indicators of phyto-and zooplankton development relative to the concentration level of nickel and copper compounds and other pollutants are noted.     

高寒冰雪覆盖型和湿润亚热带型岩溶水系统碳汇强度对比

以岩性相近但气候和土地利用迥异的两个具有高分辨率水文水化学自动监测数据的岩溶水系统——湿润亚热带以土质坡地为主的岩溶水系统(贵州普定后寨岩溶水系统)和高寒冰雪覆盖下以石质坡地为主的岩溶水系统(瑞士阿尔卑斯山区的Tsanfleuron冰川岩溶水系统)作为研究对象,进行岩溶作用碳汇强度对比研究。结果发现,后寨岩溶水系统的[HCO3-]年均值为222mg/L,而Tsanfleuron冰川岩溶水系统的[HCO3-]年均值仅为131mg/L,表明湿润亚热带岩溶水系统具有较高的[HCO3-]特征。然而,湿润亚热带岩溶水系统的碳汇强度(60.82t/(km2·a))与Tsanfleuron冰川岩溶水系统的碳汇强度(59.06t/(km2·a))相当。冰川岩溶水系统同样具有较高岩溶作用碳汇强度的原因主要是在全球变暖的背景下,冰川退缩加剧,冰川固体水库水量释放增多,致使冰川岩溶水系统径流量显著增加效应超出因稀释作用而产生的[HCO3-]降低效应,进而使得山岳冰川岩溶水系统的碳汇强度增大。这也暗示着随着某些冰川融化,径流量逐渐减小将使岩溶作用碳汇强度降低。     

Anthropogenically modified natural background and its formation in the Russian freshwater ecosystems

Results of generalized long-term data of hydrochemical monitoring of pollution of freshwater ecosystems in the most developed economic regions of Russia are presented. The factors responsible for the anthropogenically modified natural background of priority pollutants are described in detail and the most polluted water objects are evaluated.     

青海地表水资源的变化及影响因子

通过分析近３８年青海省主要河流径流量及其流域降水、气温的变化趋势,着重研究了干旱气候对青海地表水资源的影响。结果表明,内陆河多为高山冰雪融水和雨水混合补给型河流,外流河多为以雨水补给为主的河流;青海地表水资源呈减少趋势,其减少趋势进入９０年代后尤为明显;气温和降水是影响青海地表水资源的主要气候因子,其中气温升高加剧了流域蒸发量的增大和干旱影响,减少了地表径流量;而９０年代以来降水量的减少特别是汛期降水量的减少直接影响到径流量的减少。