南海北部风浪特征的计算

探讨南海北部海域风浪成长时有效波高与风速、风时、风区之间的关系,同时分析了5种风浪要素的推算方法,探讨其在南海北部海域的适用性。结果表明：1）在南海北部,风速和风时呈现线性增长的关系,风速越大,风浪从过度状态成长到充分成长状态所需风时就越长;风速大小和风区长度之间满足平方关系,风速越大,风浪充分成长所需风区长度就越长。2）在南海北部,有效波高的大小与风速的大小、风时的长短、风区的长度3者密切相关。3）SMB方法、W ilson IV方法和青岛方法,在计算南海北部的风浪关系中体现出了一定的稳定性和适应性。     

QuikSCAT和ASCAT卫星反演风场在中国南海北部的适用性研究

对QuikSCAT和ASCAT原始轨道10 m反演风场与浮标资料在中国南海北部的统计检验分析结果表明:两套卫星资料在中国南海北部具有较好的适用性,QuickSCAT反演风速偏高0.46 m·s~(-1),ASCAT反演风速在近海偏高0.45 m·s~(-1),在开阔海域偏高0.07 m·s~(-1)。超过半数的QuickSCAT反演风向误差30°。在近岸海域,ASCAT反演风向误差30°的超过56%,在开阔海域,误差绝对值30°的达到64%。小风时卫星反演风速偏大,大风时卫星反演风速明显偏小,且白天的偏差大于夜间;在5~10 m·s~(-1)风速条件下,两者的一致性较好。用WRF模式模拟的近海风能资源存在高估的可能,卫星资料对近海风能资源评估是个有益的补充,本文对卫星反演风场误差的分析结果也可以为卫星反演风场的资料同化提供参考。     

冬季南海北行航线分析

利用多个卫星高度计融合资料,分析了南海冬季（1月）3年（2006～2008年）平均的风场特征和海况条件。结果显示：南海东北部和台湾海峡、巴士海峡的风力和浪高都最大,其次是南海西南部海域的风力和浪高较大,其余海域的风力和浪高较小。根据这些特点,从船舶航行的安全性和经济性上考虑,设计了南海冬季北行的4条航线：从马六甲海峡直接行驶到台湾海峡的最短航线、躲避南海西南部大风大浪区和台湾以南的大浪区的航线、躲避台湾海峡的大风而绕行台湾以东的航线以及比较安全但是航线很长的航线。船长可以根据南海冬季大风大浪的情况选择避风航行的最佳航线。H轮在2005年1月行驶到南海时躲避大风大浪的实例说明大风大浪对船舶安全性的影响非常显著。     

Submesoscale fronts observed by satellites over the Northern South China Sea shelf

Fronts are ubiquitous dynamic processes in the ocean, which play a significant role in the ocean dynamical and ecological environments. In this paper strong temperature fronts are investigated on the shelf of the Northern South China Sea using high resolution satellite data. These fronts have large horizontal gradients exceeding 1 °C km⁻¹ with spatial scales around several kilometers. The fronts generate meanders and eddies due to baroclinic instability, since these instabilities have spatial scales around the local first baroclinic mode deformation radius. The estimated Rossby number of the fronts is O(0.4), suggesting that the fronts tend to be ageostrophic and show submesoscale features. The Finite Size Lyapunov Exponent analysis of the generation mechanism indicates that the fronts are tightly related to the combined flow straining of geostrophic and Ekman currents.     

TRMM-retrieved Cloud Structure and Evolution of MCSs over the Northern South China Sea and Impacts of CAPE and Vertical Wind Shear

Cloud structure and evolution of Mesoscale Convective Systems(MCSs) retrieved from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TRMM TMI) and Precipitation Radar(PR) were investigated and compared with some pioneer studies based on soundings and models over the northern South China Sea(SCS).The impacts of Convective Available Potential Energy(CAPE) and environmental vertical wind shear on MCSs were also explored.The main features of MCSs over the SCS were captured well by both TRMM PR and TMI.However,the PR-retrieved surface rainfall in May was less than that in June,and the reverse for TMI.TRMM-retrieved rainfall amounts were generally consistent with those estimated from sounding and models.However,rainfall amounts from sounding-based and PR-based estimates were relatively higher than those retrieved from TRMM-TMI data.The Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) modeling simulation underestimated the maximum rain rate by 22% compared to that derived from TRMM-PR,and underestimated mean rainfall by 10.4% compared to the TRMM-TMI estimate,and by 12.5% compared to the sounding-based estimate.The warm microphysical processes modeled from both the WRF and the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble(GCE) models were quite close to those based on TMI,but the ice water contents in the models were relatively less compared to that derived from TMI.The CAPE and wind shear induced by the monsoon circulation were found to play critical roles in maintaining and developing the intense convective clouds over SCS.The latent heating rate increased more than twofold during the monsoon period and provided favorable conditions for the upward transportation of energy from the ocean,giving rise to the possibility of inducing large-scale interactions.     

能量守恒的自适应网格模式在南海月平均流计算中的应用

本文在正压原始方程的基础上发展了一套适用于自适应网格坐标的自适应网格模式。该模式保持了笛卡尔坐标系下原有的整体积分性质。由于自适应网格与计算区域边界相重合，因而该模式可用于具有复杂形状的区域边界的计算问题。本文将其用于南海月平均流的数值模拟，取得了良好的效果。     

Sensitivity study of the seasonal mean circulation in the northern South China Sea

A study of the circulation in the northern South China Sea （SCS） is carried out with the aid of a three-dimensional, high-resolution regional ocean model. One control and two sensitivity experiments are performed to qualitatively investigate the effects of surface wind forcing, Kuroshio intrusion, and bottom topographic influence on the circulation in the northern SCS. The model results show that a branch of the Kuroshio in the upper layer can intrude into the SCS and have direct influence on the circulation over the continental shelf break in the northern SCS. There are strong southward pressure gradients along a zonal belt largely seaward of the continental slope. The pressure gradients are opposite in the southern and northern parts of the Luzon Strait, indicating inflow and outflow through the strait, respectively. The sensitivity experiments suggest that the Kuroshio intrusion is responsible for generating the imposed pressure head along the shelf break and has no obvious seasonal variations. The lateral forcing through the Luzon Strait and Taiwan Strait can induce the southwestward slope current and the northeastward SCS Warm Current in the northern SCS. Without the lateral forcing, there is the continental slope. The wind forcing mainly causes the The wind-induced water pile-up results in the southward no high-pressure-gradient zonal belt seaward of seasonal variation of the circulation in the SCS. high pressure gradient along the northwestern boundary of the basin. Without the blocking of the plateau around Dongsha Islands, the intruded Kuroshio tends to extend northwest and the SCS branch of the Kuroshio becomes wider and stronger. The analyses presented here are qualitative in nature but should lead to a better understanding of the oceanic responses in the northern SCS to these external influence factors.     

风廓线雷达资料对华南区域模式预报的影响

设计基于GRAPES_Meso的不同试验模拟2014年3月28日-4月8日的广东前汛期降水过程,评估风廓线资料对同化和预报的影响。对资料同化后分析增量的分析表明:相比同化时仅使用自动气象站资料,风廓线雷达资料对1000 hPa到850 hPa纬向风增量均有贡献,在850 hPa,700 hPa高度以上贡献迅速减小。应用3个试验的预报结果计算探空站、风廓线雷达站预报值与观测值的11 d均方根误差发现,同化加入风廓线雷达资料对各预报要素的改善在850 hPa高度最明显,其中风速预报误差显著降低,为0.7 m·s-1。此外,风廓线雷达资料对700 hPa风速预报有一定改善,而在925 hPa高度模拟效果反而降低。通过对2014年3月30日12:00（世界时）的个例分析发现,同化加入风廓线雷达资料的风速预报均方根误差在大雨级别以上的降水落区更大,其原因还有待于进一步研究。     

南海及邻域弱对流云系活动的TBB资料特征

利用日本气象研究厅提供的 1 980～ 1 997年共 1 8年 3小时一次的TBB资料 ,采用统计TBB≤ - 2 8℃出现频率的方法 ,研究了南海及邻域对流活动的区域统计分布特征     

南海海温异常影响南海夏季风的数值模拟研究

采用p－σ九层区域气候模式(p－σRCM9）模拟并研究了南海海温异常对南海夏季风的影响, 数值模拟结果表明, 5月份的南海海温对南海夏季风的爆发日期起关键作用: 5月份南海海温持续增温 (降温）, 南海夏季风爆发日期偏早 (偏晚）。南海夏季风爆发后, 南海异常增温, 同期的南海夏季风增强, 而后期的南海夏季风减弱; 南海异常降温, 则与之相反。机制分析表明, 南海海温正(负)异常增强(减弱)了海面与行星边界层之间的能量交换, 主要是潜热通量的输送, 并在大气中通过积云对流加热率的变化来影响对流层热量的分布, 进而引起对流层中低层辐合和高层辐散的变化, 然后使得环流场和风场作出相应地调整, 环流场和风场又会反过来影响积云对流加热率的变化, 这是一个正反馈过程。在5月份南海增温(降温)强迫下, 5月份南海地区的对流活动加强(减弱）, 使得对流层低层副热带高压提前(延后)撤出南海, 从而有利于南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚）。在南海海温异常强迫下, 中国东南部和南海地区的降水率异常主要是由积云对流所产生的降水率异常引起。     

Controls on the Northward Movement of the ITCZ over the South China Sea in Autumn: A Heavy Rain Case Study

The autumn Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) over the South China Sea(SCS) is typically held south of 10°N by prevailing northeasterly and weakening southwesterly winds. However, the ITCZ can move north, resulting in heavy rainfall in the northern SCS(NSCS). We investigate the mechanisms that drove the northward movement of the ITCZ and led to heavy non-tropical-cyclone rainfall over the NSCS in autumn of 2010. The results show that the rapid northward movement of the ITCZ on 1 and 2 October was caused by the joint influence of the equatorial easterlies(EE), southwesterly winds, and the easterly jet(EJ) in the NSCS. A high pressure center on the east side of Australia, strengthened by the quasibiweekly oscillation and strong Walker circulation, was responsible for the EE to intensify and reach the SCS. The EE finally turned southeast and together with enhanced southwesterly winds associated with an anticyclone, pushed the ITCZ north. Meanwhile, the continental high moved east, which reduced the area of the EJ in the NSCS and made room for the ITCZ. Further regression analysis showed that the reduced area of the EJ and increased strength of the EE contributed significantly to the northward movement of the ITCZ. The enhancement of the EE preceded the northward movement of the ITCZ by six hours and pushed the ITCZ continually north. As the ITCZ approached 12°N, it not only transported warm moist air but also strengthened the dynamic field by transporting the positive vorticity horizontally and vertically which further contributed to the heavy rainfall.     

南海夏季风对华南夏季降水年代际变化的影响

华南夏季降水和南海夏季风都具有准两年的变化特征。研究表明：20世纪70年代以后，华南夏季降水年代际变化主要表现在准两年尺度平均方差的变化上，当准两年方差大时，相应的华南夏季降水多，反之亦然。但是在1976年以前南海夏季风对华南夏季降水的影响并不大，这似乎与两者准两年变化关系的年代际变化有关。南海夏季风和华南夏季降水的准两年变化在1953-1976年是弱的反位相变化关系，相反地，这一时段它们的非准两年变化成分有很强的正相关；在1977-2000年这一阶段，南海夏季风和华南夏季降水的准两年变化具有很强的正相关，但是它们的非准两年变化成分的相关性则很差。分析结果还表明，20世纪70年代大气环流的年代际变异使得华南夏季降水准两年变化在最近20多年成为其年际时间演变的主导成分。     

OLR与南海热带气旋发展的关系

利用OLR资料,对近十多年(1990～2000年)的南海热带气旋的发生、发展与OLR之间的关系进行了分析研究。研究结果表明：南海热带低压能否发展加强成热带风暴与南海区及其附近OLR值的变化有较好的对应关系;OLR低值中心存在于辐合带中热带低压易发展;在双台风状态下,两个低值中心的强弱情况和距离决定热带低压能否发展。通过定义一个南海热带低压的发展指数IOD（Index of Development）来定量描述OLR等值线的梯度变化和南海热带低压发展的关系;当南海热带低压的发展指数IOD≥9时,热带低压易发展成为热带风暴     

Influence of South China Sea SST and the ENSO on Winter Rainfall over South China

The present study investigates the influence of South China Sea (SCS) SSTand ENSO on winter (January--February--March; JFM) rainfall over South Chinaand its dynamic processes by using station observations for the period1951--2003, Met Office Hadley Center SST data for the period 1900--2008, andERA-40 reanalysis data for the period 1958--2002. It is found that JFMrainfall over South China has a significant correlation with Nino-3 andSCS SST. Analyses show that in El Nino or positive SCS SST anomalyyears, southwesterly anomalies at 700 hPa dominate over the South China Sea,which in turn transports more moisture into South China and favors increasedrainfall. A partial regression analysis indicates that the independent ENSOinfluence on winter rainfall occurs mainly over South China,whereas SCS SST has a larger independent influence on winter rainfall innorthern part of South China. The temperature over South China shows an obvious decrease at300 hPa and an increase near the surface, with the former induced byNino-3 and the latter SCS SST anomalies. This enhances the convectiveinstability and weakens the potential vorticity (PV), which explains thestrengthening of ascending motion and the increase of JFM rainfall overSouth China.     

Freshening of the Intermediate Waters in the Northern South China Sea over the PastSix Decades

The properties of salinity in the South China Sea (SCS), a significant marginal sea connecting the Pacific andIndian Oceans, are greatly influenced by the transport of fresh water flux between the two oceans. However, the long-termchanges in the intermediate water in the SCS have not been thoroughly studied due to limited data, particularly in relationto its thermodynamic variations. This study utilized reanalysis data products to identify a 60-year trend of freshening in theintermediate waters of the northern South China Sea (NSCS), accompanied by an expansion of low-salinity water. Thestudy also constructed salinity budget terms, including advection and entrainment processes, and conducted an analysis ofthe salinity budget to understand the impacts of external and internal dynamic processes on the freshening trend of theintermediate water in the NSCS. The analysis revealed that the freshening in the northwest Pacific Ocean and theintensification of intrusion through the Luzon Strait at intermediate levels are the primary drivers of the salinity changes inthe NSCS. Additionally, a weakened trend in the intensity of vertical entrainment also contributes to the freshening in theNSCS. This study offers new insights into the understanding of regional deep sea changes in response to variations in boththermodynamics and oceanic dynamic processes.     

海洋模式对1995年5月南海AXBT海温资料的同化分析

利用美国普林斯顿大学海洋模式 (POM )对 1995年 5月南海AXBT海洋观测资料和MISST卫星观测的海面温度进行模式四维同化分析研究。POM模式同化处理使用最优插值分析与逼近方法 ,从模式积分到第 4年开始 ,使用COADS气候平均风应力场、净热通量场强迫海洋 ,从第 5年 5月开始加入 1995年 5月的MISST和AXBT资料同化积分 30d ,然后对同化结果进行分析。结果表明 ,资料同化可以改进模式对温度场的预报 ,也可改进模式对海流的模拟。分析结果还显示 ,1995年 5月南海浅层有暖涡和冷涡形成     

南海台风状况下海气界面热量交换研究

根据国家海洋局南海分局的Marex(马瑞克斯)数据浮标观测资料、南海断面线 调查资料和西沙海洋站资料，计算了南海海气界面热量交换值。研究结果表明:不论是夏季还是秋季，在台风环流内海气界面热量交换均非常强烈，主要贡献来自潜热通量(Qv)，位于(20.49°N，114.14°E)附近海域。夏季台风环流内显热通量(Qk)出现负值，海面有效反射辐射(Qe)出现减弱现象；秋冬季节台风环流内Qk量值增加显著均为正值，Qe有加强的现象。分析实测资料发现:1961～1989年8次ElNino事件过程中，西沙海洋站水温比赤道太平洋水温提早出现增暖现象的有4次，水温推迟出现增暖现象的也是4次。西沙海洋站水温增暖出现在12月的仅有1次。ElNino事件发生后，南海水温异常增暖，但是海气界面热量交换反而减弱。     

南海地区总云量的气候特征研究

采用EOF展开、小波分析、Mann-Kendall突变分析等方法,利用国际卫星云气候计划(ISCCP)提供的月平均云气候资料集,分析了南海地区总云量的气候特征.结果表明:①总云量表现为南北型的空间分布特征,分界在16°N附近,以北区域主要受南北热力差异影响,以纬向分布为主;以南区域主要受海陆热力差异影响,沿海岸线分布....     

On the Relationship between the Northern Limit of Southerly Wind and Summer Precipitation over East China

The relationship between the summer northernmost position of southerly wind and precipitation over East China is investigated. The northern limit of summer southerly wind index(INLSSW) over East China is defined as the latitude where the zonal-averaged(105–120°E)low-level meridional wind is equal to zero. Results show that there is a significant negative(positive) correlation between INLSSW and summer precipitation over the Yangtze River(North China) region. Thus, the proposed INLSSW may have implications for the prediction of summer precipitation anomalies in these regions. In positive INLSSW years, a cyclonic circulation anomaly is observed over the tropical western North Pacific and an anticyclonic circulation anomaly is seen over the subtropics of East China,accompanied by southerly anomalies over East China.This leads to above-normal moisture penetrating into the northern part of East China. In addition, significant upward(downward) motion anomalies can be found over the North China(Yangtze River) region. As a result, there are significant positive(negative) precipitation anomalies over the North China(Yangtze River) region. Further examination shows that sea surface temperature anomalies over the tropical eastern Pacific and Indian Ocean both contribute to the formation of INLSSW-related circulation anomalies over the tropical western North Pacific.     

南海西南季风爆发日期及其影响因子

利用1950～1999年NCEP全球格点日平均资料,在总结南海西南季风爆发前后850 hPa大气环流特征的基础上,提出了一个较为客观的确定南海西南季风爆发日期的大气环流方法.在与1980～1991年其他多种指标确定的爆发日期比较后,作者认为该大气环流方法所确定的爆发日期基本合理,并给出了1950～1999年各年南海西南季风爆发的日期.通过合成对比分析和相关分析发现,前期热带太平洋地区海温异常分布是影响南海西南季风爆发早晚的重要因素.菲律宾以东洋面海温偏高,赤道太平洋中部偏东地区海温偏低,可以使低层西太平洋副高减弱、高层中东太平洋洋中槽加深,印度洋热带地区偏西风偏强,印度洋-太平洋热带地区Walker环流偏强,为热带对流在孟加拉湾-南海地区发展提供了有利的环境.在孟加拉湾南部偏西气流的作用下,南海地区对流活动较为容易发展起来,低层较弱的西太平洋副热带高压也容易较早地撤出南海上空,使得南海西南季风较早爆发.反之亦然.