末次冰期冰碛垄系列的形态特征及其形成探讨 ——以帕隆藏布江谷地为例

冰碛的形态特征是气候变化的标记.以往的野外考察发现末次冰期的冰碛具有近乎统一的发育模式.选取藏东南帕隆藏布江流域的10条冰川, 研究其前方末次冰期冰川堆积特征, 以揭示其所反映的气候变化过程. 结果表明: 末次冰期MIS2形成最高大的冰碛垄, 我们称之为主冰碛垄, 这套冰碛垄示意当时冰期气候持续稳定时间最长.为主冰碛垄所部分覆盖而由其底部延伸出来的, 尚有至少两套范围更大、 但规模较小的冰碛垄, 表明MIS2之前冰期气候可能曾更加严酷, 但持续时间相对要短, 可能反映MIS4和/或MIS3的冰期气候特点.主冰碛垄内侧一直到现代冰川相当长的河谷段, 通常呈现多道冰碛垄, 规模均较主冰碛小, 它们有的不排除作为后退冰碛(recessional moraine)的可能性, 但晚冰期(YD)、 抑或H1事件应当是值得注意的.临近现代冰川末端, 一般能够辨别新冰期和小冰期冰碛垄. 因此, 藏东南这样一系列的冰川堆积, 以其形态、 范围和规模特征, 辅之以高精度的系统测年, 几乎可恢复出气候变化曲线来, 了解与全球氧同位素曲线之间的齿合关系.     

普若岗日冰原西侧及念青唐古拉山西坡侧碛垄形态差异及气候构造成因

冰碛垄的几何学特征反应了它形成时的各种影响因素,包括构造状况、气候条件.而对冰碛垄进行高程测量,并应用数值模拟技术反演其形态,可以荻取高度、坡度、坡向等数据进行分析.文中应用该方法对青藏高原腹地普若岗日冰原一条侧碛垄以及东南部念青唐古拉山西端南坡的三条侧碛垄进行处理,结果表明普若岗日的侧碛垄规模比念青唐古拉山的侧碛垄规模小得多,普若岗日处侧碛垄的坡度也较缓,且坡向数据表明侧碛垄几何性质不对称.结合气候、构造等资料对它们的形态学参数进行对比分析表明,气候是造成两地侧碛垄规模差异的主要原因,坡度的差异受气候与构造双重作用影响.从两地坡度的差异可以推导出念青唐古拉山侧碛垄的形成年代比普若岗日地区的要晚.根据普若岗日侧碛垄几何性质的不对称,结合遥感资料解译,判断该区末次冰期以来有正断层活动,断层面倾向北,上盘在南边.     

祁连山小冰期冰碛垄差分GPS测量及其地貌意义

小冰期冰碛垄形态特征受到众多因素的影响,采用后差分GPS测量方法对祁连山东段、中段共6条冰川的小冰期冰碛垄形态进行了实地测量与研究,其中3条冰川朝北,3条冰川朝南,得到了关于小冰期冰碛垄有关面积、表面积、体积等较详细的参数.结果表明:祁连山小冰期冰碛垄的规模具有从东到西逐渐减小的趋势,最东段冷龙岭7号冰川小冰期冰碛垄规模最大,面积为11.4×105m2,表面积为13.8×105m2,体积为11.8×107m3;规模最小的为最西边的团结峰3号冰川小冰期冰碛垄,其面积为1.9×105m2,表面积为2.67×105m2,体积为1.36×107m3.祁连山地区而言,区域气候差异很可能是造成小冰期冰碛垄规模差异的主要因素.     

山东蒙山第四纪冰川遗迹光释光测年研究及冰期划分与对比

针对蒙山发育的第四纪冰川遗迹,采用光释光(Optic Stimulated Luminescence)的测年方法,对遗迹较新的冰碛垄进行了采样与测试,首次在我国东部中低山区获得了8.2ka BP与18.2~22.2ka BP两个时间段的冰期年龄值,对应于8.2ka BP早全新世全球冷事件与末次冰盛期。根据冰碛垄的特征与测定年龄值,结合我国以往其他地区冰期的对比研究,在蒙山建立了拦马冰期与蒙山冰期。本项研究,确认并发展了李四光关于我国东部第四纪冰川理论。     

稻城古冰帽第四纪冰川地貌数字化研究

位于青藏高原东南部的稻城古冰帽,在第四纪时期曾发生了多次冰期并保存了丰富的古冰川遗迹,是研究第四纪冰川地貌类型特征的理想区域。目前,已有学者对冰川地貌类型划分和冰川地貌制图做了相关研究,但是古冰川地貌在空间分布特征及其量化程度有待于进一步细化。因此,本文基于Google Earth Pro遥感影像和数字高程模型(DEM),运用目视解译和野外考察相结合的方法对典型冰川地貌进行定量分析并绘制了稻城古冰帽(约3 600 km²)的第四纪冰川地貌图。本文识别了该区冰川地貌中的冰川湖、冰川谷、羊背岩和冰碛垄等四种类型,初步统计了约1 096个冰川湖、370条冰川谷、41个羊背岩及1 268列冰碛垄;空间分布上,冰川湖和羊背岩主要分布在海子山夷平面上,冰川谷以古冰帽边缘区发育为主,冰碛垄则主要形成于海子山夷平面上和东、西两侧的山谷里。本研究可为第四纪冰期规模估算、古气候重建提供基础数据,也为当地的旅游规划和自然资源调查提供一定的参考。     

青藏高原现代最大冰原区第四纪冰川作用

普若岗日冰原是青藏高原最大的冰原,总面积达400km².野外观察表明,从现代冰舌前端开始向山外有5套终碛垄和侧碛垄系列,分别称之为冰碛垄Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ.根据地貌位置、地层关系、相对风化程度、风的改造程度和覆盖在有冰川漂砾的戈壁上的沙子的电子自旋共振(ESR)年代,并与中国西部山地第四纪冰川数值年代比较,这些冰碛垄分别形成于现代冰川、小冰期、新冰期、末次冰期晚阶段和早阶段.冰碛垄V中的花岗岩漂砾散布于距山前6km以内的山麓平原,说明在第四纪晚期冰原西坡的古冰川虽到达山麓平原,但未能与邻近山地古冰川相连形成统一大冰盖.     

天山玛纳斯河源鹿角湾冰川地貌与冰期序列

在鹿角湾冰川区40 km²的考察范围内,共发育了18个冰斗.按斗底高度的不同,可以将18个冰斗分成3个高度等级,分别代表了3次雪线高度不同的冰进.冰斗朝向以偏北为主,说明水热条件对冰斗发育是限制因素.18号冰斗和2号冰斗朝向偏南,说明其所代表的冰进阶段水热条件组合有利于冰川的长期存在,从而发育了大规模的向阳冰斗.鹿角湾冰川共发育了10道保存比较完整的冰碛垄,按冰碛垄表面特征和产出位置,结合测年资料,将10道冰碛垄划分为5套冰碛地层.对冰碛垄上所采冰碛土样品进行年代测试的结果是:冰碛丘陵上组地层属于小冰期沉积,较早的两次冰进结束时间为(680±60)a BP和(250±60)a BP;冰碛丘陵组地层属于新冰期沉积,3次冰进结束年代分别为:(4.2±0.4)ka BP,(2.9±0.3)ka BP,(1720±60)a BP;末次冰期晚期结束年代为1.1~1.2 ka BP.其它几次冰进阶段未能取得可信的测年数据.     

珠穆朗玛峰绒布河谷微地貌研究

珠穆朗玛峰绒布河谷上游东侧新冰期的侧碛垄坡面上发育有高度2.52～17.98m的土柱,分布范围在0.2km2左右.根据激光测距仪和DGPS测量、DEM和GIS空间分析,得到土柱及其坡面的形态参数;结合地貌特征,将这种局部地区特殊微地貌体发育过程划分为孕育期、成熟期及消亡期三个发育阶段.初步认为,冰碛土柱的发育与侧碛垄坡度、日温差、降水的季节分布及冰川风、山谷风有关.冰碛土柱是冻融作用、流水侵蚀作用、重力崩塌及风蚀等因素共同作用的产物,局地地形和气候因素对冰碛土柱的演化作用明显.     

昆仑山垭口地区第四纪冰川遗迹及冰期演化

基于成因-环境原则和多指标综合原则,依据昆仑山垭口地区的冰川地貌特征、冰碛物特征和孢粉信息,重建了该地区古环境演化历史。其中,冰碛物中的石英砂扫描电镜结果揭示了冰川、流水、风等地质营力对冰碛物的影响,孢粉分析结果在一定程度上可以恢复当时的植被类型。根据垭口冰碛ESR年龄280 ka B.P.和冰碛剖面特征,将其时代暂定为300~260 ka B.P.;根据纳赤台地区的冰川地貌和沉积物特征,确定纳赤台后沟沉积为冰水扇沉积,纳赤台冰期为600~400 ka B.P.;根据玉虚峰U形谷两道侧碛垄的ESR和OSL年龄将其时代暂定为末次冰期早-中期。结合前人的研究成果,将昆仑山垭口地区的冰期序列厘定为望昆冰期（700~500 ka B.P.）、纳赤台冰期（600~400 ka B.P.）、垭口冰期（300~260 ka B.P.）、玉虚峰冰期（115~44 ka B.P.）、本头山冰期（20~13 ka B.P.）。     

乌鲁木齐河源冰碛物的ESR测年研究

应用ESR测年技术对采自乌鲁木齐河源区上望峰、下望峰与高望峰的冰碛物进行了测年, 上望峰冰碛年代为(35±3.5) ka BP; 下望峰冰碛3个年代分别为(171.1±17) ka BP、 (176±18) ka BP、 (184.7±18) ka BP; 高望峰冰碛年代为(459.7±46) ka BP. 经对ESR测年结果的可靠性讨论并结合地貌地层与已有的14C年代、 ESR年代数据得出: 上望峰冰碛沉积于MIS 2相对应的末次冰期晚期; 下望峰冰碛系两次冰川作用沉积的, 公路之上冰碛于MIS 4相对应的末次冰期早期沉积的, 以下老的冰碛沉积于MIS 6相对应的冰期; 河源区最老的冰碛高望峰冰碛形成于MIS 12相对应的冰期. 高望峰冰碛年代同时还表明本段天山至少于此时已经上升到与当时冰川气候相耦合的高度, 进入了冰冻圈, 开始发育冰川.     

The quaternary glacial history of the Lahul Himalaya,northern India

This paper presents the first glacial chronology for the Lahul Himalaya, Northern India. The oldest glaciation, the Chandra Glacial Stage, is represented by glacially eroded benches at altitudes greater than 4300 m above sea-level. This glaciation was probably of a broad valley type. The second glaciation, the Batal Glacial Stage, is represented by highly weathered and dissected lateral moraines, which are present along the Chandra valley and some of its tributaries. This was an extensive valley glaciation. The third major glaciation, the Kulti Glacial Stage, is represented by well-preserved moraines in the main tributary valleys of the Chandra valley. This represents a less extensive valley glaciation. Two minor glacial advances, the Sonapani I and II, are represented by small sharp-crested moraines, which are within a few hundred metres or few kilometres of the present-day glaciers. The change in style and extent of glaciation is attributed to an increase in aridity throughout the Quaternary, due either to global climatic change or uplift of the Pir Panjal mountains to the south of Lahul, which restricted the northward penetration of the south Asian summer monsoon. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Within-valley asymmetry and related problems of Neoglacial lateral moraine development at certain Jotunheimen glaciers, southern Norway

A difference in the size of Neoglacial lateral moraines on either side of a valley axis (within-valley asymmetry of lateral moraine development) is described. Analysis of clast roundness has revealed subangular material in latero-terminal and terminal moraines; lateral moraines, however, exhibit a compositional gradient of increasing angularity with distance from the former glacier snout. Comparisons with clasts of known origin suggest that this 'roundness gradient' may be explained with reference to either or both of two hypotheses: (1) a variable proportion of supraglacial (or englacial) to subglacial transported material; and (2) the variable composition of regolith incorporated by a push mechanism from the valley sides. Within-valley asymmetry is inferred to result where the supply of debris to lateral moraines from these sources is unequal either side of a valley axis. Both interpretations are also consistent with the relatively large size of latero-terminal sections of end moraines. In order to account for the discrepancy between moraine size and apparent debris supply rates, it is suggested that the largest lateral moraines may have been formed over a longer time scale than the 'Little Ice Age', and that reworking of deposits may have occurred. The supply of debris to the north-facing lateral moraine at Nordre Illåbreen has been so great that it has developed into a rock glacier; this suggests the possibility that subglacial material and valley-side regolith, as well as supraglacial material, contributes to the formation of ice-cored rock glaciers.     

念青唐古拉山脉西段第四纪冰川作用

在念青唐古拉山脉西段南北两麓及切割山脉的各沟谷中,分布着3套更新世冰川沉积物。在本区最长的现代冰川———西布冰川的前端,也分布着3组全新世冰川沉积物。根据这些冰川沉积物的地层层序和冰川与湖泊沉积物的电子自旋共振(ESR)、U系等时线和光释光(OSL)年龄测定结果,本文将念青唐古拉山脉西段所发生的3次更新世冰川作用,分别命名为宁中冰期、爬然冰期和拉曲冰期,并与青藏高原的邻近地区进行了对比。各次冰期的冰川性质分别为大型山麓冰川、中小型山谷冰川和小型山谷冰川。全新世时期,现代冰川也有新冰期和小冰期的两次冰川前进。近期冰川则发生了明显的后退。本文还根据念青唐古拉山脉两麓冰前期、历次冰期和现代砾石层的砾石岩性及其与山脉各构造层岩性组成的对比,讨论了山脉的剥蚀与隆升问题     

Advance of alpine glaciers during final retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet in the Finlay River area, northern British Columbia, Canada

Sharp-crested moraines, up to 120 m high and 9 km beyond Little Ice Age glacier limits, record a late Pleistocene advance of alpine glaciers in the Finlay River area in northern British Columbia. The moraines are regional in extent and record climatic deterioration near the end of the last glaciation. Several lateral moraines are crosscut by meltwater channels that record downwasting of trunk valley ice of the northern Cordilleran ice sheet. Other lateral moraines merge with ice-stagnation deposits in trunk valleys. These relationships confirm the interaction of advancing alpine glaciers with the regionally decaying Cordilleran ice sheet and verify a late-glacial age for the moraines. Sediment cores were collected from eight lakes dammed by the moraines. Two tephras occur in basal sediments of five lakes, demonstrating that the moraines are the same age. Plant macrofossils from sediment cores provide a minimum limiting age of 10,550-10,250 cal yr BP (9230 ± 50 ¹⁴C yr BP) for abandonment of the moraines. The advance that left the moraines may date to the Younger Dryas period. The Finlay moraines demonstrate that the timing and style of regional deglaciation was important in determining the magnitude of late-glacial glacier advances.     

Timing of Late Quaternary glaciations in the Himalayas of northern Pakistan

Optically stimulated luminescence dating of Late Quaternary glaciogenic sediments was undertaken in critical areas of the Himalayas of northern Pakistan in order to examine the timing of glaciation. The dates demonstrate that several glaciations occurred during the last glacial cycle. In Swat, the Grabral 2 Stade and the Kalam I Stade were dated at ca. 77 ka and ca. 38 ka, respectively. The error on the former date is large and it is conceivable that the moraines may have formed during the early part of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 rather than during Oxygen Isotope Stage 4. The Kalam I Stade, however, clearly represents a glaciation during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. The oldest moraines and those at the lowest altitude in the Indus valley at Shatial have an age of ca. 60 ka. These also relate to a major glacial advance during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. A younger series of moraines, the Jalipur Tillite, and glaciofluvial sands at Liachar in the Indus valley, and moraines at Rampur–Tarshing have ages of ca. 27 ka, ca. 21–23 ka and ca. 15 ka, respectively. These dates show that glaciers also occupied parts of the Indus valley during Oxygen Isotope Stage 2. These dates and the morphostratigraphy show that glaciation in the Pakistani Himalaya was more extensive during the early part of the last glacial cycle and that the local last glacial maximum in Pakistan was asynchronous with the maximum extent of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Erosion, sedimentation and engineering geological problems in the DaDu river valley, China

Reaches with very thick deposits alternate with deeply incised reaches in the DaDu river valley. The river sediments are described and a number of ¹⁴C dates are given. The deposits are alluvium, Pleistocene slope-wash deposits, marginal moraines and beds of fluvio-lacustrine origin. The valley development is explained as the result of neotectonic movement and glacial aggradation. From the point of view of water-power development, three different types of valley can be distinguished, each with its own consequences for hydraulic engineering works.     

波堆藏布谷地冰碛丘陵形成机制及其环境意义

波堆藏布谷地中分布着大面积的冰碛丘陵, 通过考察发现其个体大小、外形、分布规模及内部砾石组成等方面都与高纬大冰盖外围形成的冰碛丘陵有很大的区别. 以冰川沉积学理论为基础, 从沉积动力学的角度讨论中低纬度波堆藏布谷地中冰碛丘陵的形成机制. 结果表明: 气候变化造成冰川的大面积死冰加之宽阔的河谷、海洋性冰川的特性促使波堆藏布谷中形成如此大面积的冰碛丘陵; 同时,大规模的冰碛丘陵表明气候转暖(抑或变干)的过程是突变的.     

Middle‐Late Pleistocene Glacial Lakes in the Grand Canyon of the Tsangpo River,Tibet

Many moraines formed between Daduka and Chibai in the Tsangpo River valley since Middle Pleistocene. A prominent set of lacustrine and alluvial terraces on the valley margin along both the Tsangpo and Nyang Rivers formed during Quaternary glacial epoch demonstrate lakes were created by damming of the river. Research was conducted on the geological environment, contained sediments, spatial distribution, timing, and formation and destruction of these paleolakes. The lacustrine sediments 14C (10537±268 aBP at Linzhi Brick and Tile Factory, 22510±580 aBP and 13925±204 aBP at Bengga, 21096±1466 aBP at Yusong) and a series of ESR (electron spin resonance) ages at Linzhi town and previous data by other experts, paleolakes persisted for 691~505 kaBP middle Pleistocene ice age, 75–40 kaBP the early stage of last glacier, 27–8 kaBP Last Glacier Maximum (LGM), existence time of lakes gradually shorten represents glacial scale and dam moraine supply potential gradually cut down, paleolakes and dam scale also gradually diminished. This article calculated the average lacustrine sedimentary rate of Gega paleolake in LGM was 12.5 mm/a, demonstrates Mount Namjagbarwa uplifted strongly at the same time, the sedimentary rate of Gega paleolake is more larger than that of enclosed lakes of plateau inland shows the climatic variation of Mount Namjagbarwa is more larger and plateau margin uplifted more quicker than plateau inland. This article analyzed formation and decay cause about the Zelunglung glacier on the west flank of Mount Namjagbarwa got into the Tsangpo River valley and blocked it for tectonic and climatic factors. There is a site of blocking the valley from Gega to Chibai. This article according to moraines and lacustrine sediments yielded paleolakes scale: the lowest lake base altitude 2850 m, the highest lake surface altitude 3585 m, 3240 m and 3180 m, area 2885 km2, 820 km2 and 810 km2, lake maximum depth of 735 m, 390 m and 330 m. We disclose the reason that previous experts discovered there were different age moraines dividing line of altitude 3180 m at the entrance of the Tsangpo Grand Canyon is dammed lake erosive decay under altitude 3180 m moraines in the last glacier era covering moraines in the early ice age of late Pleistocene, top 3180 m in the last glacier moraine remained because ancient dammed lakes didn’t erode it under 3180 m moraines in the early ice age of late Pleistocene exposed. The reason of the top elevation 3585 m moraines in the middle Pleistocene ice age likes that of altitude 3180 m. There were three times dammed lakes by glacier blocking the Tsangpo River during Quaternary glacial period. During other glacial and interglacial period the Zelunglung glacier often extended the valley but moraine supplemental speed of the dam was smaller than that of fluvial erosion and moraine movement, dam quickly disappeared and didn’t form stable lake.     

山东蒙山第四纪冰川组合遗迹的发现及初步研究

本文介绍了山东蒙山地区南坡保存的丰富而清晰的第四纪冰川遗迹,重点展示了兰溪山谷的冰石河、侧碛堤组合,并对相伴产出的擦痕、磨光面、颤痕等冰川遗迹进行了调查与测量。同时对冰石河、侧碛堤的分布、规模、物质组成、岩石特征进行了介绍。根据侧碛堤的排列位置及砾石的风化程度,初步确定为末次冰期的冰碛遗迹;对山谷两侧磨光面上的擦痕进行了测量统计,显示谷壁磨光面上擦痕的长宽比具有10:1左右的比例规律;根据侧碛最大高度法(MELM),结合对于蒙山侧碛的调查,对蒙山雪线的高度进行了估算,初步估算蒙山南坡末次冰期时的雪线高度约为700 m左右。蒙山地区这些组合冰川遗迹的发现,为中国东部第四纪冰川的研究提供了直接的证据。