1995年热带太平洋海-气特征诊断分析

利用国家气候中心气候诊断资料和美国ＣＡＣ和澳大利亚ＮＣＣ资料，对１９９５年热带太平洋海域的海平面高度，南方涛动指数、高、低层纬向风，射出长波辐射，海温等物理量的分布及其演特征进行分析，为短期气候预测提供了大尺度的海－气环境背景。     

Intercomparison of the performance of MM5/WRF with and without satellite data assimilation in short-range forecast applications over the Indian region

The present study is conducted to verify the short-range forecasts from mesoscale model version5 (MM5)/weather research and forecasting (WRF) model over the Indian region and to examine the impact of assimilation of quick scatterometer (QSCAT) near surface winds, spectral sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) wind speed and total precipitable water (TPW) on the forecasts by these models using their three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation scheme for a 1-month period during July 2006. The control (without satellite data assimilation) as well as 3D-Var sensitivity experiments (with assimilating satellite data) using MM5/WRF were made for 48 h starting daily at 0000 UTC July 2006. The control run is analyzed for the intercomparison of MM5/WRF short-range forecasts and is also used as a baseline for assessing the MM5/WRF 3D-Var satellite data sensitivity experiments. As compared to the observation, the MM5 (WRF) control simulations strengthened (weakened) the cross equatorial flow over southern Arabian sea near peninsular India. The forecasts from MM5 and WRF showed a warm and moist bias at lower and upper levels with a cold bias at the middle level, which shows that the convective schemes of these models may be too active during the simulation. The forecast errors in predicted wind, temperature and humidity at different levels are lesser in WRF as compared to MM5, except the temperature prediction at lower level. The rainfall pattern and prediction skill from day 1 and day 2 forecasts by WRF is superior to MM5. The spatial distribution of forecast impact for wind, temperature, and humidity from 1-month assimilation experiments during July 2006 demonstrated that on average, for 24 and 48-h forecasts, the satellite data improved the MM5/WRF initial condition, so that model errors in predicted meteorological fields got reduced. Among the experiments, MM5/WRF wind speed prediction is most benefited from QSCAT surface wind and SSM/I TPW assimilation while temperature and humidity prediction is mostly improved due to latter. The largest improvement in MM5/WRF rainfall prediction is due to the assimilation of SSM/I TPW. The assimilation of SSM/I wind speed alone in MM5/WRF degraded the humidity and rainfall prediction. In summary the assimilation of satellite data showed similar impact on MM5/WRF prediction; largest improvement due to SSM/I TPW and degradation due to SSM/I wind speed.     

基于WRF模式的风电场短期风速集成预报方法研究

风能始源于大气的运动,具有很大的随机性和间歇性。风速预测是风电场风功率预测的基础,其准确性具有重要的意义。对于复杂地形条件下,风速的预报一直是各国研究的难点和重点。为了提高风电场短期风速预报的准确性,本研究采用多种边界层参数化方案来集成预报风速,将各单一边界层参数化方案预报的风速及相应的实测风速数据,应用随机森林算法建立集成预报模型,对风电场的短期风速进行集成预报研究。试验结果表明,采用集成预报风速方法,预报的风速误差相比于单一边界层参数化方案预报的风速误差明显减小,对研究区域的风速、风向等气象要素有着较好的模拟效果,能够有效提高风速预报的准确率。     

上海区域要素客观预报方法效果检验

数值模式的客观释用是数值模式在业务工作中发挥效能的重要环节。在对上海区域数值模式近5年的模式直接输出(DMO)进行检验的基础上,分别采用卡尔曼滤波释用(KLM)和最优化集成释用(OCF)的方法进行要素客观释用,总结出区域数值模式的预报性能,客观释用也取得令人鼓舞的结果:(1)近几年,上海区域数值模式的直接输出结果(DMO)对温度、湿度以及风向的预报改善不明显,甚至还有变差现象,风速的预报自2005年起有改善,但主要体现在预报的稳定性方面。(2)KLM方法较DMO在温度、相对湿度和风速的预报上均有明显提高,但是风向的预报无明显提高,预报准确率甚至略有下降。(3)OCF方法的预报性能较KLM方法略有提高。温度、相对湿度以及风向的预报准确率提高约2%,风速预报与KLM方法相当。在春季和冬季,OCF的预报水平已经与主观综合预报相当,如果主观综合预报能充分参考OCF的预报结果,主观综合预报"春季和冬季预报误差相对偏大"这一弱点能得到改善。检验结果能为数值模式的开发和调试者提供有益的参考,而最优化集成方法的成功业务尝试也佐证了集成预报在数值模式客观释用中的美好前景。     

AMDAR资料在机场天气预报中的应用

介绍了我国航空器空中报告（AMDAR）的下传及应用情况，包括AMDAR的数据特点、资料的实时分析及应用。重点介绍了AMDAR资料在机场临近预报中的应用，包括在风场分析、颠簸的诊断及警报以及在天气分析中的应用。     

利用风廓线雷达对广东前汛期短时强降水类暴雨过程低空风场特征的研究

为了更加深入地了解暴雨中尺度系统,利用风廓线雷达资料,对2012—2014年发生在广东前汛期的短时强降水的暴雨过程临近时次的低空急流强度、低空急流高度、低空急流指数以及各层垂直风切变等物理量进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:（1）在广东前汛期,86%的暴雨过程都会有短时强降水的出现; （2）2 km高度以下最大风速呈正态分布特征,主要集中在10~21 m/s之间,60%以上的强降水发生前3小时低空急流便已经存在,且随着强降水的临近,低空急流的比例逐渐增大,超过80%的过程强降水出现时有低空急流相配合; （3）暴雨发生前低空急流强度基本维持,最低高度逐渐降低。强降水出现时次,低空急流表现出逐渐加强的特征,最低高度也明显下降,从而导致低空急流指数I增大; （4）地面到不同等压面的垂直风切变随着高度的增加而逐渐减小,其中强降水发生时地面到925 hPa垂直风切变相较于暴雨发生前有所增大,而地面到850 hPa及700 hPa垂直风切变在强降水发生时则表现出下降的特征; （5）选取暴雨发生前各类物理量的中值作为暴雨发生的阈值,则低空急流强度在13.5 m/s左右,最低高度为1 km左右,低空急流指数I为6×10-3 s-1左右,地面到925 hPa、850 hPa以及700 hPa之间的垂直风切变分别在7.3×10-3 s-1、6×10-3 s-1以及4×10-3 s-1左右。      

Composite wind and temperature profiles obtained from a complex of in-situ and remote sensing measurement systems for the forcing of a boundary layer model

Summary ?This paper describes the configuration of measurement systems operated continuously at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg with the aim of constructing combined profiles of wind and temperature – so-called composite profiles – covering the boundary layer with high temporal and vertical resolution. This is required for the forcing of a micro-α-scale model in order to simulate the atmospheric boundary layer structure over a heterogeneous landscape during the LITFASS-98 experiment. The problems of combining measurements of different remote sensing and in-situ systems are briefly discussed. Although the measuring range of individual remote sensing systems is variable, the height coverage of wind and temperature profile measurements by sodar/RASS and two wind profiler radar/RASS complement each other very well. Using a simple merging procedure composite wind and temperature profiles have been synthesized based on radiosonde, windprofiler/RASS, sodar/RASS and tower measurements. Time-height cross sections of hourly composite profiles show considerably more details of the boundary layer structure than simple radiosonde interpolation due to the higher sampling frequency, higher vertical resolution and increased accuracy at the lower levels. Finally some qualifications of the formulated algorithm are suggested for future application. Received June 18, 2001; revised May 30, 2002; accepted June 6, 2002     

冬季高海拔复杂地形下GRAPES Meso要素预报的检验评估

利用GRAPES(Globe/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)对2010年温哥华奥运会6个场馆气温、相对湿度、风及降水量的预报结果,采用预报准确率、平均误差、平均绝对误差、Alpha Index、TS和ETS评分等统计量对其进行了较详细的评估。结果表明:GRAPESMeso预报相对湿度的准确率最高,且随预报时效的增加,其变化趋于稳定。起初模式对相对湿度的预报偏干,之后逐渐变为预报偏湿;气温预报偏低;风速预报偏大。逐日各要素预报检验结果表明,气温的变化幅度最小;各级降水检验发现,晴雨预报的TS评分最高,且随降水增大,ETS评分逐渐接近TS。与其他模式预报结果对比发现,GRAPES-Meso对复杂地形下要素预报还存在一定的不足。本研究还发现,模式存在一定的系统误差,若能有效订正其误差,将有助于改进模式预报。     

北京"城市热岛"效应现状及特征

利用2002年北京自动气象站资料,对北京“城市热岛”效应现状进行了分析。为了与20世纪70年代的结果相比较,选择城区代表站为天安门广场站,城郊代表站为朝阳气象站站。与20世纪70年代相比,目前北京的“城市热岛”表现出一些新特点:1)利用城区与城郊日均温差表示的“城市热岛”强度的统计结果表明,现在北京的“城市热岛”效应在夏季最强,秋、冬季次之,春季最弱,2)除夏季“城市热岛”整天存在(午后的平均强度在2℃左右)以外,其他季节的午后,天安门广场地区经常出现“城市冷岛”现象。3)北京“城市热岛”消失的极限风速没有发生系统性变化,当风速>3级时,北京“城市热岛”基本上消失。作者还研究了北京“城市热岛”形成和消失的日变化特征,以及“城市热岛”强度对风速等气象要素变化的响应特征。值得指出的是,对强“城市热岛”的个案分析显示,冬季夜晚“城市热岛”强度经常表现出较大的波动性,与此相伴随,城郊地面风出现风向突变和风速的阵性现象。     

气候变化对家燕物候期的影响分析

对镇江地区1984—2019年家燕物候资料(始见、绝见期)及同期气温、降水、日照等气象资料对比分析,结果表明:近36 a镇江地区家燕始见期在波动变化中呈提前的趋势,以4 d/10 a的速率提前.绝见期在波动变化中呈推后的趋势,以5 d/10 a的速率推后.间隔期在波动变化中呈延长的趋势,以9 d/10 a的速率延长;近...     

东亚冬季风中非地转风的初步研究

本文对非地转风在东亚冬季冷空气活动过程中的作用及影响非地转风的主要因子等问题进行了初步研究，并讨论了非地转风在有限区动能收支中的作用。结果表明，非地转风是冷空气过程中地面偏北大风加强的主要原因之一，非地转风次级环流使东亚高空西风急流和Hadley环流得以加强，而高空西风急流具有次地转的特征。变高、惯性平流和摩擦作用是影响非地转风的主要因子。此外，位温局地变化，位温平流和非绝热作用对非地转风的形成亦有相当大的贡献，但该三项非地转风分量的向量和接近于零。非地转风在有限区动能的收支中也起着十分重要的作用。     

基于伴随敏感性的风廓线雷达和地基微波辐射计观测对模式预报的影响评估研究

同化大量观测资料可以有效地改进模式预报结果,但不同观测对预报的影响有着显著差异,合理评估观测对预报的贡献是数值模式中最具挑战性的诊断之一。本文采用基于伴随的预报对观测的敏感性（Forecast Sensitivity to Observation,简称FSO）方法,构建WRFDA（Weather Research and Forecasting model’s Data Assimilation）框架下的WRFDA-FSO系统。基于2019年9月超大城市项目在北京地区获取的风廓线雷达（Wind Profile Radar,简称WPR）和地基微波辐射计（Microwave Radiometer,简称MWR）观测数据,利用WRFDA-FSO系统,开展观测对WRF模式12 h预报的影响试验,并分析风温湿观测对预报的贡献。结果表明:（1）同化的观测资料（MWR、WPR、Sound、Synop和Geoamv）均减小了WRF模式12 h预报误差,对预报为正贡献,其中MWR观测对预报的影响最大,WPR风场观测对预报的改进效果优于Sound的风场观测。（2）WPR的U、V观测和MWR的T、Q观测中,V观测和T观测对预报的正贡献值更高,对预报的改进效果更优。（3）WPR和MWR多数高度层的观测均减小了预报误差,对预报为正贡献,其中MWR的T观测对预报的正贡献主要位于近地面800 hPa以下。     

基于PCA RBF的风电场短期风速订正方法研究

风电功率预测中最重要的因子是风速,准确的风速预测是风电功率预测的前提和基础。为了提高短期风速预测的准确性,本研究采用WRF模式,对我国上海崇明吕四风电场的风速进行预报。在此基础上,利用PCA-RBF算法结合WRF模式预报风向、气温、气压等气象要素对预报风速进一步订正。实验结果表明,利用PCA-RBF算法对WRF模式预报风速进行订正后,预报风速的误差进一步减小,相对均方根误差降低20%~30%,相对平均绝对误差降低15%~20%。与其他智能算法(BP算法、LSSVM算法)对比分析后得出,PCA-RBF算法对WRF模式预报风速具有较好的订正效果,能够有效提高风速预报准确率。     

IMPACT OF VERTICAL RESOLUTION,MODEL TOP AND DATA ASSIMILATION ON WEATHER FORECASTING——A CASE STUDY

The impacts of stratospheric initial conditions and vertical resolution on the stratosphere by raising the model top, refining the vertical resolution, and the assimilation of operationally available observations, including conventional and satellite observations, on continental U.S. winter short-range weather forecasting, were investigated in this study. The initial and predicted wind and temperature profiles were analyzed against conventional observations. Generally, the initial wind and temperature bias profiles were better adjusted when a higher model top and refined vertical resolution were used. Negative impacts were also observed in both the initial wind and temperature profiles, over the lower troposphere. Different from the results by only raising the model top, the assimilation of operationally available observations led to significant improvements in both the troposphere and stratosphere initial conditions when a higher top was used. Predictions made with the adjusted stratospheric initial conditions and refined vertical resolutions showed generally better forecasting skill. The major improvements caused by raising the model top with refined vertical resolution, as well as those caused by data assimilation, were in both cases located in the tropopause and lower stratosphere. Negative impacts were also observed, in the predicted near surface wind and lower-tropospheric temperature. These negative impacts were related to the uncertainties caused by more stratospheric information, as well as to some physical processes. A case study shows that when we raise the model top, put more vertical layers in stratosphere and apply data assimilation, the precipitation scores can be slightly improved. However, more analysis are needed due to uncertainties brought by data assimilation.     

北京地区风廓线仪布网方案的数值研究

文中利用北京地区中尺度数值天气预报业务系统 ,通过进行多个例数值对比试验 ,对在北京地区如何进行风廓线仪布网进行了数值研究。结果表明大气风场随高度的垂直分布和变化对天气过程有明显的作用 ,在较短时期就可对大气的空间特征形成深厚的影响 ,天气系统对大气风场的垂直结构特征是较为敏感的。其可在短期天气过程中影响天气系统的温度场结构及相关降水过程 ,且在以上影响随着预报时效的增加而增强的同时 ,影响范围也随预报时效的增加而扩大。对中尺度数值预报和北京地区的风廓线仪布点方案来说 ,以核心区域 (北京市城区 )为中心的呈近等边三角形的布网方案具有与近正四边形布网方案相当的探测效果 ,选择近等边三角形布网方案 ,较选择较近正四边形布网方案更为合理。可节省大量的资源及经费。文中所研究方法和结果对在有限区域如何选择风廓线仪布网方案具有广泛的借鉴意义和实际应用价值。     

Future Climate Change of the Subtropical North Atlantic: Implications for the Cloud Forests of Tenerife

This paper is concerned with climate change in the region of the Canary Islands and the potential implications for the laurel forests of Tenerife. Frequent orographic cloud formation during the dry season is of vital importance to the altitudinal distribution of the laurel forests, because it maintains a semi-humid environment in the otherwise semi-arid climate of the Canary Islands. The distinctive environmental conditions in conjunction with the location of the Canary Islands on the Northern poleward edge of the Hadley Circulation make these ecosystems potentially highly sensitive to regional changes in climatic conditions. To explore this sensitivity, we first quantify observed trends in humidity and temperature across an altitudinal transect at the base of the Anaga peninsular, and second, analyse the results of three GCM experiments (CGCM1, ECHAM4 and CSIRO) to develop alternative climate change scenarios, and third, use these data to assess likely shifts in the elevational distribution of the laurel forest climate envelope. We report a significant increase in relative humidity and decreases in the diurnal temperature range on Tenerife at altitudes below the trade wind inversion within the last 30 years during the dry season, which suggests an increased occurrence of low-level clouds. There is also partial evidence for a drying trend across the trade wind inversion, which may be linked to an increased subsidence. Overall, the models suggest a downward shift of the area climatically suitable for laurel forests, which may be driven by changes in temperature and moisture supply in the region as well as by larger-scale changes in the atmospheric circulation. Our findings contrast with previously published findings for a tropical montane cloud region, which predict an upward shift of the cloud base. This suggests, following the assumptions inherent in the models applied, that the ecological consequences of climate change for cloud forests may be linked to their relative location in the Hadley Circulation.     

C波段双多基地多普勒雷达资料处理和三维变分风场反演方法研究

研究了双多基地多普勒雷达资料的配对方法、风场反演的区域和精度,并研制了基于三维变分方法的双多基地多普勒雷达系统的风场反演系统.利用安徽四创电子股份有限公司研制的一个主动雷达和两个侧向接收天线组成的双多基地多普勒雷达系统获取的外场试验资料,进行了风场反演试验.该风场反演方法利用主动雷达和被动接收系统测量的径向速度作为弱约束,用质量连续方程作为强约束,来反演三维速度场.利用Advanced Regional Prediction System(ARPS)模式模拟的一次龙卷过程的结果,进行了风场反演的模拟试验.结果表明:双多基地多普勒雷达系统能较准确再现龙卷的中尺度特征和强上升气流的结构,从上下两个方向进行垂直积分可以减小垂直速度的反演误差,利用两个侧向接收系统的资料能进一步减小径向速度随机误差对风场反演的影响,增大风场反演的范围.三个分系统单独获取的资料空间配对效果很好,利用不同雷达径向速度反演的风场比较近似,反演的风场与径向速度定性分析和速度方位显示方法(VAD)结果比较一致,该双多基地多普勒雷达系统同步观测技术设计合理,在实时探测三维风场特别是探测近地层风场方面有广泛的应用潜力.     

边界层风廓线雷达测温系统设计

风廓线雷达在气象领域的应用越来越广泛，在风廓线雷达基础上增加电声测温系统（RASS）实现大气温度实时探测是一种经济有效的办法。文中介绍了已实现的某RASS系统设计，讨论了RASS测温的原理，针对RASS测温的精度、高度、影响因素等进行了性能分析，论述了系统的实现方案，最后给出了该RASS的实际测温结果和测温谱图，验证了该设计满足系统要求，能实现实时测温。     

同化多普勒雷达风资料的两种方法比较

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