闽南-台湾浅滩海域鱼类资源生产量

以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,根据调查所获得的有关闽南-台湾浅滩海域的初级生产力资料,检测了该海域的浮游植物有机碳含量,测算了生态效率,检测了52种主要经济鱼类营养级及其有机碳含量.采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算了该海域生态系统中鱼类资源的生产量(自然生产量),同时采用Cadima模式和MSY简单模式估算鱼类资源最大可持续开发量.估算结果如下鱼类资源生产量为98.63×104t,最大可持续开发量为 48.35×104t.1997年以来实际年渔获量为48.64×104t -53.83×104t,超过了鱼类资源的最大可持续开发量,呈现过度捕捞态势.还讨论了加强该渔场渔业资源管理的7项重要措施,以促进鱼类资源的较快恢复.     

南海北部海域小型非经济鱼类资源声学评估

为探讨南海北部渔业资源的可持续利用情况 ,根据 1997年 12月～ 1999年 6月“北斗”号调查船SimradEK5 0 0回声探测 积分系统在南海北部海域获取的渔业资源调查资料 ,对该海域天竺鲷科、科、灯笼鱼科、鳄齿鱼科以及犀鳕科等 5类 5 8种小型非经济鱼类进行了资源量评估。结果表明 ,这些种类在南海北部海域具有比较丰富的资源储量 ,它们春、夏、秋、冬 4个季节的平均资源量分别为 18.5× 10 4t,2 6.1× 10 4t,2 2 .3× 10 4t,17.6× 10 4t和 4.5× 10 4t ;分析了其资源量的区域分布和季节变化。     

南海5类重要经济鱼类资源声学评估

1997年12月至1999年6月,利用“北斗”号调查船配置的Simrad EK500回声探测-积分系统在南海北部海域进行了渔业资源声学调查,调查分春(4~6月)、夏(7~9月)、秋(10~12月)、冬(12~2月)4个季节进行.根据调查资料,运用渔业资源声学评估方法对该海域的带鱼科、蓝圆鲹、竹荚鱼、金线鱼科以及大眼鲷科等5类23种经济鱼类进行了评估与分析.结果表明,这些种类在南海北部海域仍具有一定的资源储量,其资源量分别为5.04×105,1.63×105,1.04×105,9.8×104和9.2×104t;分析了其资源量的区域分布和季节变化.     

福建泉州湾贝类养殖容量评估

通过对泉州湾叶绿素a、初级生产力、生态效率、浮游植物有机碳含量、养殖贝类有机碳含量及其含壳重与鲜组织重比值、潮间带和潮下带及吊养区附着滤食性动物现存量等的调查和检测,应用营养动态模型、沿岸能流模型估算贝类生态容量及扣除野生滤食性动物现存量来估算贝类养殖容量。还采用方建光模型估算贝类养殖容量,并采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各品种的适养面积。3种模型估算的贝类养殖容量分别为43 171t、220 991×104个,46 388 t、237 464×104个,44 049t、225 490×104个。贝类适养总面积为2 878hm2,其中牡蛎Ostrea1 349hm2,缢蛏Sinoncvacula con-stricta1 268 hm2,菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum117hm2,翡翠贻贝Perna viridis144hm2。1999年实际养殖面积2 615 hm2,尚有263 hm2可扩大养殖面积。还讨论了模型的实用性等问题。     

厦门海域渔业资源评估

以初级生产力和渔业统计资料为材 ,分别应用Tait沿岸海域生态系能流分析法、营养动态法和Cushing等 3种模式 ,估算厦门沿岸海域的渔业资源自然生产量。同时 ,分别应用Schaefer和Fox两种剩余产量模式估算最大持续产量和最大持续捕捞力量。前 3种模式估算该海域的资源生产量分别为 2 0 1 0 5t,1 8463t和 1 7489t,平均 1 8686t。后两种模式估算最大持续产量平均值分别为 9639t和 91 0 4t。估算的最大持续捕捞力量 :5种作业综合总功率为 1 5976kW ;以厦门机定置渔船单位功率渔捞效率为标准估算的总功率为 2 7351kW ;以厦门机刺网渔船单位功率渔捞效率为标准估算的总功率为 432 1 3kW。 1 997年实际渔获量和捕捞力量均超过了估算的最大持续产量和最大持续捕捞力量。文中还讨论了捕捞力量的调整问题。     

增殖放流影响下东海北部海域三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)最大可持续产量评估

当渔业资源出现衰退时,加强资源增殖放流以养护渔业资源、提高渔业产量对于渔业资源可持续利用具有重要意义;与此同时,增殖放流的实施会对基于资源开发与管理的评估的结果产生影响。基于2001~2015年间东海北部海域三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)渔业数据,采用增殖剩余产量模型,对东海北部海域三疣梭子蟹的最大可持续产量(MSY)及取得MSY时所需捕捞努力量(E_MSY)和原存生物量(B_MSY)进行了评估,并与传统Schaefer模型评估结果进行了比较。结果表明,当年增殖放流量约在3×10⁶~95×10⁶尾之间时,三疣梭子蟹年产量逐渐增加, MSY在14.2×10⁴ t和14.6×10⁴ t之间, E_MSY基本在15×10⁴吨位左右。增殖放流量增加,其对应的MSY也越高,能承受的E_MSY也越高(从15×10⁴~15.4×10⁴吨位之间),相反B_MSY则减小(从188.4×10⁴ t降至186.6×10⁴ t)。与传统的Schaefer模型评估结果相比,增殖剩余产量模型由于考虑了增殖放流生物量的因素,得到了MSY和E_MSY有所增加,而B_MSY有所下降的结论。研究结果有望为该研究海域三疣梭子蟹可持续地捕捞、放流与管理提供科学依据。     

闽南-台湾浅滩渔场蓝圆鲹资源的评估

以1971—1987年的蓝圆鲹叉长组成资料,应用体长股分析法评估了闽南-台湾浅滩渔场蓝圆鲹的资源。结果表明,1971—1980年的现存资源数量和生物量分别为45292×10~5尾和9.49×10~4t,1981—1987年分别为63908×10~5尾和13.51×10~4t;1971—1980年和1981—1987年的瞬时捕捞死亡率分别为0.6347和0.4859。通过Beverton-Holt模式估算出蓝圆鲹目前的持续产量为9.58×10~4t,最佳最小捕捞叉长为135mm。     

基于初级生产力的海洋生物资源承载力评估

资源环境承载力研究亟待突破承载阈值界定与关键参数率定的技术瓶颈,并建立一套标准化的定量评价关键技术。本研究基于“资源量?消费量”模型,通过调查与实验分析获取特定海区的初级生产力、浮游植物有机碳含量、鱼类营养级等关键参数值,采用营养动态模型和Tait沿岸海域能流模型来估算海洋生物资源总量,然后根据年人均水产品摄入量或年人均蛋白质摄入量来计算该海区海洋生物资源承载力的阈值。根据2016年对日照辖区海域的生态环境状况调查,该海域年平均初级生产力(以C计)为428.22 mg/(m2·d),浮游植物年生产量为918.51万t,鱼类、虾蟹类和头足类的平均营养级分别为3.85、3.92和3.90,利用营养动态模型计算海域渔业资源(鱼类、虾蟹类和头足类)的年生产量为3.89万t;根据Tait沿岸海域能流模型计算日照10 m等深线以内浅海的除去壳重的贝类资源量为5.50万t。按照年人均水产品摄入量为21 kg,计算出日照辖区海域的海洋生物资源承载力总和为192.86万人;按照年人均摄入蛋白质量为30 kg,计算出日照辖区海域的海洋生物资源承载力总和为16.87万人。本文建立了一项具有广泛适用性的海洋生物资源承载力定量评价技术,对科学地开发利用海洋生物资源和建立陆海统筹的资源环境承载力的监测预警机制起到积极的促进作用。     

海陵湾沉积物重金属与粒度分布特征

根据 2001 年 12 月 (枯季) 和 2002年 6 月 (洪季) 首次在粤西海陵湾附近海域开展的沉积物地球化学性质调查研究研究资料,分析了表层沉积物中 Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg和有机碳、硫化物以及粒度的时空分布特征。结果显示:沉积物的组成洪、枯季变化不明显;表层沉积物中 Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd 和 Hg 总平均浓度分别为 ( 32.1±17.5, 36.1±10.0, 107.0±37.4, 0.26±0.15, 0.109±0.073) ×10 ;有机碳和硫化物的总平均含量分 -6别为 (1.33±0.53 ) %、( 140.13 ±136.42) ×10 ;表层沉积物类型主要为粘土质粉砂和砂,其平均粒径为 -6(4.62±2.36) φ,变化范围为 0.52 φ ～ 7.55 φ;Cu, Pb, Zn 和 Hg 浓度之间及其与有机碳含量和沉积物粒径之间呈显著相关。     

厦门港DDT的污染历史和沉积通量

通过对厦门港海域1986年9月14—20日所取非扰动沉积岩芯的分析测定,标志出岩芯的沉积年代,进而追溯了厦门港海域DDT的污染历史。实验结果表明,DDT在该海域的污染水平呈波动变化,大约10年左右出现一个污染高峰。文中还估算了不同时间尺度由上覆水进入沉积物界面的沉积通量。估算得1985—1986年间本海域DDT的沉积通量在0.86×10~(-5)—6.13×10~(-5)g/(m~2·a)之间;而自DDT大量使用这40余年来,在该海域的年均沉积通量在1.84×10~(-5)—21.59×10~(-5)g/(m~2·a)之间。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.