山东烟台环境介质中重金属元素富集特征及与酸化土壤的关系

利用山东省烟台市生态地球化学调查及相关专题研究所取得的分析测试数据,通过高灵敏度的识别系统和多参数地球化学评价体系的建立,揭示了在重金属污染区内酸化的土壤环境中Cd、Hg、Pb、As等重金属元素活化迁移的地球化学机制、影响因素,以及浅层地下水和玉米等主要粮食作物籽实中重金属超标的原因及生态危害。与全国土壤基准值和背景值对比,研究区内Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb等元素的基准值相对偏高,Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni元素的背景值相对较高。As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg、Pb等存在于Ⅲ级及Ⅲ类以上土壤,是主要致污因子。典型金矿污染区内浅层地下水和玉米籽实中均检出超标重金属元素,影响浅层地下水环境质量的主要指标是Pb。达到Ⅲ类及以上水质标准的采样点数占研究区总采样点数的3.47%;玉米中的Cd含量相对较高。表层酸性、弱酸性土壤占土壤总面积的55.29%,土壤酸化趋势明显。随着土壤酸化程度的加深和范围扩大,导致土壤耕作层可给性营养元素的损失及某些毒性元素(Cd、Pb等)的释出和活化,提高了土壤中主要污染因子Cd、Hg、Ni、Pb、As等重金属的活化迁移能力;富含有机质的土壤中有利于对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的吸收,固重金属元素于土壤中,降低了土壤重金属污染的环境风险水平。研究结果为土壤修复、降低土壤重金属毒性提供了重要的科学依据。     

自贡市龙潭镇土壤中重金属的地球化学基线及污染状况研究

地球化学基线是区分地球化学背景和异常的重要参数.在采集和测试自贡市龙潭镇内168个表层土壤样品的基础上,采用了地质统计学方法建立了研究区内重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cu、Ni、Zn的地球化学基线.在此基础上,应用地质累积指数方法评价了表层土壤重金属的污染状况.结果表明:区内各重金属元素基线值为As(3.86 μg/g)、Cd(0.183μg/g)、Cr(66.41 μg/g)、Pb(28.19 μg/g)、Hg(0.037 μg/g)、Cu( 23.1 μg/g)、Ni(24.5 μg/g)、Zn(62μg/g);研究区内Cd和Hg的污染较突出,各重金属元素的地质累积指数排序为:Cd＞H g＞Zn＞Cu＞As＞Cr＞Ni＞Pb.     

冀东平原土壤中重金属元素的地球化学特征

通过分析冀东平原土壤中有害重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的含量变化特征,显示有害重金属元素Hg、Cd、Pb在冀东平原表层土壤的富集已较为明显,Cr、As也形成局部的异常,原有的地球化学特征发生较大变化。初步认为表层土壤中重金属元素的高含量与当地地质背景和人为活动有关,局部异常成因需要进一步研究。研究区地积累指数污染评价结果表明:以全国土壤背景值计算,重金属未造成污染;以研究区背景值计算,Hg表现为轻度—中度污染状况,As、Cd、Cr、Pb未造成污染。     

某矿区土壤重金属分布特征及来源解析

为探究赣南某矿区土壤重金属污染状况及来源,以该矿区内40个土壤样品为研究对象,分析了土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg等8种重金属元素的含量,并采用频率直方图、相关性分析、主成分分析等多种统计方法探究了土壤重金属含量的分布特征及来源。研究结果表明:(1)研究区8种重金属中有7种不同程度地超过了江西省土壤重金属元素背景值;(2)Pb、Zn、As和Hg的含量接近正态分布,而Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd的含量则呈现出右偏分布的趋势,这可能与研究区矿山开采活动及土地利用类型等因素有关;(3)矿区土壤重金属相关性分析表明,Cu、Cr、Ni的同源性较高,可能具有相同的污染源,而Pb、Zn、Cd等元素与Cu、Cr、Ni相比,其来源可能存在一定的差异;(4)主成分分析结果显示,矿区内土壤中8种重金属元素含量可以由2个主成分来解释,所代表的实际意义按贡献率排序分别是成土母质和人为采矿活动;(5)矿区内土壤重金属污染物主要为Pb、Zn、Cd,人为采矿活动是这三种重金属污染的主要来源。     

神木北部矿区不同土壤类型下重金属污染特征与评价

通过测量神木北部矿区及其毗邻地区2种土壤类型(风沙区和黄土区)下8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)元素含量,评价矿区整体土壤重金属污染情况。结果表明:研究区2种土壤条件下除Pb和Cd外,其他6种重金属含量较毗邻未开采区具有显著增加,但8种土壤重金属含量均没有超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准;风沙区土壤污染程度较黄土区大;重金属元素污染分担率表现为HgZnAsCuNiCrPbCd;Hg、Zn和Cr 3种元素在两种土壤类型中均为重度污染,As、Cu和Ni属于中轻度污染,Cd和Pb属清洁安全类。     

土壤重金属生态危害评价：以典型金矿区为例

通过对典型矿区土壤重金属污染现状与分布规律研究,发现土壤污染的主要因子是Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Pb、zn等重金属元素污染,金矿三废排放是土壤重金属污染的主要来源。一号金矿区Hg、Cd、As三种元素对土壤危害的贡献率之和达到94％,其中仅Hg元素的贡献率就达到了77％。二号金矿区Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu五种元素对土壤危害的贡献率之和达到97％,其中仅Hg元素的贡献率就达到了61％。金矿区土壤重金属元素潜在生态危害强、很强的土壤样品数量占总数的66．54％,占金矿专题研究区控制总面积的79．51％,土壤潜在生态危害严重,本成果为金矿区土壤污染防治提供了科学依据。     

江西省赣县沙地土壤重金属的来源及环境等级评价

为研究赣县沙地土壤中重金属的来源,进行环境等级影响评价,在研究区采取了2708件土壤样对Cd、Cr、As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni八种重金属元素及pH进行分析测试,按照现有环境地球化学等级标准进行评价,利用地质统计分析法和空间分析法,探讨分析重金属元素可能来源。结果表明:研究区土壤中的As、Pb和Cu平均值均低于赣州市背景值,Cd、Hg、Cr、Zn和Ni平均值略高于赣州市背景值。与全国土壤背景值相比,Cd、Pb平均值高于全国土壤背景值,As、Co、Ni、pH、Cu低于全国土壤背景值,土壤中Hg、Zn背景值含量与全国背景值相差不大;各重金属元素具有较好的空间相关性,空间变异主要受结构性因素为主,受随机性因素较小;基于各元素半差函数块基比,结合元素间相关系数及因子载荷分析,研究区中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni主要受地球化学成因影响,得出AS、Cd和Pb土壤污染主要来自地质高背景。     

廊坊地区土壤重金属污染程度评价

利用河北省多目标地球化学调查资料,研究了廊坊地区表层土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb的富集特征与污染程度.与我国土壤元素背景值相比,廊坊地区表层土壤中Hg的富集系数较大;与研究区元素背景值相比,Cd、Hg富集系数较大,富集程度依次为Hg＞ Cd＞ Pb＞ Cr＞ As.地积累指数污染评价结果表明,以全国土壤...     

湖州市土壤磁化率与重金属元素分布规律及其相关性研究

通过对84个地表土样、17个剖面土样和11个基岩样的磁参数与化学分析测试,对湖州市进行了土壤磁化率与重金属元素分布规律、成因及两者的相关性研究.结果表明:表层土壤磁化率高值异常区与土壤重金属元素高值分布区吻合程度非常高,剖面土壤磁化率值与重金属元素含量总体上均呈向下递减的相同特点;表层土壤磁化率与重金属元素高值异常均系人类经济工程活动影响所致,主要与当地城镇生活垃圾随意堆放、垃圾施肥、工业粉尘、废气、废物和污水排放、农药和化肥的过量使用等有关;表层土壤磁化率值与重金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As和Cr含量之间在不同环境条件下相关性有着明显的差异.在旱地土壤中磁化率与重金属元素Hg、Pb高度相关,与Cd、As和Cr不相关;在水田土壤中磁化率与重金属元素Pb、As高度相关,与Cd显著相关,而与Hg、Cr不相关.     

山东安丘地区土壤-小麦系统重金属等元素间的相互作用

为了研究土壤-小麦系统重金属等元素间的相互作用,通过相关分析,探讨了安丘地区40件小麦籽实及其根系土中重金属元素间的相互关系。研究发现:(1)小麦籽实Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Ni、Cu、Zn富集系数与土壤pH、CEC、黏粒含量呈负相关,Cr富集系数与pH呈正相关;(2)小麦籽实重金属等元素富集系数间多数呈正相关;(3)小麦籽实Pb、Cu含量分别与土壤As、Pb含量呈正相关,籽实Cu、Zn含量分别与土壤Cd、Pb含量呈正相关。籽实除Cr含量与土壤Mg含量呈显著正相关外,籽实中其他重金属元素含量与土壤元素Ca、Mg含量关系不显著。小麦籽实中Cd、Pb、As等重金属元素含量与土壤中Mn、Mo、F等微量元素含量少数呈显著-极显著正相关;(4)小麦籽实中Cd、Hg、Pb、As等重金属元素含量与籽实中Ca、Mg、Mn、Mo等其他元素含量之间多数呈显著正相关。这些研究结果表明,土壤-小麦系统重金属元素之间、重金属元素与其他元素之间存在协同或拮抗作用,但具体机制尚需要进一步研究。     

Statistical characteristics of heavy metals content in groundwater and their interrelationships in a certain antimony mine area

In recent years, most of domestic and foreign researches about heavy metal pollutions of metal mine mainly focus on water, soil and plants on the surface. There is lack of researches about heavy metal pollution in groundwater of metal mine. In this research, a certain antimony mine area is selected as a typical study area. Also, the study about statistical characteristics of heavy metals in groundwater has been carried out. Furthermore, the interrelationships have been preliminarily discussed through related analysis, such as relevant analysis, cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The results show that: the excessive elements in groundwater of study area are Sb, As, Pb, Se, and Ni. The average mass concentration of Sb, As, and Pb is higher than that of drinking water standards (GB5749-2006). The concentration of most heavy metals in dry season is lower than or equal to that in wet season for groundwater. Zn is the only metal in groundwater showing a different pattern, the concentration of which in dry season is higher than that in wet season. Under the impacts of stratum leaching and absorption effect, the concentration of heavy metals (except Pb and Ba) in groundwater are lower than or equal to that in surface water. As and Se, the two heavy metals have a significant positive correlation, which shows the two elements might have gone through similar environmental geochemical effect. Also, the connection among Zn, Hg, Pb, and Mn is not obvious; therefore, the sources of those elements are quite different. In addition, the elements of Se and As have obvious positive interrelationship with elements of CO32- and F-. Also, the Pb has significant positive correlation with PO43-, H2SiO3 and oxygen consumption. The results of cluster analysis show that 9 different heavy metals in the study area can be divided into 3 categories: Zn, Cd, Mn, Hg, Cu, and Cr belong to the first category, Se and As belong to the second one, and the last category is Pb. Also, the principle component analysis divides 6 heavy metals (Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Mn, and Se) into 4 different principle components, which can be utilized to assess heavy metals pollution situations in groundwater. The reliability of this method is higher than 91%. Moreover, the research provides theory basis and models for establishing evaluation index system and exploring the evaluation method of heavy mental pollution in groundwater.     

小秦岭金矿区小麦和玉米重金属的健康风险评价

重金属污染引发的农产品质量安全问题已成为全社会关注的焦点。为了解小秦岭金矿开发引起的重金属污染风险,采集了同点位的农田土壤、小麦和玉米籽粒样品,测定了其中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu和Zn的含量及其在土壤中的形态;采用指数法和RAC风险评价法分析了土壤重金属的污染风险,采用转移因子和目标风险指数法评价了小麦、玉米籽粒中重金属的健康风险。结果表明:小秦岭金矿区土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量受矿业活动影响强度大,在土壤中累积明显;土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu总量超过了国家限值,呈现污染;Cd、Hg、Cu具有潜在生态风险。小麦和玉米籽粒中Pb以及玉米籽粒中的Cd的平均含量高于国家标准,呈现一定程度的污染;部分小麦样品中的Hg、Cd和部分玉米样品中的Cd超过WHO/FAO安全限值,小麦和玉米籽粒中度Pb平均含量超过欧盟安全标准,说明具有潜在的健康风险。重金属的转移因子表明Cd、Zn及Cu比其他重金属更容易从土壤转移到小麦和玉米籽粒中;通过小麦对重金属的摄入量略高于玉米,远低于WHO/FAO推荐剂量;目标风险指数评价表明,只消费小麦或玉米基本不产生健康风险,但同时消费矿区生长的小麦和玉米具有较高的Pb健康风险。     

土壤中重金属有效态分析方法研究

土壤中重金属的不同形态决定了对于生物的有效性。自然界的重金属元素参与生态迁移能够被生物吸收利用的部分为生物有效态。土壤重金属可交换态的研究可以为其生物有效态研究提供参考。本文对于土壤中砷、汞、铬、镉、铅和铊的酸溶态、络合态和盐溶态这几种单一提取方式的可交换态的分析方法进行了研究比较,以其提取效率高的为有效态的表现方式,以p H值7.5为土壤酸碱度的界限,建立了土壤中的砷、汞、铬、镉、铅和铊在不同酸碱度下的分析方法。本方法的Cr的方法检出限为4.65ng/g;Cd的方法检出限为0.49ng/g;Pb的方法检出限为9.73ng/g;As的方法检出限为21.89ng/g;Hg的方法检出限为0.30ng/g;Tl的方法检出限为0.54ng/g。采用GBW7412,GBW7413,GBW7416这三个国家一级标准物质样品测得的方法精密度范围6.01%~19.3%。本方法适用于土地质量评估的要求。     

南宁市郊周边农田土壤-农作物系统重金属元素迁移特征及其影响因素

通过采集南宁市郊农田中玉米、蔬菜、水稻可食部分及其根系土150组,研究重金属元素在不同土壤-农作物系统中迁移特征及其影响因素,结果表明:根系土中Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为0.116、0.202、56.76、22.12、14.49、25.18和56.28 mg·kg-1。农作物对应平均含量分别为0.001 1、0.037、0.054、1.153、0.205、0.011和9.37 mg·kg-1。根系土富集因子表明Cd受到不同程度人为活动影响,Cr和Ni主要受地质背景控制;不同作物系统元素富集因子表明Pb在土壤-农作物系统中迁移能力最低,Zn迁移能力最强。Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn在土壤-水稻系统重迁移能力显著高于蔬菜和玉米。根系土中pH、CaO、有机质、Fe2O3、K2O、MgO与重金生物富集系数呈显著性负相关,但在土壤-叶类蔬菜系统中根系土中K2O、MgO与Hg生物富集系数呈显著正相关。      

矿业活动区农田土壤重金属累积风险的评判方法--以小秦岭金矿区为例

金属矿产资源开发活动通常会导致矿区土壤重金属含量的累积,选用科学的评价标准及方法成为评判、区分矿业活动农田土壤重金属累积影响和风险的关键问题。在简述土壤背景值和土壤环境质量标准含义的基础上,提出采用与矿区其他环境条件基本相同或相近的邻区耕作层土壤重金属元素的平均含量作为评判矿业活动重金属对耕作层土壤的累积影响的对照值。以2011年小秦岭金矿区80件耕作层土壤重金属含量为例,金矿开发活动区耕作层土壤重金属的累积风险研究表明,土壤重金属低风险以上样品数占总样品数百分比的排序为Hg＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu,矿业活动对土壤重金属累积的贡献率排序为Hg＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd＞Zn。土壤中的Cr、As、Zn元素有轻度累积但无风险。土壤中Hg元素的累积风险面积达到了187.77km＾2,占到研究区总面积的47.08%。其中,中、高风险的面积为99.55km＾2,土壤重金属累积风险极其严重。研究结果科学地评判了矿业活动对耕作层土壤重金属的累积影响及其贡献,为土壤污染防治指明了方向。     

Characterization of heavy metal pollution in the paddy soils of Xiangyin County, Dongting lake drainage basin, central south China

The heavy metal accumulation in soils caused by industrialization has attracted broad attention. To evaluate the soil environmental quality of Xiangyin County, an important food production base in China, 99 top paddy soil samples were analyzed for total concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Zn and Pb. Kriging interpolation was used to determine the spatial distribution of the metals. The assessment of soil environmental quality was performed according to pollution index methods. As the results showed, except for Cu, Cr and Ni, the mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Hg in soils were elevated to different extents when compared with the background values. Moreover, except for Cd, contents of seven other elements in most soil samples were below the Class II criteria for Chinese environmental quality standards, which established the maximum allowable concentration of heavy metal in the farmland. Therefore, the soils were believed to be polluted mainly by Cd. All of the elements showed a similar spatial distribution pattern with low contents in the east upland area, and high contents in the middle by the west area, located close to Dongting lake. The long-term practice of using the Xiangjiang river as irrigation water was believed to be the main reason resulting in the enrichment of heavy metals in soils around Dongting lake. In addition, the evaluation results showed that about 45.8, 51.1 and 3.1?% of the study area were classified as slightly, moderately and seriously polluted with Cd, respectively. As for the other seven elements, soil environmental quality was fairly well because of their grades belonging to clean or excellent. By integration of the assessment results for individual elements, it was found that about 3.8?% of the study area was clean, 82.2?% was slightly polluted and 14.1?% was moderately polluted. On the whole, most of the study area was at safe and guarded level. However, appropriate measures still should be adopted to control the levels of heavy metals in agricultural soils. The findings obtained in this study were useful for establishing policies for protecting the local soil environments and guaranteeing the food quality as well as the people??s health.     

雄安新区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及源解析

研究雄安地区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及其来源,对于支撑新区土地资源和环境管理具有重要意义。基于雄安新区土壤环境调查,运用地统计学方法和ArcGIS 技术分析模拟了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr等8种元素空间分布特征,综合运用空间分析、多元统计学方法和正定因子矩阵模型解析这些元素的主要来源。结果表明:（1）区内土壤质量总体良好,4.35 %的土壤样品Cd和Cu含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险管控值;与河北省背景值相比,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg存在不同程度中度和显著富集。（2）As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr含量呈现出由北部向南部逐渐增高的趋势,高值区主要分布在新区西南部;Hg元素分布分散,高值区主要分布在城镇及工业企业周边。（3）不同土地利用类型土壤剖面重金属和砷元素垂向分布受pH值、有机碳和铁铝氧化物等理化性质影响显著。（4）研究区土壤重金属和砷元素富集受人类活动影响明显,人为来源贡献率达67.12 %,Hg元素主要来源于人为排放的大气沉降富集,As元素富集受到废渣堆放和利用的影响,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素富集受工业生产、污水灌溉以及尾气排放等活动影响。研究成果可为雄安新区合理制定土地资源开发利用和生态保护措施提供技术支撑。     

Quantitative spatial characteristics and environmental risk of toxic heavy metals in urban dusts of Shanghai,China

Associated with the rapid urbanization and industrialization, most of the urban parks and recreational areas in Shanghai are built close to major roads or industrial areas, where they are subject to many potential pollution source, including automobile exhaust and factory emissions. Urban dusts, containing many toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg and As, are one of main contributors for environmental pollution. In this study, 261 dust samples were collected from two different localities (streets and parks) in the urban area of Shanghai, China. Pb and Cr concentrations of all samples were determined by atomic adsorption spectrophotometer analyzer, and Cd, As and Hg concentrations in 74 samples by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg are 287, 157, 1.24, 8.73 and 0.16 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Each heavy metal shows a wide range of concentration values. In comparison with heavy metal background values of soil in Shanghai, urban dusts have elevated metal concentrations as a whole, except those of As. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg are 11.3, 2.1, 10.3, 0.997, 1.7 times of the soil background values, respectively. Compared with the global mean concentrations, Cr concentration in urban dusts is slightly higher. Pb, Cr and Hg show normal distribution after logarithmic transformation. Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg have second-order variation trends of the spatial distribution. The spatial distribution features of five toxic heavy metals, in general, illustrate relatively high levels within the regions of the inner-city ring highway and southwestern Shanghai. Cr and Cd are higher in Baoshan industrial park and the shipbuilding industries regions. The order of environmental risk is Pb > Cd > Cr > Hg > As. Pb and Cd have the highest risk for environment pollution and human health among the five metals. The pollutant sources of toxic heavy metals in Shanghai urban dusts are preliminarily concluded as follows: As may have mainly a natural source. Burning of coal has become the main source of Hg pollution. Pb, Cr and Cd have three sources, traffic, building construction, and weathering corrosion of building materials.     

鄱阳湖平原地下水重金属含量特征与健康风险评估

鄱阳湖平原作为长江中下游平原的重要组成部分,随着城镇化进程的快速推进,由于工矿业污染物、农村生活污水和农业生产废水向地下水的过量排放,农村地下水污染程度和范围不断扩大,为了解鄱阳湖平原地下水重金属污染状况,本研究在大量的水文地质调查和水化学样品测试基础上,分析该区地下水中重金属Cu、As、Cr、Hg、Pb、Cd含量特征,利用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型对鄱阳湖平原地下水重金属进行健康风险评价。研究区171个地下水样品中Cd、Cu、Hg、As、Pb、Cr等6种重金属元素含量变化幅度大,其中Hg、Cd和As平均值超过《地下水环境质量标准》(GB/T14848—2017)Ⅲ类标准,结果表明鄱阳湖平原地下水水质受人为影响大,局部地下水存在严重的污染。致癌物健康风险评价结果显示,Cr、As和Cd的平均个人年健康风险值均大于可接受风险值,Cr的健康风险值最大,是主要的致癌因子,As次之,Cd最低;非致癌物质健康风险结果显示,Hg、Pb和Cu的健康风险水平表现为Hg>Pb>Cu,属于可忽略风险。区域饮水途径上的健康风险主要来自致癌物质,总体上男性健康风险大于女性的健康风险。鄱阳湖平原地下水水质污染状况研究及治理监管工作提供理论依据,为其他区域地下水重金属的监测和质量控制提供参考和借鉴。