华北夏季降水的年代际变化及其与东亚地区大气环流的联系

利用1990－1999年华北夏季降水，海平面气压和1950－1999年NCEP月平均资料，借助小波变换研究了华北夏季降水的年代际变化特征，再用合成分析研究了华北夏季降水的年代际变化与东亚地区大气环流的联系，结果表明：近百年的华北夏季降水经历了20世纪30年代末之前和40年代末到70年代末两个多雨期阶段，20世纪30年代末到40年代末和70年代末之后两个少雨期阶段，华北夏季少雨期，东亚夏季风偏弱，亚洲地区500hPa高度场为正距平，副高脊线和北界位置偏南，贝加尔湖附近常伴有阻塞高压存在，而华北夏季多雨期则相反。     

大气环流年代际变化问题

本文对大气环流的年代际变化问题的研究工作和结果作了综合评述并给出了一些新的结果。     

冬季戴维斯海冰年代际变化与大气环流关系

利用北极1°×1°海冰面积指数、海平面气压、500hPa高度场和中国160站气温等资料,运用统计分析方法讨论了戴维斯海峡海冰的长期变化趋势、年代际变化及其与大气环流的关系。结果发现,冬季戴维斯海峡海冰面积呈明显增多趋势,且具有较显著的年代际变化,其长期变化趋势、年代际变化与500hPa高度场的WA型、EU型遥相关、西伯利亚高压及中国北部气温等存在密切的关系。冬季戴维斯海峡海冰在1981年发生突变,突变前后相应高度场、海平面气压场和流场等大气环流场均有显著差异。     

我国冬季气温年代际变化及其与大气环流异常变化的关系

利用我国160个台站50年(1951~2000年)的月平均温度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对我国从1951/1952~1999/2000共49个冬季(11月至次年3月平均)的气温进行经验正交函数(EOF)分解。第1模态表现为全国一致的增温或者降温,20世纪70年代中期以后,我国冬季气温增暖明显,发生了显著的年代际变化;第2模态则表现为南北温度的反相关系,20世纪80和90年代,我国北部地区,特别是东北和西北的温度增加,而我国南部则温度降低。采用频谱分析方法提取我国冬季气温的年代际变化信号更清楚地反映出这些变化。而且这两种模态从20世纪80年代开始的正位相叠加使得我国冬季持续偏暖,在降水场没有显著变化的情况下,加剧了华北地区的干旱程度。对气温的年代际变化与大气环流的回归分析表明,我国冬季气温年代际变化的第1模态与半球尺度上的北极涛动(AO)的变化有密切的关系,它在高度场上表现为一个准正压的南北环状模态;而第2模态则与中高纬大气环流中的一波结构联系密切,它在高度场上表现为一个准正压的太平洋和大西洋上反相的振荡模态。这就表明,我国冬季气温的年代际变化与大气环流中的基本气流及其扰动有密切的关联。作者还讨论了大气环流影响我国冬季气温年代际变化的可能机理,并指出进一步需要研究的问题。     

中国北方暴雪的年代际变化及其与大气环流和北极海冰的联系

采用相关、回归等统计方法,对中国北方暴雪的年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和北极海冰的联系进行探讨。结果表明:中国北方冬季暴雪发生频次较高区域主要位于东北,在空间分布上呈现由西北向东南增加的态势,且存在明显的年代际变化特征:1965—1980年为东北暴雪少发期; 2002—2011年为东北暴雪多发期。分析表明:暴雪少发期,输送至东北的水汽较少;暴雪多发期,更多的水汽输送来自于西北太平洋,同时偏北气流引导的极地冷空气与偏南风引导的太平洋暖湿空气在东北地区汇合,提供暴雪频发的动力条件,造成东北暴雪出现年代际增多。此外,研究发现:前期秋季北极海冰的年代际减少与东北暴雪的年代际增加存在很好的相关性;秋季北极海冰异常偏少导致的大气环流异常主要表现为纬向西风减弱和NAO负位相,由此导致大气经向活动增强,利于极地冷空气向南入侵,且冷空气与暖湿空气在东北地区汇合,这是东北暴雪年代际增加的重要原因之一。     

大气环流的年代际变化 II.GCM数值模拟研究

类似大气环流模式比较计划（AMIP）的数值模拟,将实际观测的海表水温（SST）资料引入模式进行40多年的数值积分,得到长时间的大气环流模拟结果。分析数值模拟结果发现,无论是大气中的主要涛动和遥相关型,还是重要大气环流系统都极为清楚地存在着年代际变化特征,包括10～20年准周期振荡和可能的30年以上的准周期振荡;而且上述主要环流系统的形势及其年代际变化大都与实际观测资料所给出的结果相一致。顺便分析中国东部气候的模拟结果,年代际变化特征（包括60年代的气候突变）也很清楚,并同大气环流变化配合十分合理。结果也表明,同研究季节和年际变化一样,大气环流模式（AGCM）数值模拟也是研究大气环流和气候年代际变化的有效方法。     

大气环流的年代际变化I.观测资料的分析

利用多种资料分析研究了大气环流(包括几个主要大气涛动、一些主要大气环流系统)的时间变化特征.结果清楚地表明大气环流,无论是热带大气还是中高纬度的大气环流,存在着显著的年代际变化特征,主要为10～20年准周期振荡和30多年准周期振荡.北大西洋涛动(NAO)和北太平洋涛动(NPO)的10～20年准周期振荡有近乎同位相特征,而它们的30多年准周期振荡却有近乎反位相变化.西太平洋副高强度与北美大槽强度的变化在10～20年时间尺度既有同位相情况也有反位相情况;但在30多年时间尺度却是基本同位相的.西太平洋副高强度与东亚大槽强度变化在30多年时间尺度也是基本同位相的,且副高变化超前约5～7年.     

模式大气中的年代际变化

用１９４５～１９９３年ＣＯＡＤＳ ＳＳＴ强迫ＡＧＣＭ进行了连续４９年的模拟积分,分析了模式大气中的年代际变化,并和ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料进行了比较。结果表明,模式大气中,无论是热带太平洋风场,还是中、高纬大气环流均存在显著的年代际变化;ＡＧＣＭ基本上能较好地模拟热带太平洋和中、中纬大气环流年代际信号的是分布和时间变化趋势;从时间变化上盾,热带太平洋风场的模拟结果要好于中、高纬大气,说明ＳＳＴ仍然是膨响     

我国冬季极端低温指数的年代际变化特征

前人在研究极端气温时,大多关注其长期变化趋势,而对其年代际变化的研究较少。本文利用1961～2016年全国839个台站的逐日最高气温、最低气温和日平均气温资料,重点分析了我国冬季极端低温指数的年代际变化特征。本文采用谐波分解提取了每个台站冬季极端低温指数前四波分量,将其作为年代际变化分量,并将其累计方差贡献大于25%的台站认为发生了明显的年代际变化的台站。结果表明:呈明显年代际变化的台站主要位于长江以北地区、新疆北部以及青藏高原东部地区。其中,长江以北地区及新疆北部地区的年代际变化在1979年后较为一致,据此可将1979年之后的时段大致划分为前冷期（1979～1986年）、暖期（1987～2007年）和后冷期（2008～2016年）三个时期。上述两个地区的冬季极端低温指数的年代际变化与东大西洋/西俄罗斯遥相关型联系在一起,该遥相关型的年代际变化对应着乌拉尔山阻塞型环流频次和东亚大槽强度的年代际变化。     

东亚夏季风的年际到年代际变化及其与全球大气环流和海表温度的联系

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) underwent an interdecadal variation with interannual variations during the period from 1958 to 1997, its index tended to decline from a higher stage in the mid-1960＇s until it reached a lower stage after 1980＇s. Correlation analysis reveals that EASM is closely related with the global atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST). The differences between the weak and strong stage of EASM shows that, the summer monsoon circulation over East Asia and North Africa is sharply weakened, in the meantime, the westerlies in high latitudes and the trade--wind over the tropical ocean are also changed significantly. Over the most regions south of the northern subtropics, both air temperature in the lower troposphere and SST tended to rise compared with the strong stage of EASM. It is also revealed that the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the western Pacific and Indian Ocean plays a key role in interannual to interdecadal variation of EASM, most probably, the subtropical Indian Ocean is more important. On the other hand, the ENSO event is less related to EASM at least during the concerned period.     

Relationship between ENSO and Winter Rainfall over Southeast China and Its Decadal Variability

In this study,the relationship between El Nin o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and winter rainfall over Southeast China(SC) is demonstrated based on instrumental and reanalysis data.The results show that ENSO and SC winter rainfall(ENSO-SC rainfall) are highly correlated and intimately coupled through an anomalous high pressure over the northwestern Pacific.In mature phase,El Nin o(La Nin a) events can cause more(less) rainfall over SC in winter.Due to the persistence and spring barrier of ENSO,SC winter rainfall has potential predictability of about half a year ahead with ENSO as a predictor.Besides,the ENSO-SC rainfall relationship exhibits decadal variability,closer before the early 1970s(0.47) and after the early 1990s(0.76),but weaker(0.12) between these times.In different periods,atmospheric teleconnection patterns have large differences and the predictability of SC winter rainfall also changes dramatically.For the most recent 20 years,the ENSO-SC rainfall relationship is closest and the prediction of SC winter rainfall anomalies based on ENSO is most creditable.In addition,the causes and mechanisms of the decadal modulation of the relationship between ENSO and SC winter rainfall need to be further studied.     

Decadal Indian Ocean Dipolar Variability and Its Relationship with the Tropical Pacific

A robust decadal Indian Ocean dipolar variability(DIOD) is identified in observations and found to be related to tropical Pacific decadal variability(TPDV).A Pacific Ocean–global atmosphere(POGA) experiment,with fixed radiative forcing,is conducted to evaluate the DIOD variability and its relationship with the TPDV.In this experiment,the sea surface temperature anomalies are restored to observations over the tropical Pacific,but left as interactive with the atmosphere elsewhere.The TPDV-forced DIOD,represented as the ensemble mean of 10 simulations in POGA,accounts for one third of the total variance.The forced DIOD is triggered by anomalous Walker circulation in response to the TPDV and develops following Bjerknes feedback.Thermocline anomalies do not exhibit a propagating signal,indicating an absence of oceanic planetary wave adjustment in the subtropical Indian Ocean.The DIOD–TPDV correlation differs among the 10 simulations,with a low correlation corresponding to a strong internal DIOD independent of the TPDV.The variance of this internal DIOD depends on the background state in the Indian Ocean,modulated by the thermocline depth off Sumatra/Java.     

The Contribution of Extreme Precipitation to the Total Precipitation in China

Using daily precipitation data from weather stations in China, the variations in the contribution of extreme precipitation to the total precipitation are analyzed. It is found that extreme precipitation accounts for approximately one third of the total precipitation based on the overall mean for China. Over the past half century, extreme precipitation has played a dominant role in the year-to-year variability of the total precipitation. On the decadal time scale, the extreme precipitation makes different contributions to the wetting and drying regions of China. The wetting trends of particular regions are mainly attributed to increases in extreme precipitation; in contrast, the drying trends of other regions are mainly due to decreases in non-extreme precipitation.     

Interdecadal Variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Associated Atmospheric Circulations

Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research （NCEP/NCAR） reanalysis data from 1950-1999, interdecadal variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） and its associated atmospheric circulations are investigated. The EASM exhibits a distinct interdecadal variation, with stronger （weaker） summer monsoon maintained from 1950-1964 （1976-1997）. In the former case, there is an enhanced Walker cell in the eastern Pacific and an anti-Walker cell in the western Pacific. The associated ascending motion resides in the central Pacific, which flows eastward and westward in the upper troposphere, descending in the eastern and western ends of the Pacific basin. At the same time, an anomalous East Asian Hadley Cell （EAHC） is found to connect the low-latitude and mid-latitude systems in East Asia, which strengthens the EASM. The descending branch of the EAHC lies in the west part of the anti-Walker cell, flowing northward in the lower troposphere and then ascending at the south of Lake Baikal （40°-50°N, 95°- 115°E） before returning to low latitudes in the upper troposphere, thus strengthening the EASM. The relationship between the EASM and SST in the eastern tropical Pacific is also discussed. A possible mechanism is proposed to link interdecadal variation of the EASM with the eastern tropical Pacific SST. A warmer sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） therein induces anomalous ascending motion in the eastern Pacific, resulting in a weaker Walker cell, and at the same time inducing an anomalous Walker cell in the western Pacific and an enhanced EAHC, leading to a weaker EASM. Furthermore, the interdecadal variation of summer precipitation over North China is found to be the south of Lake Baikal through enhancing and reducing strongly regulated by the velocity potential over the regional vertical motions.     

卑尔根气候模式中大西洋热盐环流年代际与年际变率的气候影响

利用一个全球海气耦合模式--卑尔根气候模式的积分结果,揭示了与大西洋热盐环流(THC)年代际和年际振荡相对应的气候异常型.年代际振荡发生在全海盆尺度,伴有亚速尔高压的增强、冰岛低压的加深;年际振荡发生在局地尺度,伴有亚速尔高压的减弱.这两种海平面气压异常型都反映了北大西洋涛动(NAO)活动中心的强度变化,两种变率型对应的拉布拉多海对流活动都加剧.但伴随局地尺度的THC调整,伊尔明格海的对流活动减弱.蒸发异常对拉布拉多海表层盐度异常的影响较为显著.分析表明,局地尺度的THC振荡主要是对大气强迫的被动响应,而海盆尺度THC振荡的实质是反映整个输送带的强度变化,其气候意义要大于THC的局地振荡.     

Decadal Variability of Extreme Precipitation Days over Northwest China from 1963 to 2012

Daily precipitation data from 153 meteorological stations over Northwest China during summer from 1963 to 2012 were selected to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of extreme summer precipitation frequency. The results show that the extreme precipitation frequency was regional dependent. Southern Gansu, northern Qinghai, and southern Shaanxi provinces exhibited a high extreme precipitation frequency and were prone to abrupt changes in the frequency. Northwest China was further divided into three sub-regions (northern, central, and southern) based on cluster analysis of the 50-yr extreme precipitation frequency series for each meteorological station. The extreme precipitation frequency changes were manifested in the northern region during the late 1970s and in the central region from the end of the 1980s to the 1990s. The southern region fluctuated on a timescale of quasi-10 yr. This study also explored the mechanism of changes in extreme precipitation frequency. The results demonstrate that stratification stability, atmospheric water vapor content, and upward motion all affected the changes in extreme precipitation frequency.     

戴维斯海峡海冰与华北降水的年际关系及其年代际变化

利用北极海冰面积指数和中国160站降水资料，探讨了冬季戴维斯海峡海冰和华北7月降水年际变化的相关特征，并分析了二者年际关系的年代际变化。结果表明，冬季戴维斯海峡海冰与华北7月降水在年际时间尺度上呈反相关关系，1974年前后两者的年际关系由反相关较强转为变弱。冬季戴维斯海峡海冰与中国7月160站降水的年际相关分布在1974年前后由东部型转变为江淮型。     

太平洋次表层海温年代际变率及其突变特征

利用经验正交函数展开和滑动t检验等方法研究了太平洋次表层海温的年代际变率特征。研究表明，太平洋次表层海温在19800年前后从上至下，先后经历了一次显著的年代际突变，而且随深度不同存在着四种不同的空间突变模态，这四种模态的形成与北太平洋海温异常的西南潜沉路径有着密切的联系。从北太平洋窗口区潜沉的年代际信号沿西南路径传播到副热带地区，在温跃层160m上下与西太平洋向东北传播的异常信号汇合。因此，北太平洋沿西南潜沉路径传播的年代际信号对ENSO的影响可能是间接的，而热带西南太平洋则可能扮演更为重要的角色。     

华南集中强降水的年代际变化及环流特征

本文利用中国气象局提供的华南65个站点的逐日观测以及NCEP再分析数据,对华南夏季降水的年代际转变及其集中强降水的环流特点进行了分析,主要结论如下：华南降水在1991/1992有明显的年代际变化,相关的大气环流场也发生了显著的转变。东亚上空的副热带西风急流减弱偏北,西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏西,华南上空低层辐合、高层辐散、垂直运动以及水汽输送的辐合也发生了明显变化。年代际上降水偏多时,西北太平洋和印度洋的水汽输送比平均情况更强。当集中强降水事件发生时,增加的水汽输送主要源于西北太平洋和中国南海。进一步分析表明1991/1992年之后印度洋的水汽输送增加,但是西北太平洋的水汽输送减少。这一发现很好的说明了自1991/1992年以来华南集中强降水事件的重要变化。     

Structure and Evolution of Decadal Spiciness Variability in the North Pacific during 2004-20,Revealed from Argo Observations

Ocean spiciness is referred to as density-compensated temperature and salinity variations with warm(cool)and salty(fresh)waters having high(low)spiciness,respectively.The structure and evolution of density-compensated(warm/salty or cool/fresh)spiciness anomalies are investigated in the North Pacific thermocline using Argo observations during the period 2004-20.Two well-organized decadal spiciness events are identified through isopycnal surface analyses.One warm/salty spiciness anomaly of about 0.15°C and 0.05 g kg^?1temperature and salinity perturbations on the 25 kg m^?1isopycnal surface appeared in the eastern subtropical North Pacific at(18°-30°N,120°-150°W)in 2007,which then migrated southwestward along the mean circulation and arrived in the western tropics at(~15°N,145°E-175°W)in 2012-13,with the reduced salinity perturbation of about 0.043 g kg^?1.Another cool/fresh spiciness anomaly of about?0.2°C and?0.07 g kg^?1temperature and salinity perturbations originated from the eastern subtropics at(120°-150°W,~30°N)in 2014 and followed a similar advective pathway during the period from 2014-15 to 2019-20.The subduction pathway can be adequately determined by the mean Montgomery stream function on the isopycnal surface;the propagation direction and speed are in good agreement with the expectation for the role played by advection due to the mean geostrophic current.Moreover,the subducted decadal spiciness anomalies can have negative feedback on sea surface temperature(SST)variability in the western tropical Pacific through the diapycnal processes.The identifications of these density-compensated spiciness anomalies and their propagation pathways provide a clear illustration of the oceanic extratropics-tropics interactions in the North Pacific Ocean.