AN ATMOSPHERIC MOTION EQUATION BUILT ON THE CONSERVATIVE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE SOLID EARTH AND THE ATMOSPHERE ON SEASONAL-ANNUAL TIMESCALE*

Within the seasonal-annual timeseale,there exists an angular momentum conservative exchange relationship between the solid earth and the atmosphere,and their angular momentum exchange not only can cause variations in length-of-day(LOD) but also can express anomalies in atmospheric general circulation.Therefore,their angular momentum exchange mechanism should be introduced into the general circulation model.Considering the angular momentum anomalous exchange caused by the air-earth interface friction effect,a whole-layer atmospheric motion equation is derived in this paper including the earth spin anomalous friction force parameterized by using the change in the earth rotation rate.Through analysing the equation,it shows that the magnitude of the earth spin anomalous friction force is the same as that of Coriolis force on seasonal-annual timescale.     

固体地球-海洋-大气耦合的一个简单线性模式及其试验结果

选取实际的海陆边界，建立了一个固体地球-海洋-大气耦合的简单线性模式，模式中包含了地气角动量守恒的关系，地转变速摩擦力对大气的作用，风吹流改变海温异常，海温异常又改变大气的质量分布。在无外源作用于地球系统的情况下，地球系统内部的各个部分(纬向风、海温和地转速度)都存在着准两年振荡(QBO)，由此可见，QBO是地球系统内部的一种固有振荡。     

大气角动量平衡的研究进展

重点分析了20世纪80年代以来国内外关于大气角动量平衡研究的一些代表性工作。总结了地气系统角动量交换、角动量输送及其与山脉和摩擦力矩异常、地转异常、ENSO等关系的研究结果。指出了一些应当深入研究的方向。     

地球自轉速率年变化的一个可能進一步的解釋

把大气和地球看成一个孤立的系统,则此系统之总角动量不改变。从冬到夏地球本身的角动量增加,则同一时期大气的总角动量减少,但是低层大气(从地面到800毫巴)的平均西风环流夏季反而强於冬季,因此作者认为:从冬到夏近地面西风环流的这种加强,可能就是同一期间地转角速加快的原因;同时也可能是夏季大气角动量消耗率较高的原因。     

关于不同尺度大气运动中的雷诺交换

本文从多尺度分解概念出发,建立了多尺度Reynolds方程组。证明了平均运动的Reynolds交换项应为各级子平均运动非线性项的平均和。文中将子尺度运动处理为描述质点个别运动的Langevin形式以避免Euler方式导致的高阶闭合困难,简单地得到了K闭合表示,给出了动量、热量、质点交换系数的表达式并阐明了它们之间差异的形成原因。此外本文还给出了表现无序脉动量在导向力(如浮力、科氏力)作用下建立有序平均量梯度的负K值及其存在条件,解释了大气中大尺度运动的一些负粘性现象。     

On the effect of thermal forcing on the global atmospheric angular momentum and the general circulation

The effect of latitudinal differential heating on the atmospheric general circulation is studied using a simple general circulation model driven by different heating rates. It is found that an increase in differential heating leads to a strengthening of the general circulation as characterized by an increase in global available potential energy, kinetic energy and atmospheric angular momentum. The strengthening of the circulation results in three circulation regimes characterized by different eddy activities. One is a zonally symmetric Hadley regime with no eddy activity while the other two are Rossby regimes dominated by eddies with intermediate and low wave numbers, respectively. Relative to other global indices, the global relative atmospheric angular momentum is superior in detecting the transition of circulation regimes. The regime changes in mid- and high-latitudes resemble the response of the atmosphere to large changes in Earths rotation rate.     

27.3-day and 13.6-day atmospheric tide and lunar forcing on atmospheric circulation

An analysis of time variations of the earth‘s length of day (LOD) versus atmospheric geopotential height fields and lunar phase is presented. A strong correlation is found between LOD and geopotential height from which a close relationship is inferred and found between atmospheric circulation and the lunar cycle around the earth. It is found that there is a 27.3-day and 13.6-day east-west oscillation in the atmospheric circulation following the lunar phase change. The lunar revolution around the earth strongly influences the atmospheric circulation. During each lunar cycle around the earth there is, on average, an alternating change of 6.8-day-decrease, 6.8-day-increase, 6.8-day-deerease and 6.8-day-increase in atmospheric zonal wind, atmospheric angular momentum and LOD. The dominant factor producing such an oscillation in atmospheric circulation is the periodic change of lunar declination during the lunar revolution around the earth. The 27.3- day and 13.6-day atmospheric oscillatory phenomenon is akin to a strong atmospheric tide, which is different from the weak atmospheric tides, diurnal and semidiurnal, previously documented in the literature. Also it is different from the tides in the ocean in accordance with their frequency and date of occurrence. Estimation shows that the 27.3-day lunar forcing produces a 1-2 m s^-1 change in atmospheric zonal wind. Therefore, it should be considered in models of atmospheric circulation and short and middle term weather forecasting. The physical mechanism and dynamic processes in lunar forcing on atmospheric circulation are discussed.     

RESPONSE OF THE ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION TO WINTER SNOW COVER ANOMALY

In this paper,the response of the atmospheric general circulation to winter anomalous snowcover was investigated through observations studies and model simulation.Results from the observations show that:(1)the anomalous winter snow cover in theextratropics of Eurasian Continent bears an intimate relation to the contemporary atmosphericgeneral circulation.The positive anomaly of winter snow cover is usually accompanied by positiveatmospheric EUP teleconnection pattern and stronger East Asian winter monsoon:or vice versa.(2)The linkage between them suggests that the abnormal winter snow cover has an importantimpact on winter atmospheric general circulation.The anomalous snow cover pattern can lead tothe anomaly of winter atmospheric EUP teleconnection pattern and thus influence East AsianWinter monsoon.With NCAR CCM2 including BATS land surface scheme,three groups of experiments wereperformed to examine the atmospheric response to the anomalous snow cover pattern and explorethe relevant mechanism.Simulated results agree well with the observations,which testify thesignificant response of the atmosphere to snow cover anomaly.It is found that the radiative coolinginduced by anomalous snow cover plays an important role in above processes,and the feedback oflong-wave radiation can not be neglected.     

RESPONSE OF THE ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION TO WINTER SNOW COVER ANOMALY*

In this paper,the response of the atmospheric general circulation to winter anomalous snow cover was investigated through observations studies and model simulation.Results from the observations show that:(1)the anomalous winter snow cover in the extratropics of Eurasian Continent bears an intimate relation to the contemporary atmospheric general circulation.The positive anomaly of winter snow cover is usually accompanied by positive atmospheric EUP teleconnection pattern and stronger East Asian winter monsoon:or vice versa.(2)The linkage between them suggests that the abnormal winter snow cover has an important impact on winter atmospheric general circulation.The anomalous snow cover pattern can lead to the anomaly of winter atmospheric EUP teleconnection pattern and thus influence East Asian Winter monsoon.With NCAR CCM2 including BATS land surface scheme,three groups of experiments were performed to examine the atmospheric response to the anomalous snow cover pattern and explore the relevant mechanism.Simulated results agree well with the observations,which testify the significant response of the atmosphere to snow cover anomaly.It is found that the radiative cooling induced by anomalous snow cover plays an important role in above processes,and the feedback of long-wave radiation can not be neglected.     

Atmospheric Angular Momentum Transport and Balance in the AGCM-SAMIL

NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the spectral atmospheric general circulation Model (AGCM) of IAP/LASG (SAMIL) are employed to investigate the transport and balance of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM). It is demonstrated that SAMIL depicts the general features of the AAM transport and balance reasonably well. The AAM sources are in the tropics and sinks are in the mid-latitudes. The strongest meridional transport occurs in the upper troposphere. The atmosphere gains westerly momentum and transports it upward in the areas of surface easterlies, and downward into the areas of surface westerlies. Consequently, AAM balance is maintained. Systematic biases of the model compared to the reanalysis and observations are revealed. Possible mechanisms for these biases are investigated. In SAMIL, the friction torque in the tropics is stronger compared to the observations, which is probably due to the excessive precipitation along the Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the model, since the simulated Hadley circulation is much stronger than observed. In the winter half of the year, the transport center is in the lower troposphere in the SAMIL model, but it is in the upper troposphere in the reanalysis and observations. These discrepancies also suggest that simulations of convection and tropical precipitation need to be improved and that higher resolution is necessary for a quantitative simulation of AAM transport and balance. Results also demonstrate that the analysis of the transport and balance of atmospheric angular momentum is a powerful tool in diagnosing climate models for potential improvement.     

Spatial and temporal variations of global frictional torque during the period 1948–2011

Frictional torque is an important mean for momentum exchange between the atmosphere and earth, and significantly influences the variation in atmospheric angular momentum. Using NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data for the period 1948–2011, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of frictional torque. It was found that the globally integrated frictional torque turned from positive to negative in 1972, suggesting that angular momentum was transferred from the earth to the atmosphere before 1972, but from the atmosphere to the earth thereafter. The global frictional torque steadily declined from 1948 to 1994, but has been increasing since 1995. It was also found that the global frictional torque is mainly determined by the wind systems in the mid and low latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere (SH), where large changes in frictional torque occurred during the study period. Westerly wind increased continuously in the midlatitudes after 1948, while easterly wind decreased in the tropics of the SH after the 1980s.     

春夏季节过渡期间北半球500百帕能量变化的波谱分析和研究

本文利用1972-1982年5月初-7月底春夏季节过渡期间北半球500百帕高度资料计算有关能量谱、角动量输送谱和扰动动能向平均动能转换率谱,分析了大气环流由春到夏季节过渡期间能量谱变化特征及过渡前后特征差异,并揭示了它们与初夏中期主要天气过程-梅雨天气过程的关系。结果表明由春到夏季节过渡前后,对流层中层扰动动能谱和大气波能密度均有显著变化,大气波能密度值有个急剧减弱过程,经向扰动动能集中的波数由超长波向长波转移,55、45、35°N角动量输送平均辐散也有明显转折,这些是春夏二种不同流型在能量学上的基本差异点。对流层中层扰动动能向平均动能转换率谱在季节过渡前后也有显著不同:过渡前高纬强于中纬;而过渡后中纬转换明显增强,并大大超过高纬。大气环流由春到夏的季节过渡,一般由一次或二次长波急剧发展来完成。在大型环流转变上对应为一次副热带高压明显北跳加强及西风带迅速北撒减弱,在天气表现形式上江淮流域对应为梅雨这种大型天气过程的出现。      

包含超梯度力作用的台风次级环流诊断方程

次级环流在台风的发展和维持中起着重要作用,基于梯度风平衡的Sawyer Eliassen（SE）方程常用于台风次级环流的诊断。然而梯度风平衡关系在台风边界层及边界附近有较大误差,这导致SE方程求解出的次级环流在边界层也会有较大误差。本文在梯度风平衡方程中保留包含径向摩擦力项在内的超梯度力项,得到包含超梯度力作用的SE方程,从方程形式上看超梯度力主要是通过调节与斜压性相关的系数来影响次级环流的。对“森拉克”（2008）台风次级环流的诊断结果显示,在不人为改变边界层流场结构的情况下,新的SE方程能显著改善次级环流的求解效果,避免眼墙外侧边界层附近的虚假对流并且减小虚假入流。     

副热带高压研究回顾及对几个基本问题的再认识

文中在回顾有关副热带高压研究的基础上 ,指出传统的观念在东太平洋副热带高压和西太平洋副热带高压的关系、下沉运动和副热带高压的形成、热带加热异常与副热带高压异常的关系、副热带高压与其周边系统的关系等问题上存在一定的局限。并根据近期的研究成果对上述问题给出新的认识。最后文中展望了在副热带高压的研究中需进一步深入的几个方面 :不同纬度相互作用、青藏高原的作用、时间尺度 -内部动力过程和外界强迫的相对重要性、非线性过程和角动量平衡问题。     

季风低压角动量收支的研究

本文给出移动坐标系中角动量收支方程,并采用FGGE IIIb资料,对发生在印度地区1979年8月6—11日的季风低压作了角动量收支的诊断分析,得到:(i)在低压发展期间,角动量的时间变率为正;低压减弱期为负。(ii)水平侧边界角动量输送是系统角动量的主要来源,而高层东风和低层西风的增强、减弱,则是影响这种输送的重要因素。(iii)在气压场不对称的情况下,侧边界附近的气压力矩是另一个重要的角动量源。(iV)摩擦力矩是主要的角动量汇。据此,可以推论,对于印度季风扰动的发展、维持,水平侧边界输送和边界附近气压力矩的作用最为重要。     

台风角动量平衡的诊断分析

本文根据文献[6],应用FGGEb资料,计算了7908号台风四个同心区域的质量收支和绝对角动量收支,得到以下结果:台风的演变过程可以由其旋转轴确定的绝对角动量来表征。在台风发展最盛时,对流层中层角动量达到最大;台风绝对角动量主要来源于水平侧边界输送。对于侧边界角动量输送,计算结果表明:在台风形成以前,涡动方式(非对称气流)输送是主要的;在台风形成初期,平均和涡动两种方式的输送具有同等重要性;在台风发展强盛及其减弱期,以平均输送为主。比较各强迫函数的作用,凝结潜热释放则是影响角动量垂直输送的重要因子。根据角动量平衡,发现次网格尺度效应显著,说明系统内部角动量再分配机制,除了角动量向上输送以外,积云对流活动可能是另一重要的方式。      

1982—83年厄尼诺年夏季大气涡旋活动及其物理量输送特征

本文采用ECMWF/WMO格点资料分析了1982—83厄尔尼诺年夏季北半球大气定常涡旋和瞬变涡旋活动及其动量、热量、水汽的输送特征和静止涡的E—P通量,结果表明:厄尔尼诺事件发生前后,北半球夏季大气涡旋活动有很大差异;厄尔尼诺结束后,北半球大气的定常涡旋活动明显增强,其动量、热量和水汽的向北输送异常加强,结果使太平洋等地热带高层东风减弱,副热带西风急流增强,副热带高压加强,以及东亚等地降水异常增多。本文的研究有助于理解热带海温强烈增暖对出现异常大气环流影响的物理机制。      

The axial angular momentum balance of a global ocean general circulation model

In this study we examine the axial angular momentum balance of a non-eddy-resolving global ocean general circulation model, from the perspective of the geographical and seasonal variability of angular momentum and from the perspective of the torques acting on the ocean through its surfaces. Our purpose is to provide an estimate of the magnitude of the seasonal storage of angular momentum in the ocean and hence the oceanic excitation of variability in length of day, and to elucidate the role of the ocean in transferring angular momentum between the atmosphere and the Earth's crust. We provide an assessment of the reliability of the model results by examining the sensitivity of the angular momentum and torque distributions to several model parameters.Although the Southern Ocean region containing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) makes the largest contribution to both the annual mean oceanic angular momentum and its seasonal variability, inclusion of the rest of the world ocean reduces both of these quantities to about two-thirds of the value of the Southern Ocean alone. The annual, global mean angular momentum is found to be insensitive to most model choices except for the isopycnal diffusivity. The seasonal variability, on the other hand, is insensitive to the isopycnal diffusivity, but sensitive to the smoothness of the representation of topography and moderately sensitive to horizontal and vertical friction parameterizations. The torque balance at all latitudes, including within the Antarctic circumpolar belt, is between wind stress and bottom pressure torques. Horizontal friction torques are small but non-negligible. Bottom friction and storage of angular momentum are negligible in angular momentum budgets on seasonal time scales. Two commonly used wind stress climatologies, one based on historical marine meteorological observations and the other based on operational weather analyses, differ in the sign of the globally integrated wind stress torque.     

热带大气垂直环流圈对海温场响应的数值试验

本文用一个热带地区两层原始方程模式在赤道东太平洋异常增暖和降冷两种情况下,计算了大气的垂直环流圈对海温异常的响应。试验结果进一步发展了Bjerknes的假说,支持了我国气象工作者提出沃克环流和哈得莱环流存在相互制约的发展趋势。同时通过试验对比,我们指出,热带东西海温梯度在形成这两个正交的垂直环流圈中起主导作用,即由这一海温梯度形成的热力性赤道纬圈环流可以引导出与它有相反变化趋势的经圈环流,反之则不然。     

青藏高原积雪异常与大气环流异常间关系分析

在参考前人对青藏高原积雪异常年的划分成果的基础上,初步确定出1957—2003年的典型积雪异常年。采用NCEP提供的全球144×73个格点1957—2003年前一年12月至当年5月100 hPa和500 hPa的月平均高度场资料,分析了青藏高原积雪异常与大气环流异常的相互关系,提出了大气环流异常影响青藏高原积雪异常可能的天气气候成因机制;应用三因子最优子集二级判别,建立了判别青藏高原积雪多雪年/少雪年的判别方程,作为客观、定量判断高原积雪异常的指标;结合初步确定的典型青藏高原积雪异常年,用得到的最优判别方程进行划分,并经反复论证后,确定出1957—2003年青藏高原积雪正常略多年和正常略少年。