MODIS辐照度法定标试验研究

利用内蒙古二连浩特实验场对Terra卫星MODIS传感器开展辐照度基定标方法研究。定标结果表明,辐照度法定标系数和MODIS的星上定标、反射率基法定标系数非常接近,相对差异3.3%,证明辐照度基定标方法正确。定标系数之间的差异说明,漫射辐射与总辐射辐照度比测量的精度对辐照度法结果影响很关键。不同气溶胶模式下得到的结果说明辐照度法可以减小因气溶胶模式的假设产生的误差。     

海洋目标的HY-2A卫星微波散射计在轨辐射定标研究

HY-2A卫星微波散射计主要用于测量海表面的风速和风向,为了满足其风速和风向的测量精度要求,必须对其进行在轨辐射定标。本文基于散射计在开阔大洋的观测数据,利用经过定标的seawinds散射计后向散射系数数据,分析了海洋目标定标法的定标精度,结果表明定标精度可以达到0.15 dB,且模式函数对定标结果的影响为系统偏差,说明海洋目标定标法需要选用高精度的模式函数。然后,采用相同的海洋目标定标算法,实现了HY-2A卫星微波散射计的在轨辐射定标,获得HY-2A卫星微波散射计VV极化的定标系数为-1.79 dB,HH极化的定标系数为-1.73 dB。最后,利用NDBC浮标观测数据,检验HY-2A卫星微波散射计反演的风矢量精度,证明获得的定标系数可以明显提高HY-2A卫星微波散射计反演风矢量的精度。     

SPOT地面场定标与星上定标结果的比较分析

本文研究是在遥感辐射定标场选择的基础。利用６Ｓ大气辐射传输模型进行ＳＰＯＴ遥感数据的定标和地物的光谱反射率反演,即在遥感器飞越辐射定标场上空,在定标场选择若干像元区,测量遥感器对应的各波段地物的光谱反射率和大气光谱参量,并利用大气辐射传输模型给出遥感器人瞳处各光谱带的辐射亮度,最后确定它与遥感器对应输出的数字量化的数量关系,求解定标系数。然后,对相应的研究训练区的遥感数据进行大气辐射校正,进而反演训练区内的地物光谱反射率。最后,通过将反演值与实地测量的地物光谱反射率进行对比分析,来估算定标不确定度,并比较说明两种不同方式定标差异及优势和限制。     

CBERS02B 卫星CCD 相机在轨辐射定标\n与真实性检验

利用贡格尔实验场对CBERS02B卫星进行场地反射率基法辐射定标, 获得CCD相机可见近红外波段的绝对辐射定标系数, 利用敦煌实验场对定标系数进行了真实性检验。结果表明: 此次定标结果和测量值非常吻合, 定标系数可信度高。     

CBERS02B卫星CCD相机在轨辐射定标与真实性检验

利用贡格尔实验场对CBERS02B卫星进行场地反射率基法辐射定标,获得CCD相机可见近红外波段的绝对辐射定标系数,利用敦煌实验场对定标系数进行了真实性检验。结果表明:此次定标结果和测量值非常吻合,定标系数可信度高。     

CBERS-02 CCD和SPOT-4 HRVIR1两个传感器的敦煌场地在轨绝对辐射定标及对比分析

中国资源卫星应用中心于2005年8月，利用敦煌场地分别对CBERS-02CCD和SPOT-4 HRVIR1两个传感器进行在轨绝对辐射定标。本文对此次地面同步测量数据进行了处理分析，基于反射率法计算出了CBERS-02CCD和SPOT-4HRVIR1两个传感器各波段的定标系数。其中，SPOT-4HRVIR1的定标结果与法国官方8月份提供的定标系数相比，差异在6％内，满足法方对绝对辐射定标精度的要求。此外，应用定标系数分别将两个传感器的图像数据反演成地表反射率图像，对它们进行了对比分析。     

海洋测高卫星高度计定标理论与方法研究

正本文针对海洋测高卫星高度计的自主定标需求,兼顾新型双星串飞编队测高模式下高度计相对定标的研究需要,对卫星高度计定标理论与方法进行了研究。主要内容概括如下:(1)梳理了卫星高度计绝对定标的意义与研究现状,给出了常用绝对定标方法的实现原理,分析了各种方法的优缺点。(2)系统研究了海水温度、盐度对GPS浮标测量海     

基于CFD技术的微波定标源亮温评定方法

基于计算流体动力学仿真技术对微波定标源表面物理温度分布进行了仿真,解决了现有测温手段难以对小尺寸定标源尖劈进行高精度温度测量的问题,在此基础上建立了定标源等效输出物理温度的评定方法,并给出测温电阻埋设深度的建议值,从而有效减少测温电阻测量值与定标源等效表面物理温度值的差值,给出定标源输出亮温度不确定度小于0.5 K的合理评定结果,提高了微波辐射计定标系统的精度评估水平。     

体散射函数测量技术定标方法研究进展

体散射函数描述了光被水体散射后的角度分布特性，是海水固有光学特性之一，在水色遥感、生物光学特性及海气交互过程研究等光学海洋学研究及应用领域具有十分重要的意义。基于其强方向性、大动态范围、后向散射微弱等特点，体散射函数测量技术定标方法及应用研究至今仍在不断探索进步中。伴随体散射函数测量技术的发展，相继出现了基于散射体及散射通量的定标方法、基于漫射体与传感器响应权重函数的定标方法以及基于标准物质与传感器响应权重函数的定标方法等3大类体散射函数定标方法。相较于基于散射体及散射通量的定标方法，基于漫射体与传感器响应权重函数的定标方法可有效解决散射体估算难度大等问题，但更适用于宽视场角的后向散射仪；基于标准物质与传感器响应权重函数的定标方法极大简化了定标过程，且不受散射角度范围的限制。可以预见，上述3大类体散射函数定标方法的变通和组合方案是未来很长一段时间的主要定标方法，而基于标准物质与传感器响应权重函数的定标方法将是未来体散射函数最有优势的定标方法。本文以水体体散射函数定标方法为主线，归纳总结了国内外水体体散射函数定标、测量以及应用研究进展，并对未来体散射函数定标方法的发展趋势进行展望。     

机载数字航摄仪场地绝对辐射定标及验证分析

针对遥感定量化中绝对辐射定标相关研究较少的问题,该文利用安阳试验场布设的8种不同反射率的固定靶标,采用反射率基法对机载数字航摄仪进行绝对辐射定标,分别用单点法、两点法和多点法得到不同的定标系数;为了验证辐射定标结果,选择另外4块不同颜色的靶标,分别对不同方法得到的定标系数进行验证评价。结果表明,单点法得到的定标系数平均误差最大,两点法和多点法的定标误差比较接近,多点法的平均定标误差最小。研究结果对于今后航空遥感相机的在轨定标具有一定的参考作用。     

Optical theorem for electromagnetic scattering by a three-dimensional scatterer in the presence of a lossless half space

The classical optical theorem for a scatterer in free space is useful in computing the total extinction cross section when the scattering amplitude in the forward scattering direction is known. In this letter, the classical optical theorem is extended to the case of a scatterer in the presence of a lossless half space. The extended optical theorem is derived based on energy conservation concepts, and the method of stationary phase is employed to obtain the final form. It is found that the total extinction cross section is related to the scattering amplitudes in the specular directions for reflected and transmitted fields. Numerical results are presented to illustrate use of the theorem for evaluating the energy conservation properties of an electromagnetic simulation.     

偏振反射信息在植被遥感双向反射研究中的作用

本文基于菲涅尔反射公式,结合现有的偏振反射模型对单叶与植被多角度偏振测量结果与理论结合进行分析;通过研究发现,偏振反射在前向散射方向可以通过菲涅尔反射公式进行解释,但是,在后向散射方向则需要考虑其他物理机理。此外,传感器获取的植被偏振信息既可以作为一种"噪声"来剔除,剔除后在可见光波段将相对误差从原来的30%降低到20%以内,又可以作为额外有效的信息源表征植被的结构特征:通过模型参数的大小判断冠层形态的平整程度。本文可以作为植被偏振探测的系统化方法,并且给出植被固有的偏振反射效应规律,即植被越平展光滑,产生的偏振信息越多;同时也将偏振光遥感在植被监测中的有效性凸显出来,即偏振信息的剥离有助于提升双向反射模型的计算精度。     

GNSS-R土壤水分遥感的适宜性分析

利用GNSS-R(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry)技术探测土壤水分是近年来一个新兴的研究方向。目前GNSS-R遥感观测中反射信号的接收与处理方式包括单天线与多天线两种模式,面向实际应用需求,GNSS-R遥感正在实现从最初的地基观测向空基、星载观测的转变。在推进GNSS-R土壤水分遥感技术业务化应用的过程中,必须首先进行适宜性分析,确定该技术探测的地理位置、空间分辨率与探测深度,然而目前对此尚未有系统、全面、定量的论述。本文针对适宜性分析中的3个关键因子分别进行理论分析与公式推导,明确相关概念的定义,并实现定量化描述,最终通过实际应用分析进一步诠释其应用价值。对于单天线模式地基观测,以美国板块边界观测计划PBO(Plate Boundary Observatory)土壤水分产品为例,分析镜面反射点的相对位置、第一级Fresnel反射椭圆簇的面积与时间序列土壤水分所代表的探测深度;对于多天线模式,以郑州上街区农田空基观测试验为例,得到基于航迹的栅格土壤水分空间分布并探讨其探测深度。本文能够为未来两种观测模式下地基、空基和星载GNSS-R遥感观测、北斗反射信号遥感,以及GNSS-R在农业、水文、生态等领域的实际应用提供理论指导。     

Evaluation of RISAT-1 SAR Radiometric Calibration Using Extended Amazon Rainforest

The single-frequency Radar Imaging Satellite-1 (RISAT-1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) (launched in April, 2012) is designed to provide a wide variety of imaging options compared to the prevailing SAR missions. The scale of the calibration task for the RISAT-1 mission is increased with the inclusion of multiple beams and polarizations (single, dual and quad) along with circular/hybrid polarization capabilities, for the first time from space. Significant efforts have been made in the evolution of SAR processor for the provision of radiometrically and geometrically calibrated products to the users. After the commissioning phase, RISAT-1 was put into routine operations in Oct. 2012. Since then extensive beam coverage of Amazon rainforest in various modes was carried out to evaluate the calibration parameters and SAR processor performance. Subsequently, the processor version 1.2.0 was improved to version 1.3.0 and with further modifications to version 1.4.0. This article details the analysis carried out at each processor version, by quality evaluation team, to quantify the parameter behaviour and to give feedback on the processor performance to the SAR processor team. The various radiometric quality parameters evaluated and monitored are shape of the antenna pattern, gamma-naught, backscattering coefficient (sigma-naught), speckle index, radiometric resolution and Noise Equivalent Sigma Zero (NESZ). Data studied for the analysis is in Single Look Complex (SLC) for stripmap mode and multilook (Ground range) for ScanSAR and stripmap mode in dual and circular polarizations. The performance of version 1.4.0 for all the beams (near-to-far) is found to be consistent and meeting the mission specifications for the product.     

THE PRESENT STATE OF ECOSYSTEMS IN MONGOLIA: PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION AND MAPPING

This paper explores how such characteristics as the polarization of reflected radiation, the angular characteristics of its reflectance, and its thermal properties can be used to supplement conventional remote sensing studies of the condition of the vegetation cover. One possible application is clarified by means of an experiment testing the relationship between the degree of polarization of radiation reflected from cultivated cotton fields and the condition of the crop in those fields. Empirical data demonstrate that changes in the geometric structure of (and reflectance from) fields occurs when cultivated plants are subjected to stress (disease or moisture deprivation). Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: L. N. Vasil'yev, ed., Kosmicheskiye metody izucheniya biosfery [Remote Sensing Methods in the Study of the Biosphere]. Moscow: Nauka, 1990, pp. 77–82.     

Bayesian algorithm for the estimation of the dielectric constant from active and passive remotely sensed data

An inversion technique based on the merging of microwave remotely sensed data is applied to ground-based radiometer and scatterometer data acquired for the same area. The purpose of this technique is to retrieve the dielectric constant of bare soils. The algorithm is based on a Bayesian approach and combines prior information on the dielectric constant and surface roughness with observed data, in order to obtain a marginal posterior probability density function. The function describes how the probability is distributed within the range of the dielectric constant values, given the measured values of emissivity and backscattering coefficient. The algorithm allows for the incorporation of all the available sources of information, such as multipolarization and multifrequency data. Several criteria, which have been used to compare the predicted and the observed values, show that for dielectric constant values higher than 10 the best performance is achieved when data with one polarization and one or two frequencies are exploited. For dielectric constant values of less than 10, the configuration with two polarizations produces the best estimates.     

利用GNSS-R反射信号估计土壤湿度

GNSS—R土壤湿度估计是利用接收直达波和土壤反射波的信号强度比值,通过反演得到土壤湿度参量。给出土壤反射波形的仿真结果,研究它们与土壤的介电常数和仰角的依赖关系。介绍了GNSS-R土壤湿度计的反演原理、观测设备和数据处理方法,并得出了初步的实验结果。GNSS—R反演得到的土壤湿度与同一地点用土壤湿度计测量值比较的结果显示,它们吻合得很好。     

Soil Moisture Estimation in a Vegetated Area Using Combination of AIRSAR and Landsat5-TM Images

High difference between dielectric constant of water (dielectric constant about 80) and dielectric constant of dried soil (dielectric constant about 2–3) makes Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) highly capable in soil moisture estimation. However, there are other factors which affect on radar backscattering coefficient. The most important parameters are vegetation cover, surface roughness and sensor parameters (frequency, polarization and incidence angle). In this paper, the importance of considering the effects of these parameters on SAR backscatter coefficients is shown by comparing different soil moisture estimation models. Moreover, an experimental soil moisture estimation model is developed. It is shown that this model can be used to estimate soil moisture under a variety of vegetation cover densities. The new developed model is based on combination of different indices derived from Landsat5-Thematic Mapper and AIRSAR images. The AIRSAR image is used for extraction of backscattering coefficient and incidence angle while TM image is used for calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Brightness Temperature. Then a soil moisture estimation model which is named as Hybrid model is developed based on integration of all of these parameters. The accuracies of this model are assessed in the NDVI ranges of 0–0.2, 0.2–0.4 and 0.4–0.7 by using SAR data in C band and L band frequencies and also in different polarizations of HH, HV, VV and TP. The results show that for instance in L band with HV polarization, R-square values of 0.728, 0.628 and 0.527 are obtained between ground measured soil moisture and estimated soil moisture values using the Hybrid model for NDVI ranges of 0–0.2, 0.2–0.4 and 0.4–0.7, respectively.     

VLBI观测双线极化条纹拟合方法

提出了一种可用于下一代VLBI观测系统(VGOS)的双线极化条纹拟合方法。现有的VLBI观测模式采用的是右圆极化(RCP),而VGOS系统采用的是双线极化。本文方法包括校正和组合条纹拟合两部分。校正部分选择一颗强源作为参考源,分别得到不同极化方式下的通道时延及相位校正数据,用于目标源的校正。组合条纹拟合部分将4种极化分量的可见度数据组合成伪Stokes分量,通过搜索差分星位角使伪Stokes分量的幅值达到最大,从而获得最终的时延观测量。与单极化条纹拟合相比,组合极化获得的条纹具有更高的信噪比(SNR)及更小的条纹相位弥散度。     

植被冠层立体结构与叶片倾角的偏振光效应

植被偏振特性研究对于植被监测与组分定量反演具有极其重要的作用。植被冠层的反射辐射具有偏振特性,这种特性与入射辐射和植被冠层结构相关。本文分析了偏振对光子—叶片—冠层之间细微相互作用及其变化的有效探测能力,并利用研究型扫描式偏振辐射仪RSP(Research Scanning Polarimeter)数据系统对比分析了偏振对不同叶倾角分布的估测。通过上述研究得出以下结论:(1)偏振观测能够对光线在冠层立体结构中的透射反射再出射过程给出精细刻画,若不用偏振手段对这一过程进行甄别并去除,则直接测算的植被散射系数会产生高达140%的误差;(2)利用偏振手段可以为高精度大倾角、多时相遥感观测提供可能,以此可改变目前光学遥感小角度、垂直观测的较严格约束;(3)偏振辐射呈现出随波长的稳定特性(相关系数0.96),使得利用偏振手段可以更好地研究冠层结构;(4)不同叶倾角分布对入射辐射存在不同的偏振反射,为利用多角度偏振信息进行遥感植被精细分类提供了新的途径。本文详细描述冠层结构和植被偏振特性的相互作用,通过对冠层立体结构与叶倾角的研究,刻画了植被定量遥感的方向性信息与高精度实现,为高分辨率遥感定量化的有效信息挖掘提供了新手段。