白洋淀沉积物氮磷赋存特征及其内源负荷

白洋淀环境整治对区域生态文明建设具有重要意义,然而,目前对加剧白洋淀富营养化的内源氮、磷污染负荷依然缺乏系统的研究.本研究以野外调研和室内培养实验相结合形式,在白洋淀主要水域内采集原位柱状沉积物样品,详细地研究了白洋淀沉积物中氮、磷赋存形态、间隙水中氮、磷剖面特征以及沉积物-水界面氮、磷交换特征.结果表明,白洋淀沉积物总氮、总磷含量分别为1230.8~9559.0 mg/kg（均值2379.5 mg/kg）和344.4~915.4 mg/kg（均值608.4 mg/kg）,氮、磷累积污染量大.沉积物中铵态氮赋存量大（3.2~175.8 mg/kg）,由此导致间隙水中铵态氮浓度较高,最高达到28.8 mg/L.沉积物磷形态以Ca-P和Fe-P为主,分别占总量的38.3%~76.1%和3.98%~18.0%,间隙水中磷酸盐浓度已接近甚至高于国内外典型富营养湖区.间隙水中高浓度的铵态氮和磷酸盐导致沉积物-水界面氮、磷交换通量较高,铵态氮平均释放和扩散通量分别为106.37和12.42 mg/（m²·d）;磷酸盐平均释放和扩散通量分别为15.06和2.33 mg/（m²·d）,沉积物内源氮、磷污染负荷较高,已严重威胁到白洋淀水环境质量,迫切需要整治.其中,北部河口区域以及中部府河入湖区和人口密集活动区沉积物氮、磷内源负荷尤为突出,应成为白洋淀沉积物内源污染整治的关键区域.     

东巢湖沉积物水界面氮、磷、氧迁移特征及意义

以东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物为研究对象,在沉积物氮、磷营养盐分析的基础上,采用沉积物柱状芯样静态释放模拟法定量评估研究区域沉积物—水界面氨氮、溶解性活性磷酸盐营养盐释放潜力,利用微电极非损伤测定技术获得沉积物—水微界面溶解氧(DO)剖面分布及微界面DO消耗和扩散特征.结果表明:东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物氮、磷污染物蓄积量较高,受TN、TP污染程度较重.沉积物内源氨氮、磷酸盐释放明显,平均释放速率分别达到32.44 mg/(m~2·d)和1.25mg/(m~2·d),区域内沉积物已成为水柱中氮、磷营养盐的污染源.研究区域上覆水体处于好氧状态,沉积物—水微界面平均DO穿透深度(OPD)达到5.3 mm,平均DO扩散通量为4.56 mmol/(m~2·d),表现出良好的DO扩散能力.沉积物内源氨氮和磷酸盐释放能力与表层沉积物TN/TP物质含量及沉积物—水微界面DO穿透深度有关,在沉积物氮、磷污染较重的情况下,DO穿透深度越低越有利于氮、磷污染物从沉积物向上覆水体释放.     

太湖沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移机制及定量化——1.铵态氮释放速率的空间差异及源-汇通量

采集柱状芯样,室内静态模拟不同温度下太湖沉积物铵态氮释放.结果表明,经面积加权,5℃、15℃和25℃下氮的交换速率分别为-16.0±17.6mg/穴m2·d雪、12.6±6.9mg/穴m2·d雪和34.1±20.8mg/穴m2·d雪,不同湖区其释放速率差异极大.受外源污染影响较大的水域,氮释放量随温度的升高而增加;受死亡残体沉降和分解影响明显的草藻型湖区,氮的年释放通量较大.全太湖沉积物-水界面NH4 -N的年净通量为9960.3±4960.0t,其中成汇的通量值约为-911±637.9t/a,大部分泥区在一年中至少经过了一次的源-汇转换过程.     

湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应：II．内源氮释放控制作用

通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源氮释放的控制效果．研究结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中有机质含量与孔隙水中NH4^＋含量．在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的NH4’通量分别为5．3至18．6mg／（m2·d）与-9．4至67．5mg／（m2·d）,疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的Nm＋通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年5-12月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面NH4^＋释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的NH4^＋的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物．研究结果表明,在外源得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源氮负荷有效的技术手段．     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物-水界面氮迁移特征初步研究

用乙炔为抑制剂,气相色谱法测定了１９９７年夏季太湖梅梁湾口沉积物－水界面的反硝化率和Ｎ２Ｏ的自然排放率,太湖梅梁湾沉积物的反硝化率为１．４－５．６μｍｏｌＮ２／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）,Ｎ２Ｏ的复原斐和率为０．０８－０．６６μｍｏｌＮ２／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）,探讨了沉积物－水界面ＮＯ＾－３的交换动态。指出沉积物内硝化－反硝化作用是太湖湖泊生态系统氮循环过程中一个重要的环节。在湖泊水土界面氮交换中,沉积物是具有吸收     

好氧和厌氧条件对霞浦湖沉积物-水界面氮磷交换的影响

在实验室控制条件下,研究了日本霞浦湾和湖心区底泥中形态氮磷,在好氧和厌氧条件下水土界面交换量变化及差异,结果表明;好氧条件下,ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ,ＮＯ＾－２－Ｎ,ＮＨ＾＋４,－Ｎ,和ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ均有释放作用产生,量值多数较小,ＤＴＮ和ＤＴＰ则净释放作用接近零;厌氧条件下,ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ和ＮＯ＾－２－Ｎ呈负释放状态,ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ和ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ的释放速率是好氧条件下的２－８倍。     

太湖水体中胶体磷含量初探

室内静态模拟不同温度下太湖15个湖区柱状沉积物磷酸根释放,分析了相应表层沉积物形态磷,以及梅梁湾间隙水中相关离子Al(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)、Ca(Ⅱ)和PO43-含量的季节变化．研究表明,受陆源影响较大的泥区通常是太湖内源磷的稳定源;而在开敞度较大的湖区,由于表层沉积物胶体的物化吸附,使得温度对底泥磷释放的影响作用减弱,并易产生磷的“内汇”现象;在梅梁湾区成汇区,还加上春夏季藻类的局部超负荷需磷这一控制因素,从而使得太湖大部分泥区在一年中至少发生一次源-汇转换过程．化学热力学分析揭示,Al-P较之Fe-P和Ca-P更易在界面发生溶解可能是太湖表层沉积物Al-P与PO43-P释放速率呈显著相关(r=0．3858>r1-0．01,n=45)的内在原因．虽然沉积物中Fe-P有较高的释磷潜力,但浅水湖所营造的沉积物表层氧化层和广泛覆盖的无机胶体及粘土矿物的强吸附介质,可能是抑制沉积物中Fe-P释放成为优势的主要因素．估算太湖沉积物-水界面磷的净通量为899．4±573．6 t／a,约占太湖磷入湖量的1／4-1／2,其中成汇通量约为-91．2±42．4 t/a．     

太湖底泥及其间隙水中氮磷垂直分布及相互关系分析

对太湖主要湖区柱状样底泥的总氮、总磷含量及其间隙水铵态氮（ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ）、磷酸根磷（ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ）和二价铁Ｆｅ（ＩＩ）含量进行了分析,并对底泥和间隙水中相应物质含量进行了比较,结果表明：太湖近表层１０ｃｍ内底泥ＴＮ、ＴＰ赋存含量较之下层高１２％－２０％左右,间隙水中ＰＯ＾３＋４－Ｐ和ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ含量随浓度增加而大致呈上升趋势,表层未见高浓度层存在,各湖区底泥间隙水中ＰＯ＾３＋４－Ｐ和ＮＨ＾     

福建山仔水库不同季节表层沉积物内源磷负荷分析

对山仔水库沉积物各形态磷的季节性特征以及夏、冬季磷释放速率进行研究.结果表明,该水库表层沉积物含有较丰富的磷,4个季节各采样点表层沉积物总磷含量范围为(521.23±7.60)~(1255.54±11.03)μg/g,夏季各采样断面中总磷含量及各形态磷含量均高于其他季节.表层沉积物磷以无机磷为主,且主要赋存形态为铁/铝结合态磷.活性较大的铁/铝结合态磷和有机磷占总磷量的77%~90%.柱状样模拟实验结果表明:夏季溶解性磷释放平均速率范围在1.66~2.49 mg/(m2·d),冬季溶解性磷释放平均速率范围为0.69~1.29 mg/(m2·d),夏季各采样点表层沉积物磷释放速率约为冬季的2倍.由于水温分层,夏季沉积物释放的溶解性磷主要滞留在上覆层,但夏季暴雨天气可能导致水温分层破坏,沉积物释放的溶解性磷对水体将产生重要影响;冬季由于水温分层破坏导致上、下水层混合,沉积物释放的溶解性磷被带到上层,对上覆水体水质的影响不容忽视.     

藏南沉错钻孔沉积物金属元素分布特征及其与粒度的关系

从沉积物磷的化学形态特征、沉积物-水界面的环境条件和水库的水文参数等角度探讨了山仔水库沉积物磷对上覆水体的磷浓度贡献,并从沉积物间隙水与水体垂向溶解性磷的浓度梯度估算对水体磷浓度的贡献大小．结果表明：山仔水库沉积物具有大的释放磷的潜力,沉积物间隙水和水体之间存在着明显的溶解性磷的浓度梯度,沉积物的溶解性磷释放通量在0．0420—0．167μg／（cm^2·d））之间,沉积物磷对水体营养贡献大小在0．7％-6％之间,其中秋冬季节沉积物磷对水体的贡献大于春夏季节,当外源减少时,沉积物磷负荷在一定时间内将成为水库营养状态的重要贡献因子。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.