东非鲁武马盆地海底水道-朵体体系粗粒浊流沉积物波特征及主控因素

海底水道-朵体体系内粗粒沉积物波的研究可以深化浊流搬运过程的认识。利用先进的地球物理成像技术,通过地震地貌分析,对东非鲁武马盆地海底水道-朵体体系内这种后期易被改造的特殊沉积体进行识别和解释,结合粗粒沉积物波的形态、尺度、移动方式、厚度变化、平面分布等特征,探讨其成因和影响因素。鲁武马盆地近海底水道-朵体体系内的粗粒浊流沉积物波具有多变的地貌和逆行砂丘的底形。水道内粗粒沉积物波规模较小,分布范围局限;水道-朵体过渡带的粗粒沉积物波规模大,波高约45~110 m,波长可达一千余米,总体规模大于其他地区已识别出的粗粒深水沉积物波。构造活动、超临界流产生的水跃作用、地形地貌的变化以及底流作用是鲁武马盆地粗粒浊流沉积物波形成的主控因素。     

孟加拉湾若开盆地深水沉积体系结构单元类型及演化模式

利用多个地震数据体的地震反射特征,分析了孟加拉湾若开盆地深水沉积体系的不同沉积结构单元类型(峡谷、水道及水道复合体、天然堤—漫溢沉积、朵体以及块体搬运沉积)的典型地震响应特征、及其发育的位置,构建了研究区陆架—陆坡—盆底的沉积结构单元演化模式。研究表明,一个深水沉积体系垂向上自下而上的组合样式为:底部块体搬运沉积及厚层大规模朵体沉积,上覆水道复合体沉积,之后为水道—天然堤复合体沉积、以及一些小规模朵体沉积,顶部为薄层深海泥岩沉积。横向上自陆架向深海盆地的发育模式表现为:陆架/上陆坡峡谷—上陆坡侵蚀型水道—下陆坡侵蚀沉积型水道—沉积型水道—盆地朵体。     

西秦岭上三叠统海底扇沉积环境特征与模式

利用浊积岩相、相组合和组合序列分析方法,将西秦岭上三叠统浊积岩系划分为B、C、D、E、G等5个浊积岩相;水道、越岸沉积、舌状体-水道过渡带、舌状体、盆地平原等5个相组合;盆地平原→舌状体和盆地平原→舌状体→舌状体-水道过渡带→水道等2个组合序列。研究结果表明研究层段属海底扇沉积环境,并具有浊流搬运斜坡较陡,冲刷作用强烈;堆积地形平缓,为盆底扇;巳扇体规模较小,水道与舌状体相连等特征。基于上述分析,建立了海底扇的沉积模式。     

周期性阶坎的特征及其对深水沉积研究的意义

周期性阶坎(Cyclic Steps)是指浊流沉积中的长波状(波长/波高垌1)且向上游迁移的高流态底形,以内水跃为界,在海底陡坡和坡折位置常见。回顾了周期性阶坎及相关的超临界浊流底形研究的现状,并以高分辨率多波束测深数据和地震资料为基础,重点介绍了美国、加拿大、及中国南海地区发育的周期性阶坎特征,同时展示了加拿大斯阔米什前三角洲的浊流监测情况和数值模拟结果,讨论了周期性阶坎形成的控制因素和分布范围。通常,发育在活跃海底峡谷-水道内的周期性阶坎相对较小(波长几十米,波高几米),而发育在非受限的天然堤漫溢区和水道-朵体过渡带的周期性阶坎相对较大(波长上千米,波高上百米)。周期性阶坎等超临界浊流底形对陆坡区深水沉积的发育具有重要影响,开展相关研究有助于更好地理解水道-天然堤沉积体系的形成和演化过程,对深水油气储层结构的研究和预测具有指导意义。     

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积体系特征

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积研究是目前世界油气勘探的热点问题之一.通过对三维地震资料、岩心及测井曲线分析,揭示了尼日尔三角洲盆地南部地区新近系深水沉积体系特征.基于不同属性的层序界面识别,研究区划分出SQ1-SQ6共6个三级层序,并建立层序地层格架,进而总结出研究区深水沉积模式.研究区除堆积正常半深海-深海泥岩外,还广泛发育海底扇沉积,海底扇由浊积水道和海底扇朵体组成,其中水道分支少、弯度大,外部形态类似曲流河;朵体平面上成朵叶状分布,可以划分为末端朵体和决口扇朵体.研究区新近系地层自下向上由老到新,相对海平面先下降再上升,SQ1-SQ4层序以海底扇朵体沉积为主,SQ5-SQ6层序以浊积水道沉积为主.      

东非鲁武马盆地渐新统富砂深水朵体复合体特征及影响因素

近年来的天然气发现证实地处东非被动大陆边缘的鲁武马盆地渐新统朵体复合体具有巨大的资源潜力和良好的勘探前景。朵体复合体具有粗粒、巨厚、宽厚比低、向单侧偏转的特征,明显异于常规席状砂。利用油气勘探过程中获得的岩芯、测井及地震信息,分析深水沉积朵体复合体不同级别的岩性特征、电性响应和地震反射特征;借助地震剖面解剖和沿层相干切片识别了不同级别的朵体复合体内部组成,分析朵体复合体的沉积过程,同时探讨了影响朵体复合体沉积的主要因素。研究表明,鲁武马盆地渐新统朵体复合体具有"无根"的外部形态及复杂的地震内部反射结构,可以分为朵体复合体、朵体、朵体单元及层-层组等四个级别。朵体复合体形成于块体搬运沉积之后和水道复合体沉积之前,为下降期体系域晚期的产物,推测海平面变化速率影响朵体复合体储层垂向分布,基准面下降速率越大,单层砂岩厚度越大,两者呈现出正相关的特征。朵体复合体沉积经历了多期朵体的沉积过程:早期填平补齐的限制性沉积,中期多期侧向迁移的非限制性沉积,以及末期边部高弯曲迁移的富泥水道沉积;从补给水道口向朵体复合体远端,伴随浊流强度逐渐衰减,携带粗粒物质的能力逐渐降低,近端及主体部位厚度大,砂泥比高,边缘及远端沉积厚度减薄,砂泥比降低;主体部位的砂泥比是补给水道口及较远端的2～3倍;陆架形态、地形坡度及与基准面之间的关系影响朵体复合体的沉积位置、外部形态及迁移方式:"窄陆架、陡陆坡"促使粗粒、富砂的朵体复合体近源堆积;地形坡度与基准面一致时浊流在陆坡区的"过路不留",导致朵体复合体形成"无根"的外部形态;沿陆坡走向的坡度变化导致朵体的侧向迁移。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷中新统韩江组中上部层序结构及深水重力流沉积

基于地震、测井资料的综合分析开展珠江口盆地白云凹陷中中新世韩江组中上部发育的硅质深水沉积的层序地层、沉积构成和古地理环境研究。韩江组中上部发育1个区域性的二级旋回(CSh),通过不整合面及相应的整合面进一步将该复合层序划分为6个三级层序。一系列陆坡峡谷以及侵蚀作用形成的水道是主要层序界面的重要识别标志,斜坡进积楔、扇朵体的底界面,测井曲线突变以及钙质超微化石的相对低值也可以帮助识别层序界面。盆地的不同位置上层序结构有差异,重力流沉积单元也不同。本次研究在斜坡识别出5种深水沉积单元:浊流水道复合体、斜坡扇、陆坡峡谷、进积楔和半远洋—远洋沉积,在深海盆地识别出扇朵叶体。将浊流水道复合体划分为5种沉积单元:滞留沉积、水道天然堤、滑塌及碎屑流沉积、侧向增生体和末期充填沉积。在陆坡、陆隆以及深水盆地分别识别出侵蚀水道、侵蚀加积水道和加积水道。     

基于地震波形指示反演的东方B气田海底扇砂体精细刻画

莺歌海盆地东方B气田黄流组为浅海重力流海底扇沉积,砂体分布及叠置关系复杂,导致储层非均质性强,气水分布规律难以掌握。在层序地层格架建立的基础上,采用高分辨率的相控地震波形指示反演,井-震结合进行砂体精细刻画。结果表明:黄流组一段低位域发育海底扇沉积,Ⅱb下含气砂组主要为侵蚀水道沉积,砂体厚度大,横向连续性较好;Ⅱb上含气砂组主要为朵体沉积,局部发育侵蚀水道,砂体沉积厚度薄,横向连续性差;Ⅰa含气砂组主要为分流水道沉积,砂体厚度薄,且受后期泥质水道侵蚀切割,砂体平面分割性强。实践证明:地震波形指示反演所反映的水道展布特征符合沉积规律,砂体边界刻画可以解决多口已钻井的气水分布存在的矛盾问题,与后期钻井结果吻合程度高。     

水下沉积物重力流与海底扇相模式研究进展

水下沉积物重力流将大量沉积物搬运至海底,形成了地球上最大的沉积体系——海底扇。综合前人研究成果,梳理水下沉积物重力流的基本概念、分类和识别标志,介绍了现代观测的重要结果和海底扇相模式的研究进展。浊流和碎屑流是重力流最主要的两类流体,浊流为逐层沉积,发育正粒序;碎屑流为整体沉积,垂向无序。由浊流转换为碎屑流的重力流称混合流,陆上洪水入海(湖)形成的浊流称异重流。现代观测的结果表明:浊流底部存在高密度层,横向结构并不都是涌浪型,浊流的持续时间可以长达1周。海底扇通常采用组构分析和层级分类进行研究,由水道、天然堤、朵体、远洋—半远洋沉积和块体搬运沉积组成。水道侧向延伸窄,发育侵蚀结构;天然堤由薄层泥—粉砂质浊积岩组成,横向呈楔形变薄;朵体侧向延伸宽,颗粒粒度集中,侵蚀结构较少。水道的层级从低到高依次为水道单元、水道复合体和水道复合体群。朵体的层级从低到高依次为层、朵体元素、朵体和朵体复合体。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷中新统韩江组中上部层序结构及深水重力流沉积*

基于地震、测井资料的综合分析开展珠江口盆地白云凹陷中中新世韩江组中上部发育的硅质深水沉积的层序地层、沉积构成和古地理环境研究。韩江组中上部发育1个区域性的二级旋回(CSh),通过不整合面及相应的整合面进一步将该复合层序划分为6个三级层序。一系列陆坡峡谷以及侵蚀作用形成的水道是主要层序界面的重要识别标志,斜坡进积楔、扇朵体的底界面,测井曲线突变以及钙质超微化石的相对低值也可以帮助识别层序界面。盆地的不同位置上层序结构有差异,重力流沉积单元也不同。本次研究在斜坡识别出5种深水沉积单元: 浊流水道复合体、斜坡扇、陆坡峡谷、进积楔和半远洋—远洋沉积,在深海盆地识别出扇朵叶体。将浊流水道复合体划分为5种沉积单元: 滞留沉积、水道天然堤、滑塌及碎屑流沉积、侧向增生体和末期充填沉积。在陆坡、陆隆以及深水盆地分别识别出侵蚀水道、侵蚀加积水道和加积水道。     

甘蒙北山中南带新发现燕山早期走滑挤压推覆构造带

近年来在区域调查基础上,于甘蒙北山中南带首次发现了六条由南向北推覆的构造带,在每个推覆陶造带边缘发育大小不一的飞来峰。推覆体走向近东西,推覆在震旦系至中、下侏罗统之上,最大直观推覆距达55km,累积推覆距大于150km,并被上侏罗统不整合覆盖,形成时代为燕山早期。     

Indications of an extreme event deposits along the west coast of India: evidences from GPR investigations

The ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to trace the subsurface details in the Palshet coastal zone (Maharashtra) as it exhibits an interesting array of geomorphological features. Furthermore, our main goal was to identify and locate features that might have formed during a reported extreme event and its effects on the flow of the nearby Sundri River. Two profiles (8 and 4 m depth) were collected across the beach and along the backshore, respectively. While the 8-m depth profile (west to east; across the beach) indicates a series of coastline regression in this area, the 4-m depth profile along the coastline (north to south) in the backshore zone reveals two significant incidents viz., (1) stages of development of the paleo-channels that indicate the migration of the Sundri River towards south and (2) huge sediment deposits up to 2.5-m thick in the backshore area. The erosional relict surface (~2.5 m depth) was traced along with various spells of sediments that perhaps occurred due to an extreme event. Sand samples were collected from two trial pits along the GPR profiles to understand the sedimentology and mineralogy in the backshore area. These data together with beach profiles and geomorphological maps suggest that the sands were deposited by an extreme event perhaps during the 1854 cyclonic storm. The sands were trapped in suitable geomorphological sites along the Palshet coast and these sand deposits of about 2.5 m thickness forced the River Sundri to shift its course towards the south. This new revelation facilitates a further study that could focus on the nearby coastal areas to document such extreme event deposits and their influence on the geomorphic set-up.     

陕西安康—石泉北部金矿成矿地质背景浅析

安康—石泉北部金成矿带位于南秦岭早古生代裂谷盆地次级单元牛山—赤岩地垒,南北两侧分别以安康断裂和麻坪河断裂为界,典型金矿床有羊坪湾、黄龙、鹿鸣等.早古生代裂谷盆地以发育黑色岩系为特征,普遍沉积碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩夹火山岩,特别是浅变质志留系砂泥质岩和印支—燕山期脆韧性剪切带控制着金矿床的形成,前者提供金矿源层,后者促使含金热液运移富集成矿.该地区是金矿成矿带有利区段.     

华北陆台北缘金矿类型及成矿区带

根据华北陆台北缘金矿的赋存部位和富集特点，划分出9种金矿类型。金矿的形成主要受韧性剪切带控制，多形成于韧脆性剪切带的上部；金的迁移和富集经历3个阶段：（1）地体表壳岩矿源层形成阶段；（2）地体拼贴期韧性剪切带形成阶段；（3）中生代、部分古生代岩浆－构造带形成阶段。控制金矿分布的是古生代近EW向和燕山期NE向构造带，主要为继承早期地体拼贴边界的长寿断裂。金矿集中区位于长寿断裂的交汇部位。     

东天山碰撞造山与金铜成矿系统分析

根据碰撞带不同单元按构造一岩石地层划分原则,分出有序和无序两套地层岩石组合,分属两个不同的构造一火山活动带,碰撞造山与韧性剪切带强时空耦合．碰撞带两侧岛弧火山岩和带内碰撞花岗岩特征和成岩成矿时代、地球化学省等表明其较特殊的碰撞造山和陆内造山成盆多阶段演化特点。与碰撞造山有关的金铜矿分七种成因类型。现划10个成矿区带分属两个古陆边缘成矿系统,金矿成矿可分为五个阶段。金铜矿成带分布与碰撞造山演化有关,空间上北部铜矿带,南部金矿带,为今后进一步找矿指明了方向,提出了具体靶区。     

库车新生代构造性质和变形时间

库车构造位于南天山古生代碰撞造山带之南,为塔里木盆地最北的一个构造带。它自北而南可分为边缘逆冲（ 隐伏构造楔） 、斯的克背斜带、北部线性背斜带、拜城盆地、南部背斜带。每个背斜带又包含有若干逆冲断层相关褶皱,它们是断层转折褶皱、断层传播褶皱、滑脱褶皱、断层传播 滑脱混生褶皱、双重逆冲构造、突发构造、三角带构造。底部逆冲断层向南变浅,堆叠逆冲岩席向南变薄,总体上形成一个向南的逆冲构造楔。逆冲断层在斯的克背斜带侵位最早（２５ Ｍａ） ,在北部线性背斜带为１６９ Ｍａ,拜城盆地中的大宛其背斜为３６ Ｍａ,南部背斜带为５３ Ｍａ（ 北部） 和１８ Ｍａ（ 南部） ,变形作用向南变新。库车构造是印 藏板块碰撞的内陆构造响应,是二叠纪前陆盆地复活而成的再生前陆盆地变形带     

Facies of slurry-flow deposits, Britannia Formation (Lower Cretaceous), North Sea: implications for flow evolution and deposit geometry

ABSTRACT Mud‐rich sandstone beds in the Lower Cretaceous Britannia Formation, UK North Sea, were deposited by sediment flows transitional between debris flows and turbidity currents, termed slurry flows. Much of the mud in these flows was transported as sand‐ and silt‐sized grains that were approximately hydraulically equivalent to suspended quartz and feldspar. In the eastern Britannia Field, individual slurry beds are continuous over long distances, and abundant core makes it possible to document facies changes across the field. Most beds display regular areal grain‐size changes. In this study, fining trends, especially in the size of the largest grains, are used to estimate palaeoflow and palaeoslope directions. In the middle part of the Britannia Formation, stratigraphic zones 40 and 45, slurry flows moved from south‐west and south towards the north‐east and north. Most zone 45 beds lens out before reaching the northern edge of the field, apparently by wedging out against the northern basin slope. Zone 40 and 45 beds show downflow facies transitions from low‐mud‐content, dish‐structured and wispy‐laminated sandstone to high‐mud‐content banded units. In zone 50, at the top of the formation, flows moved from north to south or north‐west to south‐east, and their deposits show transitions from proximal mud‐rich banded and mixed slurried beds to more distal lower‐mud‐content banded and wispy‐laminated units. The contrasting facies trends in zones 40 and 45 and zone 50 may reflect differing grain‐size relationships between quartz and feldspar grains and mud particles in the depositing flows. In zones 40 and 45, quartz grains average 0·30–0·32 mm in diameter, ≈ 0·10 mm coarser than in zone 50. The medium‐grained quartz in zones 40 and 45 flows may have been slightly coarser than the associated mud grains, resulting in the preferential deposition of quartz in proximal areas and downslope enrichment of the flows in mud. In zone 50 flows, mud was probably slightly coarser than the associated fine‐grained quartz, resulting in early mud sedimentation and enrichment of the distal flows in fine‐grained quartz and feldspar. Mud particles in all flows may have had an effective grain size of ≈ 0·25 mm. Both mud content and suspended‐load fallout rate played key roles in the sedimentation of Britannia slurry flows and structuring of the resulting deposits. During deposition of zones 40 and 45, the area of the eastern Britannia Field in block 16/26 may have been a locally enclosed subbasin within which the depositing slurry flows were locally ponded. Slurry beds in the eastern Britannia Field are ‘lumpy’ sheet‐like bodies that show facies changes but little additional complexity. There is no thin‐bedded facies that might represent waning flows analogous to low‐density turbidity currents. The dominance of laminar, cohesion‐dominated shear layers during sedimentation prevented most bed erosion, and the deposystem lacked channel, levee and overbank facies that commonly make up turbidity current‐dominated systems. Britannia slurry flows, although turbulent and capable of size‐fractionating even fine‐grained sediments, left sand bodies with geometries and facies more like those deposited by poorly differentiated laminar debris flows.     

ANALYSIS ON GOLD AND COPPER OREFORMING SYSTEM WITH COLLISION OROGENY OF EASTERN TIANSHAN

According to tectono-stratigraphical division principle,different units in KangguertageHuangshan collision zone,Eastern Tianshan,are divided into order and disorder two types of stratum-rock associations,which belong to two kinds of different tectono-volcanic activity belts.The collision ororeny and ductile shear zone have a strong space-time coupling.Based on the island arcbearing volcanic rock on both sides of the collision zone,time of ore-forming and rock-forming,characteristics of collision granit,geochemical province,special multistage collision orogeny and intracontinental orogeny basin-forming developed features have been found.Gold and copper deposits,with the relation to the collision orogeny,are divided into seven genetic types.The ten metallogenic zones are classified into two kinds of ore-forming system of paleo-continental margin.Metallogenesis of gold deposits can be classified into five stages.Gold and copper deposits are distributed in belts with the relation to the development of the collision orogeny.The distribution of main large scale copper deposits in the north part of the collision zone and most large-middle scale gold deposits in the south part of the collision zone can direct the prospecting for gold and copper deposits.The actual targets are put forward.     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起沙湾组油藏输导体系研究

新近系沙湾组是准噶尔盆地车排子凸重要的油气富集层位。在对沙湾组油藏分布、油性进行分析的基础上,结合前 人研究成果,将沙湾组油气的成藏过程分为两个阶段：古油藏阶段和次生调整阶段,并分别论述各阶段的输导体系及其时 空组合关系。古油藏阶段主要发育白垩系底部不整合面和红车断裂带同生逆断层组成的输导体系,研究区北部的白垩系底 面不整合有效输导厚度大,向西逐渐减薄为0;同生逆断裂是控制红车断裂带发育演化的主干断裂,形成时间早,断距 大。次生调整阶段则发育有沙湾组一段底部砂体、红车断裂带后生正断层、艾卡断裂带、凸起之上新近系张性断裂组成的 输导体系,沙一段砂体在凸起之上分布广泛,沉积连续而稳定,呈“毯状”自南向北逐渐减薄,做为最底部的砂体层,是 该阶段主要的横向输导体系;新近纪末期红车断裂带发育了一期正断裂,断裂活动强度大且规模较大,凸起之上则发育一 期与红车断裂带后生正断层同期形成的新近系正断层,凸起南部四棵树凹陷的艾卡断裂活动期长、断距大、延伸远,这些 断层构成了次生调整阶段的纵向输导体系。利用运移通道指数（MPI） 及颗粒荧光定量分析（QGF） 分别预测了白垩系底 不整合面及沙一段毯状砂体的优势运移区。平面上将运移通道指数在0.3以上的区域作为不整合输导层的优势运移区,将 QGF指数值大于3.8的区域作为沙一段毯状砂体的优势运移区。通过分析多套输导体系在油气成藏的不同阶段的空间组合以 及油气分布与输导体系的关系,明确了输导体系对油气成藏的控制作用,预测609井区具备油气输导的有利条件,可作为 下步勘探目标区。     

SEISMIC STUDIES ON THE CRUST-MANTLE STRUCTURE ACROSS KARAMAY-KUCHA IN XINJIANG, CHINA

SEISMIC STUDIES ON THE CRUST-MANTLE STRUCTURE ACROSS KARAMAY-KUCHA IN XINJIANG, CHINA