Changes of anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility of rocks induced by a magnetic field

Summary The changes of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of igneous rocks, induced by a magnetic field, are studied. It is proved that changes in the degree of anisotropy of susceptibility and of the orientation of the susceptibility ellispoid of specimens occur due to the configuration of the domain structure under the effect of the magnetic field. The influence of this effect on the total anisotropy of rocks depends on the degree of anisotropy due to the shape factor and on the stability of the domain structure. A model concept is presented, explaining the qualitatively different pattern of the changes of the anisotropy of susceptibility under the effect of the magnetic field in various directions of the specimens.     

火星感应磁场模型及其磁力线分布

本文利用火星具有电离层而无内禀磁场的特点以及它与太阳风相互作用的性质,通过适当的假设,建立了火星感应磁场模型.此模型建立如下,利用电流连续的特性: Δ·j=0 (j为感应电流)以及对火星磁层中的电流体系分布的合理假设给出电流,并由毕奥—萨伐尔定理得到火星周围的磁场强度的表达式;利用我们自编的磁力线跟踪程序由求得的磁场强度得到火星周围的磁力线分布.我们发现:利用此火星磁场模型得到的火星周围的磁力线分布与卫星观测的结果以及其他方法得到的结果符合的很好.     

Precision A.C. bridge set for measuring magnetic susceptibility of rocks and its anisotropy

Summary A bridge set for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of rocks and its anisotropy is described. The classical transformer bridge has been supplemented with an auxiliary compensating arm for balancing the bridge without any mechanical infringement of the measuring coils. By employing this principle and the appropriate methods a sensitivityof 4 × 10 ^–8 SI units (3 × 10 ^–9 e.m.u./cm³) has been achieved for a sample of 8 cm³ in volume. In addition to its high sensitivity the device has a considerable accuracy, which makes it suitable for susceptibility anisotropy measurements even of samples with a very low susceptibility and only slight anisotropy. Well-reproducible results have been achieved for samples with a mean susceptibility of the order of10 ^–5 SI units with an anisotropy degree of only about 1.05.Institute of Applied Geophysics.     

海浪引起的地磁场波动的观测与初步分析

近岸海浪是影响近岸水域环境状态的重要环节.海洋近岸波的波动性质和变化规律的研究对于海岸防护、近岸航运、军事活动等具有重要意义.感应磁场波动可为探测海洋近岸波的非线性过程提供一种有效手段.本文首次对海洋近岸波引起的感应磁场进行了频谱指数分析,获得了能量注入和耗散过程对应的谱段.2016年5月15日-6月30日在昌黎海岸（东经119.3°,北纬39.7°）利用KDM-2型磁通门磁力仪对海洋近岸波引起的磁场变化进行了测量,数据分辨率为0.01 nT/,时间采样率为1 Hz和128 Hz.观测数据显示,在距海岸线2 m远处,清晰地观测到了海洋近岸波引起的磁场波动,在0.001~10.0 Hz频段的波动最大振幅约为1 nT.波动的小波频谱呈现出多次谐波结构,符合海洋近岸波的谐波特征.傅里叶频谱显示不同频段谱的斜率不同,反映了海洋近岸波发展与耗散的非线性物理过程.进一步开展长期观测和统计分析有助于深入了解海洋中的电动力学过程.     

Some magnetic properties of synthetic and natural haematite of different grain size

The behaviour of some magnetic properties of natural and synthetic haematite of different grain size is examined. The natural haematite was obtained from the hydrothermal deposit Kada (Czech and Slovak Federal Rep.). Six grain-size fractions ranging from 120 to 40 μm were prepared by means of sieving and two further fractions down to 5 μm by wet ultrasonic sieving. Since the behaviour of the fractions is similar, that of only four representative samples is reported. In addition, the behaviour of one submicron synthetic haematite fraction (0.5 μm) prepared by oxidation of ferrous sulphate (uniform in size and shape) was investigated.

The initial remanence value (J_r) seems to increase with decreasing grain size. During alternating field (AF) demagnetization, all fractions behaved similarly, except for the submicron fraction which is considerably softer than the others. Normalized (isothermal remanent magnetization) IRM acquisition curves were similar for all fractions.

Parameters of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) display significant changes, mainly during IRM acquisition. During AF demagnetization, the anisotropy degree P exhibits a slight increase (some %), while the behaviour of the shape factor T is complicated. The anisotropy ellipsoid exhibits a tendency to rotate. Significant changes in the AMS parameters occur during IRM acquisition. Curves of P and T vs. IRM acquisition field, for various grain-size fractions, show no coherent pattern. For all the samples studied, the T vs. H curve exhibits a threshold value at which change in the type of arrangement of easy axis of magnetization occurs. For the IRM acquisition fields higher than some 320 kA m⁻¹, the minimum susceptibility axis parallels the direction of the IRM acquisition field.

Hysteresis curves of the fractions are similar to each other. The Preisach distribution function was determined and it indicates that the reversible part of the magnetization process plays an important role comparatively. Based on the coercivity data presented no unambiguous conclusion could be drawn from the single-domain (SD)-multidomain (MD) transition, associated with a coercivity maximum.     

A comment on determining the induced magnetic field in bodies of arbitrary shape

Summary The authors prove that the solution of Laplace's equation under Neumann's boundary conditions can be transformed to an advantage into determining the field which is generated by charges, induced by the external field at surfaces of discontinuity.     

Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of deformed rocks

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Incompatible magnetic behaviour of fine-grained natural haematite samples prepared in similar ways

Summary The results of a magnetic study of two batches of sized natural haematite fractions (from Kada, Czech Republic) are reported. One of the sample batches was prepared by ultrasonic micro precision sieving in propanon (acetone), the other in ethanol (alcohol). Surprisingly, the magnetic behaviour of the ethanol-sieved fractions was much softer (e.g. H_cr 20 kA/m) as compared with the propanon-sieved fractions (H_cr > 200 kA/m). Thermomagnetic measurements suggest a maghemite portion is present in the material used for the preparation of the ethanol-sieved samples. Possible causes of this puzzling behaviour are discussed. However, no definite conclusion can be drawn on the basis of the data presently available.Presented at 3rd Biennial Meeting on New Trends in Geomagnetism, Smolenice Castle, West Slovakia, June 22–29, 1992.     

数值研究太阳调制引发的银河宇宙线正电子的各向异性

能量低于30 GeV的银河宇宙线正电子进入日球层时会与太阳风以及冻结在其中的日球层磁场发生相互作用, 太阳风对流、扩散、漂移的综合调制效应会导致银河宇宙线正电子通量出现各向异性. 本研究利用帕克(Parker)传输方程描述正电子在日球层中的传输过程, 将日球层顶(120 AU)的局地星际能谱作为边界条件, 利用交替方向隐式方法(ADI)求解传输方程, 计算银河宇宙线正电子的通量, 接着计算银河宇宙线正电子的梯度, 最后计算出0.01 GeV, 0.1 GeV, 1 GeV能量的正电子的极向各向异性和径向各向异性. 研究发现: (1) 由于低能量正电子的漂移几乎为0, 因此极向各向异性仅由扩散决定, 它的绝对值在日球层南北半球相同纬度上相等并且在黄道面处的值为0;高能量的正电子受到了漂移作用的影响, 导致极向各向异性在黄道面处的值不为0, 南北半球相同纬度上的绝对值也不相等. (2) 低能量正电子的径向各向异性仅由扩散和对流决定; 高能量正电子的径向各向异性由扩散、对流、漂移三者共同决定.另外, 黄道面处正电子的极向梯度为0, 因此任何能量的正电子在此处的径向各向异性也只由扩散和对流决定; 正电子在日球层高纬度地区由于扩散和漂移较大, 从而具有较大的径向各向异性.

     

Determination of the ancient geomagnetic field elements from thermal remanent magnetization corrected for magnetic anisotropy

A method is proposed for correcting the magnetic anisotropy of baked magnetic material from archaeological objects and rocks intended for the study of its magnetization and for gaining data on the angular elements of the ancient geomagnetic field. The application of this correction decreases the spread of individual determinations obtained in studying the sample magnetization from an object and increases the determination accuracy of the average value of the ancient geomagnetic field elements. This, in turn, makes it possible to increase the accuracy of its dating.     

Effects of and methods for determination of induced magnetic anisotropy of igneous and metamorphosed rocks

The phenomena of the magnetic memory of rocks associated with paleointensity, paleotemperature, and paleostress are reviewed and discussed here. The methods for the determination of the paleointensity and the paleoconditions are described and discussed in terms of their sensitivity and applicability. The determination of paleoconditions (stress and temperature) is essential for understanding rock mineral formation and rock history. Such knowledge is applicable also in ore deposit geology and geophysics. The phenomena of the magnetic memory manifest themselves through the constriction and asymmetry in the hysteresis loops, as well as through a nonlinear pattern in the anhysteretic magnetization curve, both being due to the induced magnetic anisotropy. The pros and cons of some applied methods are reviewed. The superposition of several paleotemperatures (re-heatings of the rock) and/or paleostresses is studied also. Under certain conditions, a rock can remember information on several paleotemperatures (paleo-heating events), as well as the respective intensities of the geomagnetic field of the past.     

Spatial structure of the magnetic field induced by an infrasonic wave in the oceanic waveguide

The magnetic field generated by an acoustic wave propagating in the oceanic waveguide has been considered. The effect of the self-induction factor on the spatial structure of this field has been studied. It has been indicated that there exists a frequency range where it is necessary to take into consideration self-induction. It has been indicated that the induced field is most substantial at frequencies when only the first normal mode exists. The dependences of the induced field on the depth, frequency, and geomagnetic field direction have been obtained and analyzed for this frequency range.     

各向异性层状介质中视电阻率与磁场响应研究

针对任意各向异性地层,利用极向型和环向型标量位函数,导出相应的直流电视电阻率和磁电阻率的磁场响应关系.计算了各向异性地层的直流电视电阻率和磁电阻率响应特征,重点分析了电阻率测深方法与磁电阻率探测方法对地下各向异性介质的探测能力.文中采用状态矩阵的分析方法,首先采用极向型和环向型标量位构造了各向异性层状介质电场与磁场的通解,利用各层界面电场、磁场的连续性及地面激励源的耦合条件,推导了不同层之间电磁场的状态矩阵,建立了空间电场与磁场的递归计算关系.其次,针对递归计算中指数项数值计算的不稳定性,借用状态矩阵的性质,导出了将不稳定指数计算项转化为稳定的指数项的转换关系.针对横向各向同性(TI)介质中极向位与环向位解耦的特点,导出了电磁场的直接积分解.最后,采用解析解验证了算法的正确性,给出了多层各向异性地层模型的视电阻率和磁场响应曲线,分析了直流电法探测裂缝性地层、估计裂缝分布性状的可能性.     

直流牵引城市轨道交通系统对地磁观测干扰研究——以天津轨道交通为例

直流牵引城市轨道交通系统在运行过程中产生的磁场对我国大城市周边地磁台站的观测数据产生较为严重的干扰.城市轨道交通运行过程中产生泄露电流是产生干扰的重要原因.本文通过对天津地铁轨道交通干扰的理论建模和公式推导,定量估算出直流牵引城市轨道交通的系统的磁场干扰幅值大小和衰减关系.通过对模型的数值模拟,获得了干扰的随距离衰减关...     

Magnetic anisotropy and fabric of some foliated rocks from S.E. Australia

Summary The magnetic anisotropy of foliated rocks of several types has been measured by the torque-meter method, and shows that the alignment of long axes of magnetic grains in rocks normally follows the pattern of foliation evident in field observations. In a sharp fold in a lit-par-lit formation the magnetic anisotropy indicated an otherwise undetected lineation independent of the bedding and superimposed upon the foliation determined by the layering. In two adamellites, each with two alignment patterns separated by an angle of 30° the magnetic data are shown to be consistent with two foliations but not with one foliation plus a lineation. Magnetic anisotropy data can be ambiguous for rocks in which two or more grain alignment processes have operated, but combined with other observations magnetic measurements can provide a valuable new tool in the study of rock fabrics.     

Field-induced anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in rocks

Summary An induced anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility results from the domain alignment which is produced by treating stationary specimens in a strong alternating field. Appreciable domain re-orientation occurs in fields as low as 50 oersteds and the effect must therefore normally be an important part of the process of alternating field demagnetization. Induced anisotropy has been measured in a number of igneous rocks with a range of palaeomagnetic stabilities and in magnetite powders of controlled grain sizes, dispersed in plaster or kaolin specimens which were mechanically deformed to produce instrinsic magnetic anisotropy by grain alignment. The saturation magnitude of the induced anisotropy is not a function of grain size but the saturating field required increases with decreasing grain size. In the larger grains, induced anisotropy is a function of grain orientation.     

The magnetic anisotropy of hematite bearing rocks

Summary The high field torque curves of hematite bearing rocks are not caused by directional differences in the energy of magnetization to saturation, but rather by the couple between the ferromagnetic moment and the applied field. An expression, derived for the high field torque curve of a single crystal of hematite, whose basal plane makes an arbitrary angle with the plane of rotation of the applied field, is found to be in excellent agreement with experiment. Furthermore it is shown that the Fourier spectrum of hematite bearing rocks should in general contain significant higher harmonics and that therefore the high field method is not particularly suitable for determining the preferred crystalline alignment of hematite bearing rocks.     

A brief outline of the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of various rock types

Summary In the first part of this paper, the main geological and geophysical applications of magnetic susceptibility anisotropy are briefly described. In the second part, the data on the magnetic anisotropy of various rock types are summarized and some conclusions concerning its significance are deduced. For this purpose, all accessible data were used.Dedicated to 90th Birthday of Professor Frantiek Fiala     

The 3D shear experiment over the Natih field in Oman. Reservoir geology, data acquisition and anisotropy analysis

This paper describes a large-scale reservoir characterization experiment carried out in Oman in 1991 which comprised the acquisition, processing and interpretation of a 28.4 km² 3D multicomponent seismic experiment over the Natih field. The objective of the survey was to obtain information on the fracture network present in the Natih carbonates from shear-wave anisotropy. Shear-wave anisotropy in excess of 20% time splitting was encountered over a large part of the survey. The seismic results are confirmed by geological and well data but provide additional qualitative information on fracturing where this was not available before. Regions of stronger and weaker shear-wave anisotropy appear to be fault-bounded. The average well flow rates (which are fracture-dominated) within such blocks correlate with the average anisotropy of the blocks. The further observation that the anisotropy is largest in the fracture gas cap of the reservoir suggests that shear waves can provide a direct hydrocarbon indicator for fractured rock.