不同围压下岩石抗压强度与变形参数尺寸效应的数值模拟

岩石抗压强度和变形参数是岩石工程设计的重要指标。由于岩石是典型的非均质材料,其强度和变形特性随样品尺 寸的变化而不同。本文采用PFC2D程序模拟了不同围压下不同尺寸岩样的压缩试验。结果表明（1） 岩样具有明显的尺寸效 应。同一围压下,尺寸越大,岩石强度、峰值应变和压缩模量越小,尺寸的变化对岩样的破坏模式影响较小;（2） 岩样具 有明显的围压效应。同一尺寸的岩样,随着围压的增大,岩石强度、峰值应变和压缩模量均增加,其中强度和峰值应变随 围压的增加呈线性增加。同时,随着围压的增大,岩石破裂模式由轴向劈裂破坏向剪切破坏变化;（3） 围压的存在会影响 岩样的尺寸效应。不同尺寸岩样的强度和峰值应变在相同围压区间内的增量基本相同,同时随着围压的增大,其强度和峰 值应变增加,进而使岩石强度和峰值应变的尺寸效应弱化;而不同尺寸岩样的压缩模量在相同围压区间内的增长率大致相 同,因而造成围压对压缩模量尺寸效应的影响较小     

冻结粉土动强度的荷载效应及长期极限动强度

荷载效应包括速率效应和疲劳效应两部分．速率效应使冻土的动强度和退荷回弹动弹模随应变速率加快而提高;疲劳效应使冻土的动强度随振频增加而下降,但在低应变速率下却使动强度略有提高．在高应变速率下动强度大于静强度,在低应变速度下动强度小于静强度,其间存在一个临界应变速率．通过动强度－破坏振次关系,可确定长期极限动强度．     

不同围压及应变速率下页岩变形及破损特性试验研究

为揭示围压及应变速率对页岩力学特性的影响规律,对志留统龙马溪组页岩试样开展了不同围压及不同应变率下的三轴压缩力学试验研究。结果表明,围压和应变率对页岩的弹性模量、峰值强度及破裂形态等均具有显著影响,弹性模量和峰值强度均随围压的升高而增加,峰值强度增加的幅度明显大于弹性模量,峰值强度呈线性增加趋势,低围压时应变率从低到高,弹性模量和峰值强度都呈逐渐升高的趋势,两者与应变率对数的关系可用二次多项式描述;随着围压增大,页岩的应变率效应逐渐减弱,在较高高围压(50 MPa)下峰值强度和弹性模量随应变速率增加而增加现象均变得极不显著。对试验后岩样的破坏模式进行分析可知,页岩在低围压高应变率状态下主要是劈裂–剪切破坏,随着围压的增加和应变率的减小,试样的破坏由脆性劈裂–剪切破坏向单一剪切破坏转变,再逐渐向延性破坏过渡。研究结果对于合理确立页岩力学参数及设计压裂方案具有较好的参考。     

模拟人工冻结凿井状态下冻土强度特性研究

通过模拟人工冻结凿井中冻土冻结、受力的实际过程,对已冻结试样进行不同温度、不同初始围压状态下的减载试验研究.结果表明:温度和土层深度是影响深部冻土破坏强度和破坏应变的主要因素,当温度不变时,破坏强度和破坏应变随初始围压呈线性关系变化.破坏强度受温度的影响取决于初始围压,在低初始围压状态下,冻土的破坏强度受温度变化影响不明显,但随着初始围压增大即土层深度加深,破坏强度受温度的影响也逐渐明显.破坏应变随温度的降低而逐渐减小,且呈双曲线形变化,但当温度低于 - 7℃时,在不同初始围压下其破坏应变基本不随温度的变化而变化     

冻结砂土的强度特性

本主要阐述在一定的加荷速率下，围压和温度对冻结兰州砂土应力－应变特性的影响。试验表明，围压的增大或温度的升高明显增强了冻结砂土的塑性及应变硬化性能。随着围压的增大，冻结砂土的极限偏应力强度和轴向破坏应变增大，随着温度的降低，极限偏应力强度增加，而轴向破坏应变减小，但是当围压为零时，轴向破坏应变不随温度变化，当平均法向应力σ≤６ＭＰａ时，冻结砂土抗剪强度近似服从库仓定律，此时粘聚力和内摩擦角随温度     

高围压下冻结砂土的强度特性

在高围压条件下，对冻结兰州砂土在不同温度和不同应变速度下进行三轴压缩试验，试验结果表明，围压的增大和应变速度的减小明显增强了冻土的塑性性能；同时，随围压的增大，冻土的抗剪强度增加，但随围压的进一步增加，它出现降低的趋势，存在一个临界 围压，此临界围压值随温度的变化而变化，但不随应变速率而变化。     

冻结饱水砂卵石三轴压缩强度试验研究

为研究北京富水砂卵石地层冻结后的强度特性,以北京某地铁暗挖车站砂卵石为研究对象,进行不同温度（?5、?10、?15、?20℃）,不同围压（0.0、0.3、0.8、1.3、2.0、3.0、4.0、8.0 MPa）条件下三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：冻结砂卵石的应力-应变曲线以应变软化形态为主,高负温、高围压条件下,呈现理想塑性破坏形态;砂卵石强度、黏聚力和摩擦角均随温度降低而增大,其中强度呈指数分布,黏聚力和摩擦角呈线性分布;强度和弹性模量随围压增加而增大,但增大趋势逐渐减小,低围压压缩区强度满足线性Morh-Coulomb（简称M-C）准则;冻结砂卵石的破坏形态以破裂面始/终于试样侧面的剪切破坏为代表,张拉型破坏受冰影响显著,仅存在于低围压条件下,高围压、高负温时易出现体胀型破坏。     

黄土地基动力沉降特性试验研究

路基工后沉降控制是客运专线路基工程研究的重点内容,其中地基在列车荷载长期重复作用下的累积沉降不可忽视。为揭示黄土地基在列车振动荷载长期作用下的沉降变形,通过对原状黄土试样的循环三轴试验,模拟实际列车荷载瞬时加载状态,采用不等向长持时加载,得出了在不同围压条件下黄土的动强度特性和循环应力-累积应变关系,并对较小循环应力下的循环应力-累积应变关系进行了归一化处理,得到了以下结论：①黄土的累积应变随时间的增加而增大,当循环应力不超过临界应力时,应变会最终达到稳定;反之,黄土结构遭到破坏,应变不能达到稳定;②不同围压下的黄土累积应变均随循环应力的增大而增大,且临界循环应力随围压的增大而增大。③在同一围压状态和同一应变破坏标准下,动强度随振次的增加而减小;④在不同围压、相同振次条件下达到相同的应变所需要的循环应力随围压的增大而增大;⑤在较小循环应力作用下,不同围压下黄土的累积应变随循环应力增加呈线性增长。     

尾矿坝坝料的动力特性研究

尾矿坝坝料是一种特殊性土,其动力特性直接影响着尾矿坝的安全与稳定。基于GDS试验系统,对某尾矿坝坝料动力特性进行动三轴试验研究。分析坝料动弹性模量、动阻尼、动强度随动应变及围压的变化规律;讨论不同应变标准下,动强度及动强度指标的变化规律。结果表明：动弹性模量随动应变的增大而减小,随围压的增大而增大。阻尼比随弹性应变的增大而增大,随围压的增大而略微减小。不同应变标准下,动强度随应变标准的增大而增大,同一应变标准下,动强度随围压的增大而线性增大;坝料的动强度指标较低,随应变标准的增大而增大,其粘聚力的变化幅值大于摩擦角变化幅值,与其静强度相比,其粘聚力与内摩擦角均有所减小。     

循环荷载下红层泥岩土的动态特性

针对红层泥岩土这种特殊的粒类材料,通过动三轴试验研究了其在循环荷载下的动态特性。分析了应变和围压对动态参数(动模量、阻尼比)的影响,在对动模量归一化的基础上,并考虑最大阻尼比与围压的关系,提出了一个阻尼比的计算方法。引入了动应力水平的概念,由试验数据得到红层泥岩土的临界动应力水平为30%左右。动强度随围压增加而增大,而随振次的增加减小;在较小的破坏应变标准下,动应力对动强度的影响起主导作用,破坏应变标准增大时,振次的影响起主要作用。根据累积应变曲线的发展趋势,把红层泥岩土的累积变形分为稳定型和破坏型,分析了产生不同变形曲线的原因,并分别采用不同的经验公式对两种累积变形进行计算,得到了各参数的取值范围。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861