乌鲁木齐市地貌环境与城市建设

乌鲁木齐市地貌环境兼有山地和平原城市的特点。地貌类型及其物质结构复杂多样,地震、山洪泥石流、滑坡、道路冻胀、采空塌陷是威胁城市建设的主要灾害地貌过程。根据新构造、形态成因、区域性以及城市总体规划等原则,将乌鲁木齐市地貌区划为2个大区和13个小区、各区之间地貌结构、区域稳定性均有差异。城市建设应针对各区的地貌环境特征采取相应的规划布局方案和扩建改造措施。     

关于平原城市地貌制图的探讨——以武汉市为例

大比例尺的城市地貌系列图是高度概括和综合反映地貌环境的实体和演变趋势，并向城市规划、部门提供地貌信息的最佳方式。对研究平原城市最为重要的基础图件是，地面坡度及坡地形态示量图，地势起伏程度图、地表组成物质分布图以及地貌类型图。     

通化市环境地貌与城市建设研究

通过对通化市地貌过程、地表形态和地面组成物质的研究 ,划分出十种不同的环境地貌类型 ,阐述不同环境地貌条件对城市的布局、道路建设、给排水系统等的影响 ,探讨城市发展的方向与城市建设。     

上海城市地貌环境的致灾性

随着城市化和再城市化的快速发展,上海城市地貌环境呈现出明显的致灾性。通过从地貌物质、地貌过程和地貌形态三方面进行了剖析,认为地貌物质中含水沙层广泛发育和层数多是地貌灾害发生的重要因素,其横向上的不连续性、成因和形成时间的差异性更为地貌灾害的发生埋下阴影;地势低平及中心城区碟形洼地的存在使得洪水构成对上海城市安全的最大威胁;高强度人类活动不仅改变城市自然地貌面(下垫面)的性质、特征和规模,而且直接导致它的沉降变形,从而使城市地貌环境更为脆弱和致灾机制的复杂化。特别是地貌形变过程的不可逆性,已引起城市自然地理其它要素(如水文、气候等)的一系列变化和造成城市生态环境的恶化,对城市规划建设起到明显的制约作用。上海只有重视城市地貌资源的合理利用和城市地貌环境的有效保护才能走上健康、持续的发展道路。     

通化市环境地貌与城市建设研究

通过对通化市地貌过程、地表形态和地面组成物质的研究，划分出十种不同的环境地貌类型，阐述不同环境地貌条件对城市的布局、道路建设、给排水系统等的影响，探讨城市发展的方向与城市建设。     

试论城市地貌环境与城市道路系统的关系*——以四川省几个城市为例

本文分析了城市地貌环境对城市道路系统的影响,认为地貌过程不仅影响了城市道路的建设和管理,而且是城市道路系统布局和发展的重要控制因素。以四川省几个城市为例,分析了山地城市、丘陵城市和平原城市道路系统的不同特点。     

国外城市地貌研究综述

本文介绍了国外城市地貌研究的兴起与发展及城市地貌研究的主要内容。地貌对城市的地域结构、形态、景观和功能等多方面均有深刻的影响。“二战”之后,在大规模的城市建设过程中,城市区域的水陆生态系统受到强烈扰动,地貌和环境问题日渐突出。在这种背景下,促进了２０世纪五六十年代国外城市地貌研究的开展。研究内容涉及城市化区域本身及其影响范围内水陆生态系统的方方面面,主要包括城市化对城市气候、风化作用、水文和水资源     

中国的城市地貌研究

介绍一门新地理学分科—城市地貌学，总结近些年中国城市地貌研究取得的主要成就和存在的问题，展望城市地貌学在中国的未来发展。     

咸阳城市地貌,新构造运动与地震安全性

从咸阳市区（包括秦都区、渭城区的辖区范围）的地质构造基础、地貌类型格局及新构造运动表现诸方面分析咸阳城市的地貌环境、地震安全性，阐明地貌环境对城市发展建设的局限因素。咸阳市区地质构造隶属于渭河断陷盆地，其外围被纵横切割的断裂带环绕，历史上无破坏性强震记载，却屡受邻区强震波及致灾，对此应慎重防范。     

昆明市地貌条件与城市发展浅论

本文首先分析了昆明能成为大城市的地貌基础及其平面形态与地貌的关系，进而分析了自然地貌类型对城市发展的影响，最后分区论述了地貌条件与城市发展的适宜性，并对今后城市发展的宏观调控方向提出了建设性意见。     

成都市城市地貌图的设计与编制

设计城市地貌图应注重城市地貌在建城区、边缘区和城市经济辐射区范围内的区域分异规律。编制城市地貌图应遵循：环境功能，应用性，突出重点和图面协调三个原则。据此编制了成都市１：６５００建城区，１：５万边缘区和１：２０万城市经济辐射区三种城市地貌图。     

Geologically constrained changes to landforms caused by human activities in the 20th century: A case study from Fukuoka Prefecture,Japan

Human activity has been recognized to be an important geomorphic agent, and the resulting changes to landforms and land cover are regarded as a global problem. Although there has been much research into the relationships between geomorphic processes and types of land use such as agriculture, mining, and urbanization, it is important to clarify spatiotemporal human impacts on topography on a regional scale when predicting future changes in land cover.This study examined changes in land use to clarify the distribution and impact of anthropogenic changes to landforms, as well as the influence of geology on the extent of these changes. In a case study from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, changes in land use over the last century were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS). The study area, which covers approximately 4930 km², has experienced urban development since 1950 and has a current population of over 5 million. Land use data were prepared using paper-based early editions of topographic maps. Subsequently, the distribution of anthropogenic landforms was evaluated by comparing landforms with regional geological data.GIS analysis using our prepared land use data, landform data, and regional geological data has clarified the following characteristics of the study area. (1) Land uses prior to 1950 were constrained by topographic relief. After 1950, land use was characterized by urban sprawl. Urban areas expanded and contained both higher elevations and steeper slopes at their margins. The relationships between land uses and landforms during this urbanization are unclear. (2) The area of urban land increased in the geological regions with Paleogene sedimentary rocks (PSD) and Mesozoic granitic rocks (GR) during the 20th century. The largest coal mining area in Japan was located in the PSD geological regions, and ancient iron working was common in the GR geological regions, particularly during the 7th century. This result indicates that the land use distribution, especially urban areas in sloping terrain, is related to the regional geology. (3) Deforestation related to land use resulted in steeper terrain in forest land in the PSD and GR geological regions. These changes to landforms in forest areas occurred as a result of rapid urban sprawl and have created many new boundaries between forest areas with steeper slopes and urban areas with gentler slopes. This phenomenon may have caused an increase in the frequency of sediment-related disasters.This case study indicates that predictions of anthropogenic changes to landform, which are important for the assessment of global climate change and natural hazards, must clarify the relationships between land uses, landforms, and regional geology.     

张家界水环境演变与旅游发展关系

通过实地监测并全面分析张家界国家森林公园水环境演变趋势，发现金鞭溪水质下降最为明显，而且随着游客的逐年增多，呈现出加速恶化的趋势。金鞭溪水质恶化主要表现为蓝藻，绿藻迅速繁殖，感官质量下降，主要原因是上游接待区锣鼓塔排出的污水中总磷超标，通过建立基于环境脆弱因子的动态阈值模型，计算得出：在不超出张家界景区最为脆弱的环境因子－金鞭溪水质标准：总磷≤0．02前提下，金鞭溪上游接待区住宿设施生态阈值，春季临界床位数1186，夏季为3057，冬季为545，秋季为333。     

基于多源数据和深度学习的城市边缘区判定

城市边缘区的定量分析及判定,对城市发展评价和规划,或是城市空间结构研究都具有重要意义。然而现有研究的边缘区判定指标选择过于单一,判定结果过于破碎,城市预设边界、水体及城市绿地对边缘区判定结果干扰大。针对上述问题,从自然、人口、社会经济的视角出发,以遥感影像、人口数据、POI大数据为数据基础,结合深度学习技术,构建基于多源数据和深度学习的城市边缘区判定方法,进行广州市城市边缘区判定及城市结构空间分布特征分析。结果表明：① 此方法能将城市划分为核心区-边缘区-外缘区,判定结果不会受到预设边界范围的影响,且消除了城市内部水体和城市绿地所造成的破碎化;② 城市边缘区与路网耦合良好;③ 广州市的城市核心区空间分布合理。综上所述,此方法能有效检测城市边缘地带,且结果符合实际情况,能为城市规划、政府决策提供参考。     

Teaching about relict, no-analog landscapes

Only a few very young landforms are the result of currently operating geomorphic processes. Because the time scale for landscape evolution is much longer than the time scale for late Cenozoic climate changes, almost all landscapes are palimpsests, written over repeatedly by various combinations of climate-determined processes. Relict glacial and periglacial landforms are widely identified in mid-latitude regions that have been traditionally described as having been shaped by the “normal” processes of fluvial erosion. Less confidently, deeply weathered regolith and associated relict landforms in the middle and high latitudes are attributed to early Tertiary warmth. However, assemblages of geomorphic processes specific to certain climatic regions, like faunal and floral assemblages, cannot be translated across latitude, so in spite of the many books about the geomorphology of specific modern climate regions, there are few sources that discuss former warm high-latitude, or cold low-latitude, low-altitude geomorphic processes that have no modern analogs. Students and teachers alike who attempt to interpret landforms by extrapolating modern climatic conditions to other latitudinal zones will find their outlook broadened, and they become better prepared to consider the geomorphic impacts of global climate change.     

A geomorphological approach to sustainable planning and management of the coastal zone of Kuwait

The coastal zone in Kuwait has been under a considerable pressure from conflicting land uses since the early 1960s, as well as from the destruction and oil pollution caused by the Gulf War. To avoid further damage and to protect the coastal heritage it is essential to adopt an environmentally sustainable management process. This paper shows how the study of coastal geomorphology can provide a sound basis for sustainable planning and management. Based on coastal landforms, sediments and processes, the coastline of Kuwait was divided into nine geomorphic zones. These zones were grouped into two main geomorphic provinces. The northern province is marked by extensive muddy intertidal flats and dominated by a depositional and low-energy environment. The southern geomorphic province is characterised by relatively steep beach profiles, rocky/sandy tidal flats and a moderate to high-energy environment. The study has demonstrated that pollution, benthic ecology and other environmental conditions of the coast are a function of coastline geomorphology, sedimentology and related processes. The geomorphological information was used to determine the coastal vulnerability and to assess the environmental impacts of development projects and other human activities. Several strategies were outlined to integrate the geomorphic approach into the management of the coastal resources.     

火星风沙地貌研究进展

作为最活跃的地貌塑造外营力,风力作用在火星表面塑造了各种各样的地貌形态。对火星风沙活动及风沙地貌的认识是随着观测和探测技术的进步而逐渐明确的。火星沙丘在北极地区连绵成带状分布,在其他地区分布比较零散,且主要与撞击坑、河谷和山谷相伴分布。火星风沙地貌与地球上相应的地貌类型形态相似而规模更大,表明两个星球上塑造风沙地貌的动力系统具有一定的相似性。火星沙丘主要由玄武岩质（北极部分沙丘为石膏质）颗粒堆积而成,沉积物粒度比地球粗,主要是由中沙和粗纱组成。随着获取影像时空分辨率的提高和着陆器在火星近表面的观测,发现火星上部分区域的沙丘和沙波纹比较活跃。同地球一样,火星风沙地貌也可指示火星气候的变化。     

乡村人口迁出对生态脆弱地区植被覆被的影响——以内蒙古自治区为例

生态脆弱地区的生态环境状况改善和治理一直是各级政府部门和学者关注的焦点问题。过去10余年,中国城镇化进程发展迅速,生态脆弱地区乡村劳动力大量迁出。那么劳动力人口迁出会在多大程度上影响脆弱地区植被覆被状况的变化呢?本研究利用2000-2010年的NDVI数据、气象观测数据和社会经济数据,采用趋势线分析、显著性检验和多元回归分析等方法,对内蒙古地区植被覆被状况的变化进行了分析,并在县级尺度上定量评估了乡村劳动力人口迁移对区域植被覆被状况的影响。结果表明：① 2000-2010年,内蒙古自治区植被覆被总体呈上升趋势,其中超过28%的地区植被覆被状况显著改善,只有约2%的地区存在较强的退化趋势;② 植被覆被显著退化的地区呈条带状分布于内蒙古自治区中部农牧交错带北部边缘;植被覆被显著改善的地区主要位于内蒙古自治区的东南部与西部地区;③ 2000-2010年,农业劳动力对植被覆被状况的影响已经超过了气候等自然因素的作用,农业劳动力迁出对植被覆被状况提高有显著的促进作用。     

Quaternary landscape evolution in the San Jacinto fault zone,Peninsular Ranges of Southern California: Transient response to strike-slip fault initiation

Well-constrained case studies of transient landscape response to external forcing are needed to improve our understanding of erosion processes in tectonically active mountain belts. The Peninsular Ranges portion of the San Jacinto fault zone (SJFZ) is an excellent location for such a study because it displays pronounced geomorphic disequilibrium resulting from initiation of a major strike-slip fault in the past 1.0 to 2.5 million years. We recognize two geomorphic domains in this region: (1) a relict low-relief upland domain consisting of broad flat valleys and low-gradient streams and (2) very steep, rough topography with deeply incised canyons and retreating erosional knickpoints. Pleistocene sediments exposed along and near the SJFZ include fluvial conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone, with weak paleosols and west- to NW-directed paleocurrents. These sediments accumulated in a low-gradient stream system (represented by domain 1) during an early phase of slip in the SJFZ, prior to the modern phase of erosion and degradation (domain 2). Late Pliocene or early Pleistocene initiation of the SJFZ triggered a wave of headward erosion and stream capture that is still migrating NW along the fault zone. Using the total distance that capture points have migrated along the fault zone and a range of possible ages for fault initiation, the rate of knickpoint retreat is estimated at ∼ 12 to 44 km/my.To explore the signal of transient geomorphic response to fault initiation, we analyzed 23 tributaries along an ∼ 20-km portion of the main fault valley within domain 2. The analysis reveals three zones with distinctive morphologies: (1) strongly convex longitudinal profiles in the NW, (2) a large (ca. 5–6 km²) landslide in the central zone, and (3) concave tributaries in the SE with profile complexity decreasing and catchment area increasing from NW to SE. The distribution of these zones suggests close spatial and temporal association of active fault slip, bedrock incision, deep-seated landslides, and erosional modification. The fundamental driving force behind these processes is profound geomorphic disequilibrium resulting from initiation of the SJFZ. We suggest that landslides may have played a significant role in shaping the morphology of this fault zone, and that the influence of landslides may be underestimated in areas where characteristic landforms and deposits are obscured by later erosion and faulting.