地球化学矿致异常非线性分析方法研究

从数学地质和地质统计学角度,应用现代非线性科学的最新成果,对化探异常的再评价,再解释,进一步挖掘化探数据中蕴含的成矿信息是矿产资源预测的关键.本论文研究区是西藏洞嘎普铜矿勘查区,论文从地球化学矿致异常定量评价方法研究出发,利用多种现代数学方法和非线性分析方法,挖掘化探数据蕴含的成矿弱异常信息.首先利用人工免疫算法构建了地球化学数据降噪模型,对地球化学元素数据进行降噪处理,以此消除特高值带来的屏蔽及剔除假异常;然后,利用分形含量面积法确定地球化学单元素及元素组合的异常下限,再利用分形含量梯度法圈定异常浓集中心,进而确定异常分带性;最后,将元素分带特性研究与研究区地质特征相结合,对比单元素异常图及组合异常图,对研究区的地球化学元素作出异常分类和异常评价解释.划分的四个异常区域在后期的工程验证中取得了很好的效果.     

湖南省新化县杨家山矿区土壤地球化学特征及找矿前景

湖南省新化县杨家山矿区位于湘中北部涟源盆地,成矿地质条件优越。本次土壤地球化学测量工作较好地揭示了矿区W、Cu以及As、Au等10个元素的地球化学异常特征以及异常的分布格局,由此圈定了5个综合异常区。成果显示:W、Cu异常最为发育,异常内、中、外三带发育明显,面积、规模较大,地表已发现钨、铜、金矿体。若加强对该区的地质工作,有望在该区取得良好的找矿成果。     

多尺度地球化学勘查聚焦找矿靶区——以滇东Pt地球化学省勘查研究为例

铂矿资源一直是中国紧缺而急需的矿产资源.以滇东Pt地球化学勘查为例,在极低密度泛滥平原沉积物勘查数据圈定的滇东Pt地球化学省的基础上,首先按不同的勘查尺度对研究区内国家地球化学填图计划采集的水系沉积物样品进行重组形成组合样品,然后应用化学预富集光谱法（C-OES）分析组合样的Pt含量,并应用变差函数定量描述不同勘查尺度数据圈定的Pt异常的变化性及控制其变化性的地质因素,最后基于不同勘查尺度Pt数据分别圈定区域和局部Pt异常块体,按地球化学块体方法估算各异常块体内的Pt资源潜力.结论表明：（1）从区域Pt异常块体到局部Pt异常块体,控制因素由一级裂控-岩控向二级岩控-裂控转化,表明变差函数有效揭示了控制不同勘查尺度Pt异常块体变化性的主要地质因素.（2）存在两类Pt异常：一类是在两个观测尺度下都具有Pt异常显示,且异常含量随观测尺度的变小（取样密度的增加）而显著增强;另一类是随勘查尺度的变小Pt异常弱化甚至消失.表明多尺度地球化学聚焦找矿具有逐步排除非矿异常,筛选矿异常的功能.（3）小尺度勘查数据圈出的局部Pt异常块体的Pt平均含量是大尺度勘查数据圈出的区域Pt异常块体的2倍,局部Pt异常块体Pt资源量占区域Pt异常块体的60%,而前者面积仅占后者的35%.表明Pt资源量主要集中在局部异常区域,聚焦找矿具有高效浓缩靶区的勘查效果.     

基于多源地球物理数据的机器学习方法在地质体分类中的应用——以黑龙江多宝山矿集区为例

为适应多源地球物理大数据地质解释的需要,同时也为了在地质体物性存在交叠情况下快速有效地实现多源地球物理数据的地质解释,本文提出应用机器学习的支持向量机方法对多源地球物理数据进行地质解释的新思路,并给出了利用物性三体(密度、磁化率、电阻率)进行地质体圈定与分类方法.阐明了参数归一化、参数寻优对模型训练与学习及分类结果的影响与作用.本文将黑龙江多宝山矿集区物性三体与矿集区的区域地质、矿床地质及钻井资料相结合,利用所提出的方法对地下地质体进行了圈定与分类,对分类结果经过交叉检验,正确率达81.6%,表明了训练模型具有较高的可信度.经对预测模型填充已知物性参数正演的重磁异常与实测重磁异常对比,证明两者在整体和细节上均有高度的相似性,间接说明对地质体圈定与分类结果的可靠性,进一步表明利用多源地球物理数据,采用支持向量机方法圈定地质体及对地质体进行岩性识别方面的合理性与有效性.多源地球物理数据机器学习的支持向量机方法在多宝山矿集区地质体圈定与分类所取得较好的应用效果,为多源综合地球物理的地质解释提供了可借鉴的成功经验,也提供了多源地球物理资料地质解释的一种新型的技术手段,开辟了应用人工智能方法进行...     

CSAMT测深和重力测量技术在哈密白山钼矿深部找矿和远景评价中的应用

针对隐伏金属矿产勘查的深度逐渐加大、勘查区逐渐向工作程度相对较低、情况更加复杂的山区转移,常规的单一的物探方法在勘探深度及精度等方面都已经无法满足目前勘查的需要.本文提出可控源音频大地电磁测深法(CSAMT)与重力测量(GS)的技术组合,并将其运用于新疆哈密白山钼矿勘查实践中.哈密白山钼矿深孔在1400m以下的深部验证了隐伏花岗岩体的存在,证实白山钼矿属于斑岩型钼矿.岩体顶盖碎裂角岩化带是热接触变质的产物,含矿物质来源于深部岩浆热液.CSAMT测深和重力测量能较好地反映隐伏花岗岩体的就位空间和大致的侵入界线,深部隐伏花岗岩显示高阻高重力异常,中低阻异常围绕高阻高重异常周边分布,钻探验证在高阻异常顶部200～2500Ωm中低阻异常区间对应的是钼矿层位.依据钻探工程对隐伏花岗岩和钼矿层的控制,对应CSAMT测深剖面似电阻率等值线区间,大致推断隐伏花岗岩的侵入顶界和定位预测深部的钼矿赋存空间.白山钼矿的预测远景资源量可达200万吨以上.     

地面高精度磁测和电磁测深在矿产调查中的应用

武定地区的各地层与矿体具有明显的磁性和电性差异,为了查明矿区内的控矿构造及外围矿致异常,开展了11万高精度磁法测量和大地电磁测量工作.对获取ΔT磁测数据进行化极和延拓等处理;对化极成果和不同延拓高度的成果综合对比分析,圈定了5个磁异常体和3条断裂,确定3号磁异常为有利矿致异常.在3号磁异常处开展大地电磁测深工作,查明断裂构造的产状、延伸,并对地层进行详细的分层.结合地质资料、电磁测深的成果资料,建立地质一地球物理模型,用RGIS2010软件对磁测剖面数据进行2.5D的人机联合反演,拟合出矿体的形态特征,得出异常体的相对深度、宽度和厚度,为地质找矿提供了有利的地球物理依据.     

宁芜地区地质——地球物理综合探矿模型

本文在从事多年综合物探方法找矿的基础上,结合宁芜地区地质矿产及其地球化学特征,总结出了一套地质——地球物理综合探矿模型:用高精度磁测查明断裂构造,圈定矿体和矿化体异常带,利用电法对成矿有利地段的地球化学异常开展激发极化法异常查证,配合电测深和电磁测深法查明异常体的地下展布,合理布置钻探工作。利用该探矿模型在尖山～荞麦山勘查区取得了较好的找矿效果,对宁芜地区寻找多金属矿有较好的指导意义。     

联合不同类型重力测量数据确定地球重力场模型的迭代法

不同的重力测量数据包含了不同波段的地球重力场信息,因此要恢复更高精度的地球重力场模型,就必须对不同类型的重力测量数据进行联合处理.以地面重力异常Δg为例,推导了利用迭代法联合不同类型重力测量数据反演地球重力场模型的基本原理公式,并给出了其具体实现步骤,接着采用全球的重力异常Δg数据和扰动位T数据,基于迭代法对卫星重力梯度SGG数据解算的重力场模型进行了进一步的精化.结果表明,初始的卫星重力梯度SGG模型和经过全球重力异常Δg数据精化后的模型,其对应的累计大地水准面误差分别达到1.128cm和0.048cm、累计重力异常误差分别达到0.416mGal和0.018mGal的精度;在经过全球扰动位T数据进一步精化后的模型,其对应的累计大地水准面误差达到0.043cm、累计重力异常误差达到0.016mGal的精度.     

地球化学数据库管理平台的建设与思考

为更好地发挥地球化学数据及方法在异常分析及震情跟踪研判中的作用,提高地球化学数据获取的便利性及数据存储的可靠性,规范异常核实及流动观测等地球化学样品的采集及检测流程,实现地球化学数据的自动分析及相关图件的自动绘制,中国地震台网中心建立了基于Linux系统的地球化学数据库管理平台,该平台应用数据库、地理信息系统(GIS)、WebGIS等技术,集成了样品送检、实验室检测、报告产出、数据存储筛选下载分析、图件绘制等功能,利用Piper图、Na-K-Mg三角图、同位素分析等方法,分析不同样品的地球化学特征,并给出相关图件。平台自推广以来,收集了大量的地球化学数据,提升了数据的可利用性,降低了地球化学数据分析的技术门槛,在异常性质分析及震情跟踪研判中发挥了作用。     

地球物理和地球化学异常的多重分形分析与分解

地球物理和地球化学异常是找矿的重要依据,异常的空间结构性包括奇异性和自相似性.奇异性反映了地球化学元素在岩石等介质中的局部富集和贫化规律,根据不同的自相似性特征可以分离地球物理和地球化学异常的背景场和异常场,有利于进一步评价异常与矿化的关系.近年来出现了基于空间域、付立叶域、特征值空间、沃尔什域的C-A、C-D、S-A、MSDV、W-A等异常的分解和分析方法,并成功应用于对地球物理和地球化学异常的解释中.本文对这些方法进行了概括和总结,探讨了小波域进行多重分形分析的方法在地球化学异常的分析和分解中的应用.并以山东乳山市葛口-石城测区的Au为例,以小波变换下的多重分形方法分析了该地区金成矿的可能前景,与实际情况较为吻合.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.