对称扰动与纬向基流的相互作用I.倾斜E-P通量理论

该文对对称扰动与纬向基流的相互作用理论进行了深入的研究。这里是该文的第一部分,将Ｅ－Ｐ通量理论引入到中尺度对称扰动的动力学模型中,重新定义Ｅ－Ｐ通量为“倾斜Ｅ－Ｐ通量”。采用“倾斜Ｅ－Ｐ通量”的新概念,详细讨论了影响平均基流的几个因子作用。特别在中尺度系统对动量、热量的垂直输送项改变影响环境风场、温度场方面进行了讨论。     

对称扰动与纬向基流的相互作用 II. 粘性波包的发展与弥散

该文对对称扰动与纬向基流的相互作用理论进行了深入的研究。这里是该文的第二部分,主要讨论粘性波包的发展与弥散。在对称扰动波包的动力学方程组中引进粘性作用(Pr=1)可以发现,粘性耗散及扩散导致了“虚群速度(Cigy, Cigz)”的产生,它对波包的发展有着比较重要的影响。此外,各种稳定度参数的时空变化对扰动波包的发展具有重要作用。在一定的条件下,还可以产生波包的不稳定现象。     

球面E-P通量的计算及其应用

讨论了行星波作用通量Eliassen-Palm flux(E-P通量)在球面准地转条件下的表达式,纬圈环状总质量权重的变换形式,及其在绘图分析中的应用与技巧。结合实例,通过对欧洲中心再分析资料Interim的计算绘图,说明不同形式E-P通量在实际分析时的差异及特点。     

对称扰动与纬向基流的相互作用 II.粘性波包的发展与弥散

该文对对称扰动与纬向基流的相互作用理论进行了深入的研究。这里是该文的第二部分,主要讨论粘性波包的发展与弥散。在对称扰动波包的动力学方程组中引进粘性作用（Ｐｒ＝１）可以发现,粘性耗散及扩散导致了“虚群速度（Ｃｉｇｙ,Ｃｉｇｚ）”的产生,它对波包的发展有着比较重要的影响。此外,各种稳定度参数的时空变化对扰动波包的发展具有重要作用。在一定的条件下,还可以产生波包的不稳定现象。     

切变基流中赤道Kelvin波及纬向对称扰动的稳定性

本文使用赤道β平面下的热带大气Boussinesq近似方程组,分析了纬向切变基流中的赤道Kelvin波以及纬向对称扰动的稳定性。研究结果表明,在纬向基本气流只具有y方向水平切变的情况之下,基本气流在y方向的切变并不能导致Kelvin波发生不稳定,只能导致不同的纬度上对应于Kelvin波传播的相速度有所不同。扰动位势和扰动风速等物理量在y方向的分布特征与基本气流无关。在只考虑垂直切变基流时,要存在稳定的相对于平均基流向东传播的Kelvin波必须要满足Richardson数Ri>2的条件。基本气流在垂直方向的切变也不能导致Kel-vin波发生不稳定,只能导致Kelvin波的相速度发生Doppler频移效应。扰动位势以及扰动速度在y方向的分布特征与基本气流在垂直方向的切变有关。当风的垂直切变大于零时,对流层低层的扰动位势和扰动速度沿y轴的正反方向衰减较快;而当风的垂直切变小于零时,对流层高层的扰动位势和扰动速度沿y轴的正反方向衰减较快。对于沿纬圈方向的对称天气系统,只要风的垂直切变较大,满足Ri<1时,低纬重力惯性内波一定会发生不稳定。而当基本气流的垂直切变较小(Ri>1)时,本文则给出了该扰动发生不稳定的判据条件。只要风的水平切变足够大,大于某一临界值(该临界值与垂直波数m,β因子,静力稳定度N2以及Richardson数Ri有关),在赤道y—z平面上的重力惯性内波也会发生不稳定,从而引起这种沿x轴对称扰动的激发产生与发展。     

中层大气行星波在臭氧的季节和年际变化中输运作用的数值研究 II. 波流相互作用的情况

本文利用一个34层球坐标波-流相互耦合原始方程谱模式，从拉格朗日平均环流的观点出发讨论了非常定流下行星波对O3的输运作用。计算结果表明：该耦合模式能较好地模拟中层大气纬向平均流场及准定常行星波的基本变化特征。通过计算行星波对臭氧的输运，我们得到了与观测基本一致的O3的季节变化。此外，计算结果还表明，非常定流下行星波对O3输运的年际变化与常定流下的结果是类似的，都是在热带纬向风为东风位相下的输运作用比西风位相下强，但是在波-流相互作用情况下，中高纬地区行星波对O3输运的年际变化大大增强。     

地形、非对称纬向流和大尺度扰动的相互作用

本文采用波包近似和WKB方法,研究了非对称地形、非对称纬向流和大尺度扰动的相互作用。     

热带内外地区环流季内变化的相互作用特征 I. 诊断分析研究

基于ECMWF客观分析资料，本文分析了１９８３／19８４和１９８６／19８７两个典型年份冬季东亚地区季内低频域中热带内外地区的季风环流、热带对流及低频波能之间的相互作用特征，强调了东亚冬季风对于这种相互影响的重要激发作用，同时指出热带地区积云对流可以是联系季内热带内外地区相互作用的一种重要的衔接因子。     

北太平洋风暴轴异常变化特征及其与纬向风场的关系研究

摘要本文通过对300 hPa5、00 hPa和850 hPa的北太平洋风暴轴(PST)的异常研究,分别提取出两个主异常模态进行比较。分析表明在三层的第一主模态都主要对应有PST异常的准10 a的周期变化;而对300 hPa和500 hPa的第二主模态,以及850 hPa的第三模态,对应有更长时间的趋势变化。进一步通过相关的分析,说明PST的异常从低层到高层的变化存在一定的一致性。通过PST与纬向风场在300 hPa的相关分析发现,两个模态与纬向风场的异常在空间上都呈同位相的分布,说明高层纬向风场异常与PST发展可能存在一种互相反馈的作用。进一步通过斜压增长率和水平两维的E-P通量矢的合成分析发现,这种反馈作用,无论从纬向风场异常所产生的环境斜压增长条件的改变,还是从平均动能与扰动动能的转化关系,都是存在的。     

冬季北太平洋海表面热通量异常和海气相互作用的耦合模式模拟

基于中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG/IAP)开发的耦合气候系统模式FGOALS_s1.0控制试验的积分结果,分析了冬季北太平洋海表面湍流热通量(潜热和感热通量之和)异常及其对海表面温度(SST)异常的影响,并通过分析海温倾向方程,比较了各因子对SST变率的相对贡献.结果表...     

非保守系统中的对称不稳定 I. 弱粘性的强迫作用

对非保守系统中的对称不稳定问题进行了深入的研究,第一部分讨论弱粘性的强迫作用。研究结果表明,在取一级近似时,弱粘性的首要作用是衰减波长较长的波,对波长较短扰动的衰减作用要小一些。在Pr～O(1)的条件下,波动的衰减率σ1对Prandtl数的依赖性较小。在取二级近似时,弱粘性的主要作用则是衰减短波。因此,在中尺度对称不稳定中,粘性的作用主要是衰减长波及短波,从而确保发展的扰动具有中尺度量级。     

Large-eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow Across a Forest Edge. Part I: Flow Statistics

The statistics of turbulent flow across a forest edge have been examined using large-eddy simulation, and results compared with field and wind-tunnel observations. The moorland-to-forest transition is characterized by flow deceleration in the streamwise direction, upward distortion of the mean flow, formation of a high pressure zone immediately in front of the edge, suppression of the standard deviations and covariance of velocity components, and enhancement of velocity skewnesses. For the selected forest density, it is observed that the maximum distortion angle is about 8 degrees from the horizontal. Instead of approaching a downwind equilibrium state in a monotonic manner, turbulence (standard deviations and covariances of velocity components) and mean streamwise velocity undershoot in the transition zone behind the edge. Evolution of flow statistics clearly reveals the growth of an internal boundary layer, and the establishment of an equilibrium layer downwind of the edge. It is evident that lower-order moments generally adjust more quickly over the new rough surface than do higher-order moments. We also show that the streamwise velocity standard deviation at canopy height starts its recovery over the rough surface sooner than does the vertical velocity standard deviation, but completes full adjustment later than the latter. Despite the limited domain size upstream of the edge, large-eddy simulation has successfully reproduced turbulent statistics in good agreement with field and wind-tunnel measurements.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用的研究I.理论分析

本文是讨论梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用问题的开始部分。为了分析梅雨锋暴雨过程中的多尺度能量相互作用,从z坐标系中的运动方程和热力学方程出发,把基本物理量分成大尺度背景场（>2000 km）、α中尺度（200~2000 km）和β中小尺度系统（< 200 km）分量,利用滞弹性近似,推导了大尺度背景场、α中尺度和β中小尺度系统三个尺度的动能方程和位能方程。能量方程中包含了各尺度动能之间的转换、位能之间的转换以及动能和位能之间的转换。动能方程主要包括各尺度动能之间转换项、动能输送项、水平气压梯度力做功项、垂直方向扰动气压梯度力做功项、浮力做功项、地转偏向力分量做功项以及摩擦力做功项。位能方程主要包括各尺度位能之间转换项、位能输送项、浮力做功项以及非绝热加热做功项。其中浮力做功项为位能和动能之间的能量转换项,是暴雨发生发展过程中比较关键的能量转换项。关于将能量方程用于梅雨锋暴雨过程中并且诊断能量相互作用影响暴雨发展和消亡过程的物理机制等问题,将在以后的研究中给出。     

Vortex Rossby waves on smooth circular vortices: Part I. Theory

A complete theory of the linear initial-value problem for Rossby waves on a class of smooth circular vortices in both f-plane and polar-region geometries is presented in the limit of small and large Rossby deformation radius. Although restricted to the interior region of barotropically stable circular vortices possessing a single extrema in tangential wind, the theory covers all azimuthal wavenumbers. The non-dimensional evolution equation for perturbation potential vorticity is shown to depend on only one parameter, G, involving the azimuthal wavenumber, the basic state radial potential vorticity gradient, the interior deformation radius, and the interior Rossby number.In Hankel transform space the problem admits a Schrödinger’s equation formulation which permits a qualitative and quantitative discussion of the interaction between vortex Rossby wave disturbances and the mean vortex. New conservation laws are developed which give exact time-evolving bounds for disturbance kinetic energy. Using results from the theory of Lie groups a nontrivial separation of variables can be achieved to obtain an exact solution for asymmetric balanced disturbances covering a wide range of geophysical vortex applications including tropical cyclone, polar vortex, and cyclone/anticyclone interiors in barotropic dynamics. The expansion for square summable potential vorticity comprises a discrete basis of radially propagating sheared vortex Rossby wave packets with nontrivial transient behavior. The solution representation is new, and for this class of swirling flows gives deeper physical insight into the dynamics of perturbed vortex interiors than the more traditional approach of Laplace transform or continuous-spectrum normal-mode representations. In general, initial disturbances are shown to excite two regions of wave activity. At the extrema of these barotropically stable vortices and for a certain range of wavenumbers, the Rossby wave dynamics are shown to become nonlinear for all initial conditions. Extensions of the theory are proposed.     

A Re-Evaluation of Long-Term Flux Measurement Techniques Part I: Averaging and Coordinate Rotation

Experience of long term flux measurements over tall canopiesduring the last two decades has revealed that the eddy flux of sensible plus latentheat is typically 30% smaller than the available radiant energy flux. This failureto close the energy balance is less common close to the surface over short roughnessbut is still sometimes seen, especially in complex topography. These observationscast doubt on the results obtained from long term flux studies where daily and annualnet ecosystem exchange is usually the small difference between large positive andnegative fluxes over 24 h. In this paper we investigate this problem by examiningsome fundamental assumptions entailed in analysis of surface exchange by the eddyflux method.In particular, we clarify the form and use of the scalar conservation equation thatunderlies this analysis and we examine the links between averaging period androtation of coordinates in the situation where coordinates are aligned with thewind vector. We show that rotating coordinates so that the x axis is alignedwith the mean wind vector has the effect of high pass filtering the scalar covariance,¯wc, such that contributions to the aerodynamic flux from atmosphericmotions with periods longer than the averaging period are lost while those of shorterperiod are distorted.We compare the effect of computing surface exchange by averaging many shortperiods, in each of which the coordinates are rotated so that the mean verticalvelocity is zero (the method currently adopted in most long-term flux studies),with analysis in long-term coordinates and show a systematic underestimationof surface exchange in the former case. This is illustrated with data from threelong-term forest field sites where underestimations of sensible and latent heatfluxes of 10–15% averaged over many days are seen.Crucial factors determining the loss of flux are the averaging period T, themeasurement height and the content of the scalar cospectrum at periods longerthan T. The properties of this cospectrum over tall canopies in both homogeneousand complex terrain are illustrated by measurements at our three sites and we see thatover tall canopies on flat ground in convectiveconditions, or on hilly sites in near neutralflow, the scalar cospectra have much more low frequency contentthan classical surface-layerspectral forms would predict. We believe that the filtering of this low frequencycovariance by the averaging-rotation operations in common use is a large contributoryfactor to the failure to close the energy balance over tall canopies.     

Structure Function Analysis of Two-Scale Scalar Ramps. Part I: Theory and Modelling

Structure functions are used to study the dissipation and inertial range scales of turbulent energy, to parametrize remote turbulence measurements, and to characterize ramp features in the turbulent field. Ramp features are associated with turbulent coherent structures, which dominate energy and mass fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer. The analysis of structure functions to identify ramp characteristics is used in surface renewal methods for estimating fluxes. It is unclear how commonly observed different scales of ramp-like shapes (i.e., smaller ramps and spikes embedded in larger ramps) influence structure function analysis. Here, we examine the impact of two ramp-like scales on structure function analysis using artificially generated data. The range of time lags in structure function analysis was extended to include time lags typically associated with isotropic turbulence to those larger than the ramp durations. The Van Atta procedure (Arch Mech 29:161–171, 1977) has been expanded here to resolve the characteristics of two-scale ramp models. This new method accurately, and in some cases, exactly determines the amplitude and duration of both ramp scales. Spectral analysis was applied to the structure functions for a broad range of time lags to provide qualitative support for the expanded Van Atta procedure results. The theory reported here forms the foundation for novel methods of analyzing turbulent coherent structures.     

北方涛动同北半球温带大气环流的遥相关(一)——基本结构

本文利用1951—1980年逐季的平均值资料(共120个季)讨论了北方涛动和与其相联系的北太平洋海温与北半球海平面气压场、500hPa位势高度场遥相关的基本结构,并与南方涛动和赤道东太平洋海温的结果进行了对比分析.发现北太平洋Namias海区和加利福尼亚海流区海温的变化与北方涛动具有很密切的联系;北方涛动和这两个海区的海温同北半球中高纬度大气环流特别是PNA型和NAO型环流异常存在明显的遥相关关系;南方涛动和赤道太平洋海温同WP型或NPO型环流异常关系比较密切,而与PNA型和NAO型的关系不如北方涛动和Namias海区及加利福尼亚海流区海温的显著.