International retirement migration in Europe

"This paper presents a review and prospectus of international retirement migration (IRM), dealing mainly with European evidence but also referring to some analogous trends in North America. The paper is in three main parts. It first makes the case for regarding IRM as a significant aspect of population geography and of migration studies; in certain areas of Mediterranean Europe, IRM also has effects on regional economic geography. The second section of the paper discusses some of the early findings from a comparative study of British elderly residents in Tuscany, Malta, the Costa del Sol and the Algarve.... The final part of the article offers further reflections on why IRM is important--for the individual migrants themselves, for the host communities, and for public policy."     

Diverse paths: the elderly British in Tuscany

"This paper investigates the life, migration and retirement experiences of elderly British residents of Tuscany and its adjacent districts.... Many pathways have led the elderly British to Tuscany; only a minority have simply migrated from the UK on retirement.... Key themes explored include class background, reasons for migration to Tuscany, previous connections to Italy, post-retirement behaviour, integration and future plans. The findings challenge some commonly-held ?expectations' about the nature of retirement migration."     

自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居驱动机制探析——以黄山汤口为例

随着旅游移民现象不断演变和研究的深入,大量旅游劳工移民在迁入地的半定居和永久性定居行为开始受到国内外学者的关注。中国一些著名的自然观光地因开发早、区域人力资源供给不足等原因,吸引了大量外来企业主的迁入和集聚,因而成为研究旅游企业主移民的合适案例地。本文以黄山汤口为例,以旅游劳工移民中的企业主移民为研究对象,运用回归分析判别移民定居意愿的支持因素,并据此构建结构方程模型,探讨生活满意度、经营满意度、继续经营意愿、社会融合意愿、总体感知对移民定居的影响,进而分析中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居驱动机制。研究表明：① 与国外发达经济体旅游企业主移民相比,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民男性比例明显偏高且更为年轻,其家庭主要收入高度依赖迁移后的工作。经营收益情况是其考虑后续定居的重要前提条件。因此,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居意愿可分为购房定居意愿和退休定居意愿。② 探索性分析表明,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民的购房定居和退休定居意愿的影响因素包括经营满意因素、生活满意因素、社会融合状况。③ 结构方程模型检验显示,衡量经营目标和动机的总体感知变量对继续经营意愿有替代作用。移民经营满意度是其定居意愿的本质驱动力。④ 社会融合意愿和总体感知构成了购房定居意愿的直接驱动力。除经营满意度外,对居住条件等生活因素的满意与否是购房定居意愿的间接驱动力。⑤ 退休定居意愿最强的直接驱动力是购房定居意愿,总体感知既是其直接弱驱动力又通过购房定居意愿对其产生影响,其余变量均是其间接驱动力。     

冀南平原典型农业村落转型特征及成长机制

科学认识1978年改革开放以来农业村落转型过程和规律,是落实新时代乡村振兴战略的关键环节.本文以河北省邢台市宁晋县历城村为例,通过田野调查,从聚落空间、经济形态、社会生活三个维度,探讨了1978年改革开放以来冀南平原农业村落转型特征与成长机制.研究表明:①农业村落建设用地规模显著增加,住宅用地不断扩展,工业用地沿村落边...     

Kiwi Icons and the Re‐Settlement of New Zealand1 as Colonial Space

This article offers a critical reading of the celebratory biographical and autobiographical texts for three ‘kiwi icons’. It argues that kiwi icons signal the enduring influence of British colonialism upon national imaginings – through a process that I term ‘re‐settlement’. I demonstrate how representations of Barry Crump, Sir Edmund Hillary and Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, prominent New Zealanders during the 1990s, are entwined with dominant constructions of New Zealand society. Further, I explore how these kiwi icons are constructed to serve the quest for nationhood; an endeavour, it is argued, that is about the reinvention of settlement mythology that involves the continuation of particular narratives of colonisation from the past.     

Employment Trends in Geography,Part 3: Future Demand Conditions

The third and final article in this series about employment conditions in geography addresses the issue of future demand in both academic and nonacademic settings. To gain an understanding of future demand conditions in colleges and universities, we projected the retirement of AAG members by topical specialty and then matched these retirement trends with a profile of new faculty searches as reported by geography department chairs. We assessed the likely future demand for geography teachers at the precollegiate level through a survey of Geography Alliance Coordinators about teacher certification requirements and the education environments in their respective states. We speculated on how the kinds of jobs geographers do will be affected by changes now underway in the national and global economies. And finally, we conducted a small telephone survey of AAG corporate sponsors to determine how future business trends will affect the demand for geographers.     

Housing Policy for the Colonial City: The British and Dutch Experience Compared, 1901-19491

A comparison of the British and Dutch experience in the 20th century makes it possible to deepen our understanding of colonial urban housing policy, and hence of the colonial city in general. Both colonial powers expressed new concern about urban living conditions at the time when they began to promote colonial development. In the British case this began in the 1930s, largely in response to local unrest and partly because of international pressure. By the 1950s, British colonial governments used housing programs to placate nationalists and to help prepare colonial societies for self-rule. The Dutch undertook similar initiatives earlier, after 1901, by forming municipal governments, improving services in autonomous native settlements, and by bringing these kampongs under municipal control. Their initiatives were more a response to domestic considerations than to colonial unrest. The Dutch incurred expenditures beyond what Indonesians could afford, but were less active than the British in house-building. Their efforts flagged as nationalist sentiment grew. Neither colonial power responded directly to poor urban conditions. Although the colonial city might have existed, it did not shape colonial urban policy in a predictable way.     

"The Island has been Handed over to Me": Ascension Island as a Company Colony, 1922–42

Ascension Island has spent almost all its years of organised human settlement as a military base. The major exception was between 1922 and 1942 when it was ruled by a civilian company, an unusual form of governance in modern colonial history. Though nominally subject to St Helena, and through that British colony to London, outside interference was largely restricted to rulings on colonial etiquette. The manager of the company was also head of both the government and legal systems. This paper considers the operation of this company colony, the tensions between the company and its workforce/subjects, and the contestation from 1942 for political supremacy between the company, the British state and the American forces that arrived when the island became involved in World War II. Ascension's narrative helps to exemplify some themes in postcolonial discourse and, given the unusual and extreme nature of the island's experiences, informatively broadens understanding of colonialism.     

城市住房负担对上海流动人口居留意愿的影响

居留意愿被认为是影响流动人口居留决策的重要因素,而大城市不断增加的住房负担,日益成为制约流动人口居留意愿和行为的关键因素。鉴于既有研究中关于住房负担对流动人口居留意愿影响及其群体差异性考虑的不足,论文以上海为例,基于2012年和2017年流动人口动态监测调查问卷数据,采用二元Logistic回归模型,分析流动人口居留意愿的影响因素及其变化,并探讨住房负担对流动人口居留意愿与决策行为的影响。研究发现：① 房租收入比增加对于流动人口的居留意愿具有明显抑制作用,特别是低教育程度和低技术职业群体更加敏感;② 房价/房租的快速增长加重流动人口的住房负担,增加其实际居留难度,流动人口“想留不能留”将可能迫使其产生居留意愿的改变;③ 城市住房负担持续增加率先对较低劳动技能群体产生“驱离”效应,而压力进一步加剧则将导致更多流动人口迁出或被迫降低生活质量。建议城市政府为流动人口尽量提供更具包容性、可支付和多元化的住房。     

基于栅格数据的陕西省人居环境自然适宜性测评

人居环境中的自然基础和生态背景,不仅直接关系到人的身心健康和生活质量,而且影响人类发展水平与社会进步.科学度量人居环境自然适宜性空间格局,对于界定主体功能区、引导人口合理分布与流动,促进人口与资源环境协调发展具有重要意义.运用GIS技术,采用综合指数法,基于陕西省96个气象站点1966-2005年气象数据、1990-2007年逐月NDVI和Landsat TM影像、1:25万DEM、2000年陕西省人口详查数据、2006人口数据以及其他相关资料,以100 m×100 m栅格单元构建并直观展现了陕西省人居环境自然适宜程度空间格局,在此基础上,剖析了各区的适宜性和限制性因子.结果表明:陕西省的人居环境指数介于18.55～88.97之间:从西北向东南、从山地、高原向平原、河谷人居自然适宜程度递增.一般适宜区面积最广,占陕西省总面积的63.28%;比较适宜地区居次,占26.11%;临界适宜区占10.26%:高度适宜区面积最小,仅占0.35%.陕西省总人口的68.92%分布在占全省面积26.46%的高度适宜区和比较适宜区.地表水资源和地形起伏度是引起省内人居环境自然适宜性分异的主要因子.实证分析表明该测评结果比较客观地反映了陕西省人居的自然生态背景.     

AUSTRALIAN BACKYARD GARDENS AND THE JOURNEY OF MIGRATION*

ABSTRACT. Gardens have been an important site of environmental engagement in Australia since the British colonization. They are places where immigrant people and plants have carried on traditions from their homelands and have worked out an accommodation with new social and biophysical environments. We examined the backyard gardens of three contemporary migrant groups—Macedonian, Vietnamese, and British born—in suburban Australia and a group of first‐generation Australians with both parents born overseas. In Macedonian backyards, emphasis was strong on the production of vegetables; in Vietnamese backyards, on herbs and fruit. British backyards were more diverse, some focusing on non‐native ornamental flowers and others favoring native plants. The cohesiveness of the respective groups was partly an artifact of our sampling strategy. The Macedonian and Vietnamese migrants shared an affinity for productive, humanized landscapes that reflected their rural, subsistence backgrounds and crossed over into their attitudes toward the broader environment and national parks. The rural and village backgrounds help explain why intensive backyard food production has broken down among the next generation in (sub)urban Australia, becoming part of heritage rather than everyday practice.     

Northern settlement family-style: labor planning and population policy in Noril'sk

This paper reviews labor planning and population policies in Noril'sk, a mining and metallurgical settlement in northern Siberia. When the settlement was established in 1935, planners were lacking in ideas about how to recruit workers to staff the mines and smelters and how to retain the labor force once it was in place. From 1935-79, planners followed a forced labor policy dependent upon the labor of prisoners. However, this solution was not adequate for meeting the manpower needs of an economy undergoing rapid technological sophistication. Northern wage increments were introduced after 1945 to recruit skilled workers from other regions. These increments built up over a 4-year period to a maximum of 80% of base pay. A special cost of living bonus was also awarded. Although these inducements facilitated labor recruitment, labor retention remained a major problem. Surveys indicated that workers would prefer improvements in housing and social services to further wage increases. Thus, policy was directed at the housing shortages, poor medical care, and inadequate child care facilities in Noril'sk. Such improvements facilitated labor retention but also contributed to overpopulation. The population doubled between 1956-80, exceeding 180,000 in the latter year. In the early 1980s, selective measures toward population control were implemented to ensure maintenance of living standards (e.g., encouragement of older workers to leave the area upon retirement, more careful screening of recruits). The goal is to stabilize city size at around 250,000. The Noril'sk case illustrates that quality of life investments can alleviate labor retention problems even in the harshest physical environments. Recent policies have advocated productivity-enriching technologies that do not require increments in the labor force.     

Place attachment among retirees in Greensburg, Kansas

On 4 May 2007 an ef-5 tornado leveled 95 percent of Greensburg, Kansas. Because city leaders encouraged everyone to use “green” building techniques as they rebuilt their homes and businesses, not only has the return to normalcy been exceedingly slow, but some of the town's older residents feel that officials have overlooked their needs. These minor episodes of discord enabled us to learn what features are most important to people in retirement. The features include identifiable landmarks, a space in which to socialize, and age-specific businesses. We assert that the lessons learned in Greensburg are applicable to other communities with a sizable older population. As baby boomers rapidly enter retirement they will seek places to live that are elder friendly and enable them to effectively bond with place. As previous research attests, people who have a strong attachment to place commonly have a good quality of life.     

Overview and progress of Chinese geographical human settlement research

Increasing Chinese urbanization and industrialization has prompted greater attention to the study of human settlement and the human-land relationship in the fields of geography, architecture, and urban planning. We used bibliometric methods and statistical software to review 180 articles on human settlement in 16 Chinese geographical journals. We found that Chinese geographical human settlement research is characterized by the following: (1) Most research focuses on human settlement extension, valuation indicators, models for urban and rural settlements, theoretical exploration and the planning practices of single-factor, human settlement and complex, geographical livability in macro-scale, urban settlement differentiation and ideal patterns in medium scale, the comprehensive evaluation of settlement environment, and the planning of community units in micro-scale, community settlements; socio-cultural investigation and warnings about advancing human settlement. (2) No progress has been made in synthesizing and integrating method systems. PSR models and DPSIR models are used for targeting mechanisms, while the standard settlement evaluation system was composed of physical & economic indicators by questionnaire surveys. On the other hand, spatial clustering based on GIS has been a frequent focus in recent years. Pioneering research on human settlement and theoretical systems within the context of China’s urbanization and industrialization will provide guidance on the sustainability of Chinese cities and regions. The following five aspects require greater attention: (1) Natural suitability research on human settlement, and a survey of human settlement demands to reflect the range of different demands concerning ecologically suitable settlements in urban environments, the corresponding valuation indicators, systems, and evolution, and the impact of the residents’ socio-economic attributes. (2) Spatial-temporal evaluation and sustainability research on urban and rural human settlement at various scales, focusing on evolution and spatial differentiation at various scales such as city clusters and comparisons between cities, within the cities and communities. (3) Development of theory and technology for human settlement evolution research, including detection technology and methods, data mining measures, and forecasting and emulation of regional and urban human settlement evolution processes, mechanisms and patterns. (4) Research on the control of human settlement that focuses on optimization, patterns, and policies for effective management and development. (5) Estimating the human settlement system service value and establishing suitable human settlement systems, including social, economic, cultural and ecological service values.     

环渤海地区城市人居环境质量评估及影响因素

城市人居环境是城市居民生活质量和满意度的重要内容。本文以环渤海地区44个城市为例,从人居硬环境和软环境两方面评价人居环境指数,运用描述统计和GIS制图方法,分析环渤海地区城市人居环境综合质量空间差异及其影响因素,研究发现：①人居环境综合指数存在显著空间差异,沿海城市的人居环境质量明显高于内陆城市;在省级行政单元中,辽宁省人居环境综合指数最高,天津最低。②环渤海地区城市人居环境指数与经济发展水平和城镇化水平不存在显著的正相关关系,但与人口规模存在显著的负相关关系,表明仅提升经济发展水平和城市化率并不能提升城市人居环境质量,但合理控制城市人口规模则可有助于提升城市人居环境质量。     

地理学视域中国人居环境研究回顾与进展（英文）

Increasing Chinese urbanization and industrialization has prompted greater attention to the study of human settlement and the human-land relationship in the fields of geography, architecture, and urban planning. We used bibliometric methods and statistical software to review 180 articles on human settlement in 16 Chinese geographical journals. We found that Chinese geographical human settlement research is characterized by the following:(1) Most research focuses on human settlement extension, valuation indicators, models for urban and rural settlements, theoretical exploration and the planning practices of single-factor, human settlement and complex, geographical livability in macro-scale, urban settlement differentiation and ideal patterns in medium scale, the comprehensive evaluation of settlement environment, and the planning of community units in micro-scale, community settlements; socio-cultural investigation and warnings about advancing human settlement.(2) No progress has been made in synthesizing and integrating method systems. PSR models and DPSIR models are used for targeting mechanisms, while the standard settlement evaluation system was composed of physical economic indicators by questionnaire surveys. On the other hand, spatial clustering based on GIS has been a frequent focus in recent years. Pioneering research on human settlement and theoretical systems within the context of China's urbanization and industrialization will provide guidance on the sustainability of Chinese cities and regions. The following five aspects require greater attention:(1) Natural suitability research on human settlement, and a survey of human settlement demands to reflect the range of different demands concerning ecologically suitable settlements in urban environments, the corresponding valuation indicators, systems, and evolution, and the impact of the residents' socio-economic attributes.(2) Spatial-temporal evaluation and sustainability research on urban and rural human settlement at various scales, focusing on evolution and spatial differen-tiation at various scales such as city clusters and comparisons between cities, within the cities and communities.(3) Development of theory and technology for human settlement evolution research, including detection technology and methods, data mining measures, and forecasting and emulation of regional and urban human settlement evolution processes, mechanisms and patterns.(4) Research on the control of human settlement that focuses on optimization, patterns, and policies for effective management and development.(5) Estimating the human settlement system service value and establishing suitable human settlement systems, including social, economic, cultural and ecological service values.     

The end of the Pacific? Effects of sea level rise on Pacific Island livelihoods

As in the past, most Pacific Island people live today along island coasts and subsist largely on foods available both onshore and offshore. On at least two occasions in the 3500 years that Pacific Islands have been settled, sea level changes affected coastal bioproductivity to the extent that island societies were transformed in consequence. Over the past 200 years, sea level has been rising along most Pacific Island coasts causing loss of productive land through direct inundation (flooding), shoreline erosion and groundwater salinization. Responses have been largely uninformed, many unsuccessful. By the year 2100, sea level may be 1.2 m higher than today. Together with other climate‐linked changes and unsustainable human pressures on coastal zones, this will pose huge challenges for livelihoods. There is an urgent need for effective and sustainable adaptation of livelihoods to prepare for future sea level rise in the Pacific Islands region. There are also lessons to be learned from past failures, including the need for adaptive solutions that are environmentally and culturally appropriate, and those which appropriate decision makers are empowered to design and implement. Around the middle of the twenty‐first century, traditional coastal livelihoods are likely to be difficult to sustain, so people in the region will need alternative food production systems. Within the next 20–30 years, it is likely that many coastal settlements will need to be relocated, partly or wholly. There are advantages in anticipating these needs and planning for them sooner rather than later. In many ways, the historical and modern Pacific will end within the next few decades. There will be fundamental irreversible changes in island geography, settlement patterns, subsistence systems, societies and economic development, forced by sea level rise and other factors.     

Generation and Place of Residence in the Symbolic and Lived Identity of Maltese in Sydney,Australia

Maltese symbolic and lived identities are examined to explore the changes that occur in cultural identity between generations and place of residence within metropolitan Sydney. The results are employed to problematise Sandberg's straight-line theory, that is, that ethnic identity will decline with each successive generation. Our results, exploring ethnic identity in both its symbolic and lived-experience forms, confirm arguments that global cities are not homogeneous territories, as implied by Sandberg, but rather sites of cultural difference. The results suggest that, regardless of place of residence or generation, the symbolic Maltese identities remain similar, combating the old, naive assimilationist assumption that all immigrants would quickly abandon their ethnic identity, and favouring arguments supporting hybrid identities. Similarly, results for Maltese identity as lived experience suggest that their Maltese identity is less important only for those second-generation Maltese living in census collection districts with less than 10 per cent of the population born in Malta.     

黄河三角洲沉积物的自然固结压实过程及其影响

对黄河三角洲及下伏沉积物的压实量和压实过程及其引起的地面沉降进行了分析研究。分析认为,在厚度为15 m的新淤积的黄河三角洲沉积重压下,前三角洲粘土和下伏海相粘土总固结量可达约1.35 m,海湾或烂泥湾及前三角洲和海相粘土总压缩量为1.48 m。这些粘土层在亚三角洲建设时期就开始受压固结,但是在亚三角洲废弃后,仍要经过几十年自然固结才会基本完成。除去前10年的固结量,前三角洲粘土与下伏海相粘土叠加形成的14 m厚粘土在随后的27年内可能会压缩50 cm;而海湾或烂泥湾及前三角洲和海相粘土叠加成的20 m厚粘土在50年内可能会压缩86 cm,两者的年平均压缩速率都超过17 mm/a。固结量和速率与上负沉积物重量成正比,而亚三角洲沉积厚度从沉积中心向外围逐渐减少,所以下伏粘土固结量和速率也向周围逐渐降低。但从亚三角洲沉积厚度分布情况看,在大范围内,下伏粘土固结引起的地面沉降在几十年内都将比较明显,从而可能加重三角洲地区风暴潮和海岸侵蚀灾害,降低已有灾害防治工程的作用。