简化VVP反演算法在台风风场反演中的应用

多普勒雷达资料的体积速度处理VVP(Volume Velocity Processing)风场反演方法可反演风场的3维结构,但由于算法的系数矩阵病态问题易导致反演风场产生误差。本文针对VVP算法中反演参数的性质,进行了简化算法的模拟检验和误差分析。选取量级最大的3个主要参量进行反演,引入随机的观测误差,通过改变模拟风速确定了反演算法的适用范围。对比结果发现,简化算法的反演结果对观测误差并不敏感,而且从低仰角到高仰角的均方根误差基本不变,当风速较大时,反演的精度会更准确。对0608"桑美"台风的风场反演表明,该算法较真实地反演出了台风中心及眼区外围的风场,并与Rankine台风模型相符。研究表明,简化VVP算法可清晰地揭示台风内部水平风场的3维结构,可以应用于台风等灾害性天气的风场反演与分析。     

一种消除全极化微波辐射顺/逆风向遥感模糊性的新方案——算法研究

全极化微波辐射计可以进行海面风速和风向测量.由于地物模型函数本身的特征以及辐射计的各种测量噪声,通常会出现最后反演出的风向往往不是与真实风向最接近的情况.如果不进行全极化辐射计扫描观测单元与定标单元的优化设置,可能会出现风向反演的顺/逆风180°模糊性问题.这将大大降低全极化辐射计海面风向反演的精度.采用Monte Carlo方法研究全极化辐射计海面风向反演出现的顺/逆风向模糊性的特点和消除方案.根据模拟反演的结果,提出一种根据第一次扫描的第一、第二风向解和第二次扫描的第一风向解选择最终风向值的算法.该算法消除了顺/逆风向反演的模糊性,在一定程度上提升了全极化辐射计的性能,并为进一步设计全极化辐射计的星上实际应用方案提供了理论依据.     

合成孔径雷达图像的近岸海面风场反演

根据海面微波散射原理，给出了星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像海面风场反演的方法。该方法包括SAR图像辐射定标、海面风向确定和风速计算。利用该方法由加拿大RadarsatSAR图像反演获得了中国海南省东南部近岸海区海面风场，并与预报风场作了比较。结果显示，二者相符得很好，风速的均方根误差为0.94m/s，风向的均方根误差为4.03°。     

反射率因子和径向速度共同约束反演多普勒雷达风场

多普勒雷达可以提供降水回波区的风场信息。为了充分运用雷达资料分析中小尺度天气过程,本文假设反射率因子在短时间内的运动满足拉格朗日守恒,提出了采用连续两次的反射率因子回波和径向速度数据共同约束的方法来反演风场,在反演过程中避免了对径向速度的分布进行假设。针对连续两个时次之间反射率回波运动中产生的不同程度的误差做了模拟风场试验,结果表明,当回波运动随机误差不超过40%时,反演结果较为可靠。另外,本文还利用此风场反演方法进行两次中尺度天气过程的实例分析。结果表明,该方法反演的风场与实际风场结构相符,具有一定的应用价值。     

Application of MK-PRISM for interpolation of wind speed and comparison with co-kriging in South Korea

The spatial distribution of wind speed is important information required to understand climate-related regional phenomena. This paper presents the Modified Korean Parameter-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (MK-PRISM) as a method for spatial interpolation of monthly wind speeds. A database of gridded monthly mean wind speeds with a spatial resolution of 1 km for the period of March 2011–February 2014 is constructed by MK-PRISM. Wind speed observation data collected from the 529 to 641 meteorological stations in South Korea were utilized as the input data for interpolation. The wind speed distribution estimated by co-kriging is used for comparison with the MK-PRISM results. Research demonstrates that the efficiency difference between the two models, MK-PRISM and co-kriging, is insignificant. The Kling and Gupta efficiencies of both models were 0.68-0.78 and the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 0.44-0.68 m/s. The spatial distribution of wind speeds, however, differs between MK-PRISM and co-kriging, which can be considered a reflection of the influence of topographic features such as terrain convexity, aspect, and coastal proximity. MK-PRISM can perform more appropriately to represent the phenomena where similar wind speeds appear continuously along ridges and coastlines. This suggests that a knowledge-based approach that considers topographic features can be successfully applied to the interpolation of monthly or seasonal wind speeds, similar to temperature and precipitation. The wind speed distribution generated by MK-PRISM can be utilized as important data for different geographical studies.     

Generation and Validation of two Day Composite Wind Fields from Oceansat-2 Scatterometer

The Oceansat-2 scatterometer (OSCAT) of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), provides surface wind speed and direction with a spatial resolution of 50 km × 50 km. With a revisit time of 2 days it had provided ocean surface wind vectors over the global oceans. In the present work, an attempt has been made to generate two day composite of OSCAT wind vectors using Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) and compare them with daily composite winds to check how better is the two day composites in comparison to daily composites. The daily and two days composite wind vectors of zonal (U) and meridional (V) components have been validated with wind measurements from in situ buoys and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) for the year 2012 over the tropical Indian Ocean region. The statistical comparison with the in situ measurements and ASCAT has shown that the two-day OSCAT wind composites are slightly better than the daily composite winds. The improvement in the statistics can be attributed to the use of ascending and descending passes pertaining to two days which results in fewer gaps between passes, thereby reducing the interpolation errors.     

一种消除全极化微波辐射计顺/逆风向遥感模糊性的新方案——星上定标和扫描机制设计的有关考虑

从观测方式的角度出发,讨论消除全极化微波辐射计遥感风向(顺风/逆风)模糊性的具体实施方案,提出合理进行星上定标和对地观测的设计思想.在研究全极化辐射计星上外定标方法的基础上,依据消除海面风向反演模糊性的算法,提出一种采用侧视扫描的机制,设计了在星上实现全极化微波辐射计对同一面元进行前、后两次扫描的具体方案,给出了一种在扫描周期内合理分配观测方位角和定标单元的方法.模拟结果表明,采用这种机制可以有效消除全极化辐射计风向反演存在的顺/逆风180°模糊,使风向反演精度大大提高.同时,考虑到卫星上空间资源的限制,单侧扫描刈幅宽度还能够达到760km以上,能够满足在较短的时间内覆盖全球的时间分辨率的要求.     

NOAA/AVHRR sea surface temperature accuracy in the East/Japan Sea

Sea surface temperature (SST) retrieved from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar orbiting environmental satellites were validated in the East/Japan Sea (EJS) using surface drifter measurements as ground truths from 2005 to 2010. Overall, the root-mean-square (rms) errors of multichannel SSTs (MCSSTs) and non-linear SSTs (NLSSTs) using global SST coefficients were approximately 0.85°C and 0.80°C, respectively. An analysis of the SST errors (satellite – drifter) revealed a dependence on the amount of atmospheric moisture. In addition, satellite-derived SSTs tended to be related to wind speeds, particularly during the night. The SST errors also demonstrated diurnal variations with relatively higher rms from 0.80°C to 1.00°C during the night than the day, with a small rms of about 0.50°C. Bias also exhibited reasonable diurnal differences, showing small biases during the daytime. Although a satellite zenith angle has been considered in the global SST coefficients, its effect on the SST errors still remained in case of the EJS. Given the diverse use of SST data, the continuous validation and understanding of the characteristic errors of satellite SSTs should be conducted based on extensive in-situ temperature measurements in the global ocean as well as local seas.     

Retrieval of chlorophyll from the sea-leaving radiance in the Arabian sea

Error estimates in chlorophyll retrieval in the sea from satellite data have always been higher compared to the errors in retrieval of sea surface temperature or wind speed from satellite data. This is due to the higher percentage of noise in optical signals compared to infrared or microwave signals reaching the satellite. The noise is introduced both at the sea surface itself and also while signal passes passage through atmosphere. In the present work, we have attempted to investigate the noise introduced at the sea surface. During the validation experiment of the optical sensor MOS-B onboard Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-P3, simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll concentration and sea leaving radiance have been made along the satellite passes in the Arabian sea. The algorithms used in the present studies are not found to give satisfactory values of chlorophyll in about 30% of cases. The possible sources of errors in retrieving chlorophyll concentration have been discussed.     

一种修正的星载散射计反演海面风场的场方式反演算法

由于卫星散射计探视雷达回波的各向异性的双调和性质,同时由于散向散射物理模型函数的非线性及信号中存在噪声,使得常规点方式风场反演哕向有多至４个解的多解存在。给出了一种改进的场方式钣演方法,利用该人卫星散射计测量的后向散射强度的数据中唯一反演出大尺度海洋风场。通过数值模拟和实际算例计算表明反演过程在风向、风速上都与真解是吻合的。从结果可以看到,所采用的改进的场方式反演方法对模拟数据或真实散射计探测海面     

CO2倍增下遥感-光合作物产量响应模型的研究与应用

由于卫星散射计探视雷达回波的各向异性的双调和性质,同时由于散射物理模型函数的非线性及信号中存在噪声,使得常规点方式风场反演中风向有多至4 个解的多解存在。给出了一种改进的场方式反演方法,利用该方法从卫星散射计测量的后向散射强度的数据中唯一反演出大尺度海洋风场。通过数值模拟和实际算例计算表明反演结果在风向、风速上都与真解是吻合的。从结果可以看到,所采用的改进的场方式反演方法对模拟数据或真实散射计探测海面风场的反演是成功的。     

太阳活动对GPS卫星广播星历的影响

采用了切比雪夫拟合多项式内插IGS精密星历,计算了GPS卫星广播星历轨道误差,比较了其在太阳活动谷值和峰值时的误差,讨论了其与太阳活动状况的关系。     

GNSS-R航空遥感海面风场仿真技术

研究了机载GNSS-R遥感海面风场的仿真原理和技术,以KA-GO相关功率模型为基础,分析海浪谱,海面坡度和风速风向的关系,并针对不同风速、风向、接收机高度和飞行速度海面散射信号相关功率开展了数值仿真分析研究,并建立了仿真软件。仿真研究结果表明,以上因素对海面反射信号的相关功率波形的峰值和后沿斜率均有影响。本文的仿真结论为GNSS-R海面风场反演打下了理论基础,建立的仿真软件为GNSS-R海面风场反演提供研究平台。     

Enhancing driving safety: Discovering individualized hazardous driving scenes using GIS and mobile sensing

Traffic collisions have been well acknowledged as a significant threat to public health, closely related to human driving errors. This study introduces an innovative approach to investigate spatiotemporal distributions of individualized driving errors and to characterize hazardous driving scenes, in which drivers are more prone to make driving mistakes. We first create a multi‐feature‐fusion framework to extract driving errors using smartphone sensors. Then, the detected errors are geo‐statistically analyzed with road networks and driving trajectories to identify driving error hotspots. We next construct a “scenic tuple” for representing the occurrence of driving errors. Finally, the individualized hazardous driving scenes are extracted by mining a long‐term collection of scenic tuples. Results demonstrate that our proposed approach can effectively identify driving errors. Additionally, the spatiotemporal patterns of driving mistakes can be identified from the individualized hazardous driving scenes, which has the potential to aid in reducing driving risks.     

GPS误差分析和精度控制

通过对GPS测量误差的研究,在设计技术方案时采取相应的措施消除或消弱误差的影响,严格按照测量规范进行操作,尽量避免并减少误差从而提高成果的可靠性和精确性。     

GNSS形变监测中系统误差的时空相关性研究

通过大量实测数据分析了系统误差的时空变化规律,论证了具有时空相关性的双差观测值系统误差残差的存在,实现了观测值的滤波及求差,提高了分离微小形变量的精度。     

A New Algorithm for Wind-Vector Retrieval From Scatterometers

A new efficient algorithm for retrieving wind-vector solutions from scatterometers is developed based on a criterion of minimum normalized standard deviation (NSD) of wind speed derived from backscatter measurements using a geophysical model function (GMF). Its performance has been evaluated through simulations using QSCAT-1 GMF and the QuikSCAT observational geometry. The present algorithm, named the NSD algorithm, is found to be computationally more efficient (two to three times) besides being at par with the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) algorithm in terms of retrieval skill, retrieval errors, and distribution of solutions, on the basis of simulations as well as comparison of limited QuikSCAT-data-derived winds with National Centers for Environmental Prediction and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model winds. Simulation results and analysis of sample QuikSCAT data are presented.      

Systematic error mitigation in multi-GNSS positioning based on semiparametric estimation

Joint use of observations from multiple global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) is advantageous in high-accuracy positioning. However, systematic errors in the observations can significantly impact on the positioning accuracy if such errors cannot be properly mitigated. The errors can distort least squares estimations and also affect the results of variance component estimation that is frequently used to determine the stochastic model when observations from multiple GNSS are used. We present an approach that is based on the concept of semiparametric estimation for mitigating the effects of the systematic errors. Experimental results based on both simulated and real GNSS datasets show that the approach is effective, especially when applied before carrying out variance component estimation.     

The effect of acquisition error and level of detail on the accuracy of spatial analyses

There has been a great deal of research about errors in geographic information and how they affect spatial analyses. A typical GIS process introduces various types of errors at different stages, and such errors usually propagate into errors in the result of a spatial analysis. However, most studies consider only a single error type thus preventing the understanding of the interaction and relative contributions of different types of errors. We focus on the level of detail (LOD) and positional error, and perform a multiple error propagation analysis combining both types of error. We experiment with three spatial analyses (computing gross volume, envelope area, and solar irradiation of buildings) performed with procedurally generated 3D city models to decouple and demonstrate the magnitude of the two types of error, and to show how they individually and jointly propagate to the output of the employed spatial analysis. The most notable result is that in the considered spatial analyses the positional error has a much higher impact than the LOD. As a consequence, we suggest that it is pointless to acquire geoinformation of a fine LOD if the acquisition method is not accurate, and instead we advise focusing on the accuracy of the data.     

一种双目直接法视觉里程计

视觉里程计是机器人确定自身在周围环境中位置的关键技术,具有测量漂移小、精确的特点,适合较长时间的自主定位。提出一种使用双目相机的直接法视觉里程计,使用双目影像对与时序影像对之间的光度误差联合优化关键帧的位置与姿态、相机内参数、地图点坐标,并在车载道路基准数据集KITTI上进行测试,获得了良好的效果。