2015年春、秋季瓯江口鱼卵和仔稚鱼生态分布

为了解瓯江口海域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的生态分布现状,分别于2015年4月和10月在该海域开展生态调查。春、秋两季共采集到鱼卵42粒,仔稚鱼295尾;共鉴定出鱼卵和仔稚鱼16种,分别隶属于8目14科15属,其中鲈形目种类最多。春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼物种数和丰度均远高于秋季。春季鱼卵优势种为斑鰶Konosirus punctatus,秋季为舌鳎属未定种Cynoglossus sp.;春季仔稚鱼优势种为鮻Liza haematocheila、花鲈Lateolabrax japonicus和矛尾鰕虎鱼Chaeturichthys stigmatias,秋季为侧带小公鱼属未定种Stolephorus sp.。瓯江口海域春季鱼卵和仔稚鱼的丰度高值区均位于大门岛周围,该海域应在海洋生态红线划定时予以考虑,秋季则相对分散在较外侧海域。春季仔稚鱼数量分布与盐度和营养盐有极显著相关性。与20世纪90年代初相比,该海域的鱼卵、仔稚鱼物种及数量均在发生变化,数量略呈下降趋势。与浙江近岸其他海域相比,瓯江口海域的鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量偏低。     

长江口鱼卵仔鱼资源现状的调查与分析

根据2003年5月至2004年11月长江口海域7个航次、115个站次的鱼卵仔鱼调查采样资料分析,共鉴定出该海域的鱼卵仔鱼51种,隶属10目27科45属;其中,5种仅鉴定到科,4种仅鉴定到属,还有两种未能鉴定。在长江口门附近鱼卵较为集中,绝大部分为凤鲚鱼卵,占鱼卵总数的95.7%,其它小部分分别为鮻、斑点马鲛、长蛇鲻、中华小公鱼、小带鱼以及鲆科的鱼卵。中华小公鱼的仔鱼出现次数最多,占仔鱼总次数的38.4%;凤鲚、虎鱼科、棘头梅童鱼、鮻和斑鱼祭的仔鱼分别占仔鱼总次数的19.7%、14.4%、6.6%、6.2%和3.5%。长江口门内分布的主要仔鱼种类为凤鲚、赤鼻棱鱼是、中华小公鱼等;长江口门以外分布的主要仔鱼种类为凤鲚、鮻、鲆科、小黄鱼和长蛇鲻等;其中凤鲚、中华小公鱼等的仔鱼和鱼卵较多。5月鱼卵仔鱼的种类和数量较多,2月和11月的较少。与历史同期相比,该海域部分种仔鱼类已经消失,棘头梅童鱼等经济种类的鱼卵仔鱼资源补充量急剧下降,表明长江口海域经济种类仔鱼资源已受到衰竭的威胁。     

黄河口及附近海域鱼卵和仔鱼种类组成及分布特征

根据2009年5月和8月2个航次对黄河口及附近海域18个站位的鱼卵和仔鱼调查资料,对该水域鱼卵仔鱼的种类组成和数量分布特征进行了分析和探讨.结果表明,鱼卵仔鱼的种类组成和数量分布呈现明显的季节变化特征;春季鱼卵仔鱼种类数高于夏季,平面分布范围大于夏季,主要优势种季节更替明显;与历史同期资料相比,鱼卵仔鱼种类和数量大幅下...     

大亚湾核电站温排水对邻近水域鱼卵、仔鱼的影响

大亚湾核电站运行以后 ,温排水主要影响核电站以东沿岸水域 ,温升 2℃的范围大约在2km以内。邻近水域的鱼卵和仔鱼数量仍然比较丰富 ,季节变化亦无大异常 ,但是在种类组成上出现了一些异常现象 :小沙丁鱼Sadinellaspp .鱼卵和仔鱼数量明显增多 ,斑Clupan odonpunctatus和鲷科 (Sparidae)鱼类的鱼卵和仔鱼数量显著减少 ,并且未见鱼Engraulisjaponicus和小公鱼Anchoviellasp .鱼卵以及科 (Engraulidae)和银汉鱼科 (Atherinidae)仔鱼的出现。鱼卵的数量分布与温排水有关 ,而仔鱼与之无关 ,鱼卵死亡率与温排水的关系亦不显著。文中还讨论了温排水的影响范围、鱼卵死亡率与温排水的关系以及温排水对成鱼的影响等问题。     

春季珠江口水域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的分布及其与环境因子的关系

根据2004~2007年春季珠江口水域10个站位的鱼卵和仔稚鱼调查资料,着重就鱼卵和仔稚鱼的数量分布和年际变化及其与环境因子的相关关系进行研究.结果表明：其鱼卵和仔稚鱼隶属于9目33科58种（类）,以鲈形目种类数所占比例最高（为53.4%）,其次为鲱形目（为20.7%）.鱼卵和仔稚鱼大致分成半咸水性、近岸性和近海性3个生态类群.鱼卵和仔稚鱼优势种类共9种,其中鱼卵优势种为6种,仔稚鱼的也为6种.青洲附近水域是春季鱼卵和仔稚鱼的最主要分布区域之一.鱼卵和仔稚鱼数量的年际变化明显,鱼卵和仔稚鱼个体数量的最大值均出现在2006年.水温、pH值和溶解氧含量是影响鱼卵个体数量的较显著因子,盐度和溶解氧含量为影响仔稚鱼个体数量的较显著因子.盐度、pH值及溶解氧、悬浮物、叶绿素a含量对鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类数均有不同程度的影响.     

莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构及多样性的季节变化

为了解鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种群动态以及生物多样性的变化规律,2014?2015年利用大型浮游生物网对莱州湾海域20个站位进行表层水平拖网调查。4个航次共采获鱼卵135 275粒,仔稚鱼2 456尾,隶属于9目16科20属。鱼卵、仔稚鱼主要种类变化依次从春季的鳀(Engraulis japonicus)和鰉(Liza haematocheilus),到夏季的赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)和布氏银汉鱼(Allanetta bleekeri),到秋季的大银鱼(Protosalanx hyalocranius),再到冬季的长绵鳚(Zoarces elongatus)。鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量分布以及群落多样性随季节变化,其中,夏季的丰富度指数(D)和多样性指数(H′)最高,秋季均匀度指数(J′)最高。鱼卵、仔稚鱼从春季到夏季的种类更替率最小。利用R语言聚类树的融合水平值定义划分水平,选择具有最大跳跃的分组水平,将鱼卵、仔稚鱼分为春组、夏秋组和冬组3个组群,春组和夏秋组、春组和冬组主要分歧种均为鳀,夏秋组和冬组主要分歧种为长绵鳚和赤鼻棱鳀。本研究补充了莱州湾海域鱼类早期补充资源的基础数据,旨在为莱州湾渔业资源评估和养护提供依据。     

长江口水域春季鱼卵仔鱼分布及其与温度盐度的关系

利用2003年春季在长江口水域进行调查的数据,对该水域的鱼卵仔鱼的种类组成和数量分布、表层水温、盐度的分布特征以及它们之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:共捕获鱼卵仔鱼13种,出现率为81.25%。鱼卵出现站位资源密度(CPUE)为1～760粒/网,平均每网采获鱼卵63.6粒;仔稚鱼出现站位CPUE为1～174尾/网,平均每网捕获仔稚鱼18.75尾。按照表层温度、盐度的变化,该水域可分为高温低盐、低温高盐、低温低盐三个区。鱼卵出现水域主要集中在高温低盐区;而仔稚鱼在长江口水域广有分布,但主要出现水域是高温低盐和低温低盐区控制的近岸水域,在远离海岸的低温高盐区仅有少量的分布。     

大亚湾核电站温排水对邻近水域鱼卵,仔鱼的影响

大亚湾核电站运行以后,温排水主要影响核电站以东沿岸水域,温升２℃的范围大约在２ｋｍ以内,邻近水域的鱼卵和仔鱼数量仍然比较丰富,季节变化亦无大异常,但是在种类组成上出现了一些异常现象,小沙丁鱼Ｓａｄｉｎｅｌｌａ ｓｐｐ．鱼卵和仔鱼数量明显增多,斑Ｃｌｕｐａｒｌ ｏｄｏｎ ｐｕｎｃｔａｔｕｓ和鲷科（Ｓｐａｒｉｄａｅ）鱼类的鱼卵和仔鱼数量显减少,并且未见鱼Ｅｅｎｒａｕｌｉｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ和小公鱼     

福建三沙湾浮性鱼卵和仔、稚鱼的分布

本文根据1990年2～11月在三沙湾海域分别进行4个季节调查的资料,对三沙湾鱼卵和仔、稚鱼的种类组成、丰度和主要种类的分布进行研究和探讨.结果表明,本海区共出现鱼卵和仔、稚鱼26种,分别隶属于17科22属.在数量上,鱼卵最高值出现在春季（5月）,其中鱼卵丰度较高的种类是真鲷、带鱼、鲾和康氏小公鱼等种类.仔稚鱼以夏季丰度最高,并以鰕虎鱼丰度（71.8%）最高.在分布上,鱼卵的丰度以三都岛东北部和东吾洋海域最高,仔稚鱼以三都岛东部最为密集.这表明本海区的鱼类的主要产卵季节是春季和夏季.其数量、分布与水温及桡足类的分布关系密切.     

2009年葫芦岛附近海域鱼卵仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

2009年5、8、10和12月,利用浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物水平和垂直拖网对葫芦岛海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了4个季度的调查。调查结果表明:4个季度共采到鱼卵44粒,仔稚鱼79尾,共鉴定出13个种,隶属于6目10科11属,其中有2种舌鳎类的鱼卵未能鉴定到种。优势种为赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)、沙氏下鱵鱼(Hyporhamphus sajo-ri)、绯(Callionymus beniteguri)。春季垂直拖网采集到5粒鱼卵、8尾仔稚鱼。鱼卵、仔稚鱼的出现频率分别为25%和33.33%,平均密度分别为24.272和38.835ind/100m3;夏季水平和垂直拖网分别采集31粒鱼卵、47尾仔稚鱼和5粒鱼卵、24尾仔稚鱼,鱼卵、仔稚鱼的出现频率分别为100%、66.67%和20%、73.33%,平均密度分别为4.463、6.767ind/100m2和17.934、86.083ind/100m3;秋季和冬季都仅在水平拖网采到鱼卵,出现频率分别为10%和25%,密度分别为0.259和0.324ind/100m2。分析结果表明:随着季节的变化,暖水种、暖温种、冷温种间出现交替。春、秋、冬季鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落Margalef丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(J′)平均值均较低,且各值均低于夏季,说明夏季种类结构相对其余3季稳定,多样性指数高、种类组成复杂、种间分布较均匀。本研究结果与该海域1998年同期(5、8月)调查结果在数量分布上有明显差异,鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成与数量分布发生了显著变化。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.