An experimental study of the kinetics of lherzolite reactive dissolution with applications to melt channel formation

The kinetics of lherzolite dissolution in an alkali basalt and a basaltic andesite was examined experimentally at 1,300°C and 1 GPa using the dissolution couple method. Dissolution of lherzolite in basaltic liquids produces either the melt-bearing dunite–harzburgite–lherzolite (DHL) sequence or the melt-bearing harzburgite–lherzolite sequence depending on whether the reacting melt is or close to olivine saturation (alkali basalt) or olivine + orthopyroxene saturation (basaltic andesite). The dunite in the DHL sequence is pyroxene-free and the harzburgites in both sequences are clinopyroxene-free. The melt fraction and olivine grain size in the dunite are larger than those in the harzburgite. The olivine grain size in the dunite and harzburgite in the DHL sequence also increases as a function experimental run time. Across the sharp dunite–harzburgite and harzburgite–lherzolite interfaces, systematic compositional variations are observed in the reacting melt, interstitial melt, olivine, and to a lesser extent, pyroxenes as functions of distance and time. The systematic variations in lithology, grain size, mineral chemistry, and melt compositions are broadly similar to those observed in the mantle sections of ophiolites. The processes of lherzolite dissolution in basaltic liquids involve dissolution, precipitation, reprecipitation, and diffusive transport in the interstitial melts and surrounding minerals. Preferential dissolution of olivine and clinopyroxene and precipitation of orthopyroxene in the basaltic andesite produces the melt-bearing harzburgite–lherzolite sequence. Preferential dissolution of clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene and precipitation of olivine results in the melt-bearing DHL sequence. Preferential mineral dissolution can also affect the composition of the through-going melt in a dunite channel or harzburgite matrix. Systematic variations in melt fraction and mineral grain size in the peridotite sequences are likely to play an important role in the development of channelized or diffuse porous melt flow in the mantle.An erratum to this article can be found at     

X射线衍射-X射线荧光光谱-电子探针等分析测试技术在玄武岩矿物鉴定中的应用

玄武岩的鉴定通常采用显微镜镜下判定,鉴定结果容易受到鉴定人员的专业水平和主观因素、切片方位的影响,光性特征有差异,再者颗粒细小的矿物还受到光学显微镜本身放大倍数的限制也很难准确鉴定。当前的鉴定方法已由传统的显微镜向现代分析仪器(X射线衍射仪、电子探针、X射线荧光光谱仪等)综合研究方向发展。本文采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)和显微镜镜下观测相结合的方法,对安徽女山玄武岩(未经蚀变)和团山玄武岩(经过蚀变)进行鉴定,并采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)和电子探针对鉴定结果进行验证。结果表明:女山玄武岩用显微镜鉴定主要由基质(74%,斜长石44%+辉石30%)和斑晶(13%)组成,还含有少量金属矿物(8%)及较大颗粒石英捕掳晶(5%);其中,基质部分的斜长石经XRD分析可进一步确定为拉长石,辉石主要为普通辉石(单斜辉石),少量金属矿物为钛铁矿。团山玄武岩用显微镜鉴定主要由基质(75%,斜长石50%+辉石25%)和斑晶(9%)组成,还含有少量绿泥石充填的杏仁体;其中,基质部分的斜长石经XRD分析可进一步确定为微斜长石,蚀变矿物为蒙脱石而非薄片鉴定中的绿泥石。综合XRD和相关技术鉴定结果可确定,女山玄武岩主要矿物为拉长石、辉石、钛铁矿;团山玄武岩主要矿物为微斜长石、辉石、蒙脱石。研究显示,单独的显微鉴定技术在含蚀变矿物的玄武岩鉴定中会产生较大偏差,而结合XRD等多种分析测定技术可以快速鉴定出矿物种类,尤其对颗粒较小的矿物鉴定的准确度更高。     

Basalts from Madeira: A petrochemical contribution to the genesis of oceanic alkali rock series

Petrological and geochemical investigations have been conducted on the little studied Neogene basaltic rocks of the Madeiran Islands. The Madeiran suite of minor intrusives and lavas consists of parental, unusually soda rich, alkali olivine basalts with hawaiite, mugearite and essexite derivatives. Olivine and clinopyroxene are dominant phenocryst and cumulus nodule phases. Low pressure fractionation of the parental magma by precipitation of these minerals gave rise to the hawaiitic trend. That olivine settling precedes clinopyroxene in the fractionation process can be deduced from Ca and Ni variations in the analysed rocks and phenocryst separates. Late stage feldspar flotation in a hawaiitic derivative liquid led to extrusive mugearites and an intrusive essexite.Low K/Rb ratios in the Madeiran basalts (ave. 325) point to the influence of phlogopite rather than hornblende in the mantle melting zone. The primitive alkali olivine basalt magma is thought to have arisen by partial melting following water release from small amounts of phlogopite (no more than 1%) at mantle depths around 100 km. A deep level of magma generation is consistent with the low values of heat flow recorded in ocean basins. Many other oceanic alkali basalt provinces remote from ridge systems may have arisen in a similar way.     

玄武岩微生物分解过程中的矿物表面效应

通过玄武岩微生物风化的模拟实验,探讨了造岩矿物表面特征对微生物风化的影响,发现在细菌Paeni-bacillus polymyoca(多粘芽孢杆菌)及其代谢产物的作用下,玄武岩的分解作用显著增强,其中橄榄石最易分解,辉石次之,长石则相对最稳定.根据实验溶液的成分变化,认为橄榄石在初始阶段的分解主要受控于表面化学特征,随着比表面积的增大,表面控制作用进一步增强,分解更为快速.     

The behaviour of Li and Mg isotopes during primary phase dissolution and secondary mineral formation in basalt

This study presents lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg) isotope data from experiments designed to assess the effects of dissolution of primary phases and the formation of secondary minerals during the weathering of basalt. Basalt glass and olivine dissolution experiments were performed in mixed through-flow reactors under controlled equilibrium conditions, at low pH (2-4) in order to keep solutions undersaturated (i.e. far-from equilibrium) and inhibit the formation of secondary minerals. Combined dissolution-precipitation experiments were performed at high pH (10 and 11) increasing the saturation state of the solutions (moving the system closer to equilibrium) and thereby promoting the formation of secondary minerals.At conditions far from equilibrium saturation state modelling and solution stoichiometry suggest that little secondary mineral formation has occurred. This is supported by the similarity of the dissolution rates of basalt glass and olivine obtained here compared to those of previous experiments. The δ⁷Li isotope composition of the experimental solution is indistinguishable from that of the initial basalt glass or olivine indicating that little fractionation has occurred. In contrast, the same experimental solutions have light Mg isotope compositions relative to the primary phases, and the solution becomes progressively lighter with time. In the absence of any evidence for secondary mineral formation the most likely explanation for these light Mg isotope compositions is that there has been preferential loss of light Mg during primary phase dissolution.For the experiments undertaken at close to equilibrium conditions the results of saturation state modelling and changes in solution chemistry suggest that secondary mineral formation has occurred. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the reacted mineral products from these experiments confirm that the principal secondary phase that has formed is chrysotile. Lithium isotope ratios of the experimental fluid become increasingly heavy with time, consistent with previous experimental work and natural data indicating that ⁶Li is preferentially incorporated into secondary minerals, leaving the solution enriched in ⁷Li. The behaviour of Mg isotopes is different from that anticipated or observed in natural systems. Similar to the far from equilibrium experiments initially light Mg is lost during olivine dissolution, but with time the δ²⁶Mg value of the solution becomes increasingly heavy. This suggests either preferential loss of light, and then heavy Mg from olivine, or that the secondary phase preferentially incorporates light Mg from solution. Assuming that the secondary phase is chrysotile, a Mg-silicate, the sense of Mg fractionation is opposite to that previously associated with silicate soils and implies that the fractionation of Mg isotopes during silicate precipitation may be mineral specific. If secondary silicates do preferentially remove light Mg from solution then this could be a possible mechanism for the relatively heavy δ²⁶Mg value of seawater. This study highlights the utility of experimental studies to quantify the effects of natural weathering reactions on the Li and Mg geochemical cycles.     

Dissolution Rates of Upper Mantle Minerals in an Alkali Basalt Melt at High Pressure: An Experimental Study and Implications for Ultramafic Xenolith Survival

The dissolution rates of the major upper mantle minerals olivine,orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, spinel, and garnet have been determinedin an alkali basalt melt at superliquidus temperatures and 5,12, and 30 kb. At low pressure where olivine is the liquidusphase of the basalt, olivine has a slower dissolution rate thanclinopyroxene; however, at higher pressure where clinopyroxeneis the liquidus phase, clinopyroxene has a slower dissolutionrate than olivine. The relative rates of dissolution of olivineand clinopyroxene at each pressure are, therefore, governedby their relative stabilities in the melt and hence by the structureof the melt. As the degree of superheating above the liquidusincreases at each pressure, the dissolution rates of olivineand clinopyroxene converge, suggesting that the melt undergoestemperature-induced structural changes. Orthopyroxene has a dissolution rate similar to olivine at highpressure and similar to clinopyroxene at low pressure. Spinelhas the slowest dissolution rate at each pressure. Garnet dissolvesvery rapidly at 12 kb and at a comparable rate of olivine at30 kb. The dissolution rates determined in the experiments varyfrom 9.21 ? 10^–9cm s^–1 for spinel at 5 kbar and1250?C to 3.83 ? 10^–5cm s^–1 for garnet at 30 kband 1500?C. Textures produced during the dissolution experiments are relatedto mineral stability in the melt at each pressure and are independentof the degree of superheating. The mineral phases that are stableon or near the liquidus exhibit no reaction; whereas complexreaction textures and crystallization characterize dissolutionof minerals that are relatively unstable in the melt. Concentration profiles in the melt adjacent to the same crystalfor different experimental durations are identical, indicatingthat dissolution is time-independent and a steady-state process.However, cation diffusion coefficients calculated for single-componentoxides in the melt reveal that dissolution may not be completelycontrolled by diffusion of cations away from the crystal/meltinterface. The apparent diffusivities positively correlate withthe dissolution rate, which suggests that the stability of themineral is an important factor to consider when deriving diffusioncoefficients from these experiments. Other factors that maybe involved are multi-component effects and the nature of thediffusing species in the melt. A simple model has been constructed that predicts the survivalof ultramafic xenoliths in alkali basalt magmas as a functionof xenolith radius, magma ascent time and superheating. Theresults of the model suggest that the relative proportions ofperidotite and pyroxenite xenoliths brought to the surface inalkali basalts are generally representative of their proportionsas constituents of the upper mantle. Further experiments usingdifferent melt compositions are required to extend the model.     

Petrology of some lithic fragments from Luna 20

Microscopic and electron microprobe studies were made of polished thin sections of part of a 30-mg sample of 250–500 μm lunar soil returned by Luna 20 from a point between Mare Fecunditatis and Mare Crisium. Very fine-grained lithic (crystalline) rock fragments, composing about one fifth of the total sample, have mineralogical compositions equivalent to various types of gabbro, anorthositic gabbro, gabbroic anorthosite and troctolite, with minor basalt. The textures now observed in these fragments are in large part metamorphic. Twentyseven electron microprobe analyses of minerals from these fragments are presented, including olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene, spinel, nickel-iron and a Zr-Ti-REE mineral possibly similar to ‘phase B’ of Lovering and Wark (1971). Analyses of seven melt inclusions and twenty-eight defocused beam analyses of lithic fragments are also given. Some of the fragments contain ‘gas’ inclusions which, along with the fine grain size, are believed to indicate final crystallization under low pressure near surface conditions. The almost complete absence of granophyric material in this sample raises the question of whether or not there are at least two distinct magmas for the plagioclase-rich terrae rocks from which this soil sample was derived in part.     

云南马关含橄榄岩捕虏体的玄武岩和煌斑岩

岩体地质简述马关县南部已发现的4个玄武岩火山颈和12条煌斑岩岩脉都分布在木厂一老厂一带。区内主要发育泥盆纪地层,大地构造位置在华南台块滇桂台向斜的西南角。褶皱平缓,主要是一些成北东走向长度不过几公里的短轴背斜和短轴向斜。沿褶皱走向常有一些断裂,顺着这些断裂有许多辉长辉绿岩小侵入体。蒿子坝火山颈位于老厂篙子坝村北约二百米处,是群峦丛中一个低低的小峰,呈椭圆锥状,高出地面不过二、三十米,其根部水平截面长径为近东西方向,长85米,短径60米(图1)。火山颈由两个岩相组成:中央相是由玄武岩胶结的火山角砾岩;边缘相是含橄榄岩捕虏体的玄武岩,岩相宽度不过几米。煌斑岩岩脉多牛夹在沉积岩岩层间,其产状好象岩床。猫耳岩"岩床"位于木厂节节坡村南一里许,岩体出露在猫耳岩峭壁的根部,厚2-3米,长128米(图2)。     

Quantitative Untersuchungen mit der Elektronen-Mikrosonde an Pyroxenen aus Basalten und Peridotit-Einschlüssen

The chemical composition of the pyroxenes and olivines of 12 basaltic rocks and 5 lherzolite nodules was determined quantitatively by electron micro-probe analysis. The composition of the pyroxenes depends on the type of basalt in which they occur. Tholeiitic basalts with normative quartz contain three pyroxenes: orthorombic pyroxenes, pigeonites and augites. All pyroxene phases are zoned and do not show any exsolution. Their Ti and Al contents (Ca-Tschermaks and Ti-augite molecules) are small. All pyroxene phases were formed under disequilibrium with each other and with the melt because of rapid quenching. The sequence of crystallization: orthopyroxene—pigeonite—augite could be established by their Cr content.The alkali olivine basalts undersatured in SiO₂ and the olivine nephelinites are characterized by Ti and Al-rich clinopyroxenes. The distribution of Ti and Al in the pyroxenes of the alkali olivine basalts shows a differentiation trend from the cores of the phenocrysts to their outer zones and to the crystals of the ground mass. Thereby the Ca-Tschermaks molecule is being replaced more and more by the Ti-augite molecule. The Ti content of the pyroxenes of the olivine nephelinites decreases in the last stage of differentiation because simultaneously increasing amounts of titaniferous magnetite crystallize.The pyroxenes of lherzolite peridotite nodules are characterized by high Al and low Ti contents which differ according to the type of basalt (alkali olivine basalt or olivine nephelinite) in which the nodules occur. The homogeneous distribution of the elements within the single grains indicates crystallization under equlibrium conditions. The conditions of their formation are comparable to those of Al-pyroxene peridotites in the upper mantle. The composition of pyroxenes of early accumulates of alkali basaltic melts differ from those of peridotite nodules. Therefore lherzolite nodules can be taken as residues of deeper peridotite masses.     

Der petrogenetische Werdegang der Klinopyroxene in den tertiären Vulkaniten der Hocheifel II. Die Klinopyroxene der Basanitoide

The course of crystallization of basalt forming clinopyroxenes in the olivine basalt-hawaiite-mugearite-trachyte series from the Hocheifel area (Western Germany) has been presented by the author in, an earlier paper (Huckenholz 1964, part I). The present paper deals with the evolution of clinopyroxenes from the basanitoid rocks in the same area. The basanitoids are richer in clinopyroxenes than the normal olivine basalts and may be a product of accumulation of clinopyroxenes in an olivine basalt magma.Mineral separation is very troublesome in fine-grained volcanic rocks but special procedures (as outlined in part I) allow chemical, optical and X-ray analyses of three generations of clinopyroxenes and of other basalt forming minerals. The first clinopyroxenes formed in the basanitoids is a greenish chromian salite Ca₄₅Mg₄₃Fe₁₂ which is preserved in the cores of the phenocrysts. Strongly zoned brown titansalite Ca₄₅Mg₄₁Fe₁₄ surrounds the chromian salite or appears in independent microphenocrysts. The groundmass clinopyroxene is a sodian titansalite Ca₄₆Mg₃₇Fe₁₇ with a small optic axial angle. In contrast to the olivine basalt-trachyte series the clinopyroxenes of the basanitoids are richer in titanium and aluminum.Phenocrysts of nickel-rich olivine Fe_14–16, relics of orthopyroxene Fs₁₄ and chrome spinell were formed together with the chromian clinopyroxene. The same minerals have been observed in the olivine basalts and hawaiites. This paragenesis indicates high pressure and high temperature in the alkali basalts of the Hocheifel during an initial stage of magmatic evolution. With the decrease of pressure mineral reactions occurred with the alkali basalt melt. The high pressure clinopyroxenes of the basanitoids were changed to a larger extent than the clinopyroxenes of the olivine basalts and hawaiites because they are in contact with the magma for a longer period of time. This favours the reaction between the solids and the melt, and the high pressure garnet and/or enstatite components in the elinopyroxenes are substituted by Ca-Tschermak's and titanaugite molecule.     

电子背散射衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱结合测量橄榄石的原位含水量

橄榄石的含水量对上地幔的物理化学性质具有重要影响。傅里叶变换红外光谱（简称FTIR） 是目前最常用的测量名 义上无水矿物含水量的方法。由于矿物中红外光谱的吸收系数是各向异性的,理论上应使用偏振光来测量橄榄石的含水 量,但是该方法需要把橄榄石颗粒分离出来进行定向,非常费时。前人大多使用非偏振光来测量薄片中多个橄榄石的含水 量,并使用Paterson （1982） 的校正方法计算样品中橄榄石的平均含水量。非偏振光的使用忽略了颗粒定向造成的影响,会 低估橄榄石的含水量。上地幔橄榄石常发育晶格优选定向,为快速准确地获得橄榄石的原位含水量,该文将电子背散射衍 射技术（EBSD） 与FTIR 相结合,提出测量薄片中橄榄石含水量的新方法。首先使用Bell 等（2003） 的红外偏振光实验结 果,通过橄榄石[100]、[010]和[001]方向的含水量吸收系数建立一个椭球体。然后使用EBSD 测量某一颗粒在薄片中的取 向,根据欧拉角计算该方向的含水量吸收系数Ws,再根据Beer-Lambert 公式获得该颗粒的含水量。对加拿大Slave 克拉通 Muskox 金伯利岩携带的石榴橄榄岩中橄榄石的含水量研究表明,该方法可用于测量显微尺度的橄榄石原位含水量分布,为 橄榄石含水量与组构关系的研究提供基础资料。     

吉林蛟河上地幔岩碎块内熔融微区矿物学及其地质意义

吉林蛟河地幔岩碎块是被碱性橄榄玄武岩岩浆喷发携带至地壳浅部或地表的。碱性橄榄玄武岩中地幔岩碎块含量40%~55%,局部达60%以上;碎块大小不等,一般直径以5~10 cm居多,大者达20~35 cm,故定名为地幔岩集块熔岩(岩流)。地幔岩碎块以尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和尖晶石斜辉橄榄岩碎块为主,纯橄榄岩次之,未发现石榴石橄榄岩;胶结物为碱性橄榄玄武岩岩浆。本次研究发现地幔岩内存在丰富的、不同成分和形态的熔融微区。熔融微区类型以其形状可分为滴状、扇状、球状、不规则状、短脉状和环边状,以其特征新生矿物分为OL型、K型、Na+Chl型、PL型、OL+SP型、C+SP型和SP+Chl+Ser型。熔融微区结构为玻基间隐结构或放射状结构;矿物呈骸晶状、中空为玻璃质;残余玻璃脱玻化,产生少量针状和不透明黑色雏晶。熔融微区的形状、结构、物质组成及矿物结晶等特征具有标型性,表征这些熔融体是在上地幔深度保存的幔源岩熔融交代的产物,幔源结晶岩是固相残留。该幔源岩经历强火山喷发使其发生爆炸的地质事件,导致K、Na、Al、Ca易熔组分和H₂O、CO₂等挥发分开始熔融和气体释放,营造快速固化结晶和淬火的环境。这些少量的熔融物择优占据矿物间隙、裂隙、位错或晶体缺陷处汇聚并熔融交代相邻矿物,不断扩展空间,遂形成滴状等特征形状的“微区”。由于熔融程度不同,产生的熔融物的化学成分和结晶程度也有差异,所代表的初始岩浆性质也不一样,可以是超基性或碱性橄榄玄武质,抑或碧玄岩质岩浆。从检测出的这些信息证实,蛟河地幔岩是被不一致熔融抽取后的地幔残留,即岩石圈地幔。     

胜利油田火山岩类、盆地演化及其CO2-Au成藏成矿效应

将胜利油田盆地内火山岩类分为石英拉斑玄武岩、橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性橄榄玄武岩3类。其中,碱性橄榄玄武岩多分布于盆地边部、出现较晚并受深断裂控制,其成分中明显更富碱、富轻稀土、富大离子亲石元素而贫铬、镍等相容元素和挥发分,深度大而熔融程度不高,应源于富集地幔。二氧化碳气藏与碱性橄榄玄武岩有空间、时间和成因上的关系;二氧化碳气藏区的火山岩中含有高含量的金。二氧化碳和金是盆地和火山岩类演化一定阶段的产物,源于富集地幔的岩浆去气是其形成的主要机制。     

Silica enrichment of Group II xenoliths by evolved alkali basalt from Jeju Island, South Korea: implication for modification of intraplate deep-seated rocks

Group II xenoliths, corresponding to the lithology of dunite, wehrlite to olivine clinopyroxenite and olivine websterite to websterite, occur in Pleisto-Holocene alkali basalts from Jeju Island, South Korea. The large grain size (up to 5?mm), moderate mg# [=100?×?Mg/(Mg?+?Fe_total) atomic ratio] of olivine (79–82) and pyroxenes (77–83), and absence of metamorphic textural features indicate that they are cumulates of igneous origin. Based on textural features, mineral equilibria and major and trace element variations, it can be inferred that the studied xenoliths were crystallized from basaltic melts enriched in incompatible trace elements and belong to the Jeju Pleisto-Holocene magma system. They appear to have been emplaced near the present Moho, an estimated 5–8?kbars beneath Jeju Island. Consolidation of cumulates was followed by infiltration of silica-enriched metasomatic melt, producing secondary orthopyroxenes at the expense of olivine. The metasomatic agent appears to have been a silica-enriched residual melt evolved from an initially slightly silica-undersaturated alkali basalt to silica-saturated compositions by fractional crystallization under relatively high pressure conditions. The result of this study indicates that relatively young olivine-bearing cumulates could have been metasomatized by a silica-enriched melt within underplates, suggesting that silica enrichment can occur in intraplate Moho-related rocks as well as in the upper mantle of the subarc area.     

Geochemistry and petrography of basalt grindstones from the Karak Plateau,central Jordan

Seventeen basalt grindstone fragments from central Jordan's Karak Plateau were studied. Most of these artifacts are vesicular or amygdaloidal with calcite as the dominant mineral filling the voids. The major minerals are olivine (with iddingsite rims), plagioclase, clinopyroxene, magnetite, and apatite. Glass is present in some samples. One basalt fragment is quite different in appearance and composition and may have come from flows closer to the Dead Sea. Grindstone fragment compositions plot in the tephrite‐basanite and basalt fields. A plot of the concentrations of niobium, zirconium, and yttrium reveal that the sample compositions plot in the “within‐plate alkali basalt” and “within‐plate tholeiite” fields. The acquisition of basalts for preparing such implements appears to have been random. Some may have been introduced through trade and migration. Archaeological and environmental studies on the Karak Plateau are urgently needed because Jordan's population growth and economic development are destroying many sites and their environmental contexts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

大同新生代火山岩浆的快速喷发——来自橄榄石地幔捕掳晶的证据

量化研究幔源岩浆从源区运移至喷发或者侵位的时间尺度，对理解基性岩浆作用具有重要意义。然而，对于岩浆的喷发和就位的时间尺度研究仍缺乏有效的约束，位于我国华北克拉通北部山西大同新生代火山岩群是理想的研究地区。本文以该火山群～0.2 Ma喷发的神泉寺碱性玄武岩为研究对象，重点研究其中携带的地幔橄榄石捕掳晶来约束喷发前的时间尺度。通过对其开展详细的矿物化学研究，发现地幔捕掳晶核部的Fo值高达97.7,为极富镁橄榄石，结合其极低的Ca、Mn和Ni含量特征，认为它们捕获自被交代的地幔橄榄岩。另外，地幔橄榄石捕掳晶发育明显的CaO成分环带，表明其在地壳岩浆系统内经历了复杂的岩浆演化过程。地幔橄榄石捕掳晶反应边宽度变化很大，说明它们在源区被捕获时及在运移过程中经过了多次破碎过程。橄榄石捕掳晶最边缘的Fo值为70左右，平衡计算表明它们在边部已与主岩浆(碱性玄武岩)达到平衡。Fe-Mg元素扩散计时结果显示，橄榄石地幔捕掳晶仅在岩浆中滞留了几个月的时间。对于40～70 km的岩石圈地幔厚度来说，岩浆平均上升速率最快可能超过500 m/d。     

Direct measurements of latent heat during crystallization and melting of a ugandite and an olivine basalt

Step-scanning calorimetric measurements using a Setaram HT1500 calorimeter were performed between 800 and 1400°C on two natural samples: a ugandite from the East African rift and an olivine basalt from the western Mexican arc. Our measurements provide the first in-situ quantitative assessment of enthalpy during melting of initially crystalline natural samples. The distribution of latent heat across the liquidus-solidus intervals of the two samples is distinctly different, reflecting significant variation in the sequence and abundance of mineral phases during melting (clinopyroxene and leucite in the ugandite; olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase in the basalt). Our data further indicate that the common assumption of a uniform distribution of latent heat across the liquidus-solidus interval of a magma is a reasonable approximation for the olivine basalt, but is grossly in error for the ugandite. This is due to cotectic precipitation of leucite and clinopyroxene, leading to a large, disproportionate release of latent heat early in the crystallization sequence. The implication for the thermal history of a crystallizing ugandite magma is that therate of heat loss during conductive cooling will unitially be more rapid than the average rate. The net result will be to produce lower magmatic temperatures after a given cooling interval relative to models assuming a uniform release of latent heat. An additional series of scanning calorimetric experiments were performed at variable rates (1,2 and 3°/min) to evaluate the role of kinetics on the distribution of enthalpy during both melting and crystallization of the ugandite and olivine basalt. The results indicate that clinopyroxene is the most important mineral phase in controlling the shapes of the enthalpy profiles during cooling; this is due to its large enthalpy of fusion and its tendency for sluggish nucleation, followed by rapid crystallization at temperatures that vary with cooling rate. The resolution of the calorimeter (in terms of heat detected per unit time) is also important in determining the shapes of theobserved enthalpy profiles during these rapid scans. Estimates based on the observed calorimetric signal associated with melting of olivine, and the lack of a calorimetric signal during melting of leucite, combined with known enthalpies of fusion for the two phases, indicate detection limits of approximately 0.6–1.2 kJ per 5 min increments.     

海底玄武岩的基质矿物研究

本文利用电子探针显微分析仪对来自冲绳海槽的海底玄武岩的基质结构及基质矿物成分进行了初步研究。电子探针下观察,海底玄武岩的基质只有在冷凝边处是纯玻璃质的,向内基质发生了不同程度的结晶作用。电子探针成分分析显示,基质矿物组成与斑晶矿物组成相同,均是由斜长石、辉石和橄榄石组成;与斑晶矿物相比基质斜长石贫Ca、富Na,基质辉石、橄榄石贫Mg、富Fe。     

XRF半定量分析技术在矿石光片鉴定中的应用

偏光显微镜反光镜下鉴定金属矿物是最常用、最快捷有效的方法,然而鉴定结果容易受到鉴定者主观因素或磨片情况的影响。为了更快速、准确地在反光镜下鉴定矿物,利用XRF半定量分析技术快速、无损、前处理简单等特点,以及磨平抛光的矿石矿物在半定量分析过程中能较好地避免楔入效应和阴影效应的有利因素,采取了先用XRF半定量分析测得的结果去反推矿物,再在显微镜下鉴定矿物的方法。以多金属硫化物矿石、含铀多金属矿石及含微量铀的矿石样品为例进行鉴定,结果表明,在鉴定前知道光片上的元素及其质量分数,通过地球化学方法和经验法反推矿物,结合显微镜观察需要鉴定的矿物,可有效避免忽略掉透明/半透明矿物（锡石）、小粒径矿物（沥青铀矿）、易混淆矿物（铀黑）,提高光片鉴定工作的效率和准确性。     

Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for the occurrence of at least three distinct magma types in the ‘famous’ region

Bulk rock major and trace element variations in selected basalts from the Famous area, in conjunction with a detailed study of the chemical compositions of phenocryst minerals and associated melt inclusions are used to place constraints on the genetic relationship among the various lava types. The distribution of NiO in olivine and Cr-spinel phenocrysts distinguishes the picritic basalts, plagioclase phyric basalts and plagioclase-pyroxene basalts from the olivine basalts. For a given Mg/Mg+Fe²⁺ atomic ratio of the mineral, the NiO content of these phenocrysts in the former three basalt types is low relative to that in the phenocrysts in the olivine basalts. The Zr/Nb ratio of the lavas similarly distinguishes the olivine basalts from the plagioclase phyric and plagioclase pyroxene basalts and, in addition, distinguishes the picritic basalts from the other basalt types. These differences indicate that the different magma groups could not have been processed through the same magma chamber, and preclude any direct inter-relationship via open or closed system fractional crystallization.The Fe-Mg partitioning between olivine and host rock suggests that the picritic basalts represent olivine (±Cr-spinel) enriched magmas, derived from a less MgO rich parental magma. The partitioning of Fe and Mg between olivine, Cr-spinel and coexisting liquid is used to predict a primary magma composition parental to the picritic basalts. This magma is characterized by relatively high MgO (12.3%) and CaO (12.6%) and low FeO^* (7.96%) and TiO₂ (0.63%).Least squares calculations indicate that the plagioclase phyric basalts are related to the plagioclase-pyroxene basalts by plagioclase and minor clinopyroxene and olivine accumulation. The compositional variations within the olivine basalts can be accounted for by fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine in an open system, steady state, magma chamber in the average proportions 453223. It is suggested that the most primitive olivine basalts can be derived from a pristine mantle composition by approximately 17% equilibrium partial melting. Although distinguished by its higher Zr/Nb ratio and lower NiO content of phenocryst phases, the magma parental to the picritic basalts can be derived from a similar source composition by approximately 27% equilibrium partial melting. It is suggested that the parental magma to the plagioclase-pyroxene and plagioclase phyric basalts might have been derived from greater depth resulting in the fractionation of the Zr/Nb ratio by equilibration with residual garnet.C.O.B. Contribution No. 722