Fusion of IKONOS Satellite Imagery Using IHS Transform and Local Variation

The intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) technique is a well-known merging approach for its computational efficiency and spatial definition holding. However, it results in color distortion particularly for the remote sensing images of IKONOS and QuickBird as some other fusion methods, such as principal component analysis, and Brovey transform. Although wavelet-based image fusion approaches can provide a better tradeoff between spatial and spectral quality, the fused images with these methods often have a spatial resolution that is less than that of the IHS-based algorithm. A remote sensing image fusion algorithm based on IHS transform and local variation and its modified approach with low computational complexity are proposed. Visual effect and quantity evaluation results show that the proposed simple algorithm outperforms the conventional image fusion methods in the spectral domain with the spatial quality similar to that of the undecimated wavelet transform-based scheme. The proposed modified method can obtain the similar spatial resolution of the merged image with the IHS-based fusion algorithm and the better spectral quality in the green vegetation areas.      

Exploiting IKONOS and Hyperion data fusion for automated road extraction

We present here the examples that show how fusing data from hyperspectral sensors with data from high spatial resolution sensors can enhance overall road detection accuracy. The fusion of hyperspectral and high spatial resolution data combines their superior respective spectral and spatial information. IKONOS (MSS) and Hyperion images were fused using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The approach for road extraction integrates multiresolution segmentation and object oriented classification. Road extraction is done from an IKONOS (MSS) image and a Hyperion and IKONOS (MSS) merged image and comparisons are made depending on accuracy and quality measures such as completeness and correctness. This article also emphasises the types of roads which are giving better accuracy of extraction after fusion with hyperspectral image. This can vary because of types of material and condition of roads. The methodology was applied on roads of Dehradun, India.     

A fast intensity-hue-saturation fusion technique with spectral adjustment for IKONOS imagery

Among various image fusion methods, intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) technique is capable of quickly merging the massive volumes of data. For IKONOS imagery, IHS can yield satisfactory "spatial" enhancement but may introduce "spectral" distortion, appearing as a change in colors between compositions of resampled and fused multispectral bands. To solve this problem, a fast IHS fusion technique with spectral adjustment is presented. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can provide better performance than the original IHS method, both in processing speed and image quality.     

基于局部能量的Trous小波和IHS变换的影像融合研究

传统基于小波变换的影像融合随着分解级数的增加,融合影像与原多光谱影像间的相关性随之降低,融合后影像的小目标对象很难获得丰富的颜色信息。鉴于此,本文提出基于局部能量的Trous小波和IHS变换相结合的融合算法,对IKONOS影像进行融合,并与传统的Trous小波变换融合、Trous小波变换和IHS变换结合的融合算法相比较,结果表明改进的方法能提高融合影像的相关性,降低光谱扭曲度,增强小目标的识别能力。     

IKONOS影像在黑方台黄土滑坡调查中的应用

以黑方台为典型的黄土台塬, 过量农业灌溉造成了区内地下水位上升, 诱发了大量黄土滑坡, 该文选用IKONOS影像对其进行了遥感解译。通过对比PCA变换、Brovey变换、IHS变换和Multiplative变换融合影像效果, 选用PCA变换融合影像作为分析的基础。重点分析了IKONOS影像在黑方台黄土滑坡调查中的应用。在综合分析研究区地质资料和滑坡影像特征的基础上, IKONOS影像在滑坡类型划分、滑坡周界及期次关系确定、空间分布规律和滑坡特征参数统计方面具有很好的应用前景。     

利用面向对象的分类方法从IKONOS全色影像中提取河流和道路

传统的基于像素的统计特征的分类方法在处理高分辨率影像的分类问题上遇到了很大的困难。本研究利用面向对象的影像分析方法对IKONOS全色影像进行了河流与道路的分类,包括利用影像对象的光谱特征的初次分类和利用子目标对象的线特征的二次分类两个过程;其中初次分类由于仅依据光谱信息,不能很好地将河流或道路与其他光谱特征相似的地物区分开,而通过引入子目标的形状特征进行二次分类,就可以准确地将河流与道路提取出来。试验结果表明,面向对象的分类方法能够满足高分辨率或纹理影像的分类需要,具有很大的应用潜力。     

Improved IHS Algorithm for Fusing High Resolution Satellite Images of Urban Areas

The intensity-hue-saturation method is used frequently in image fusion due to its efficiency and high spatial quality. The main shortage is its spectral distortion stemmed from replacement of intensity band with higher resolution image. In this study, a new method is introduced to improve the spectral quality of the Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) algorithm. The goal of this study is to produce the fused image that has a better spectral and spatial quality with respect to the original images in term of visual comparison and the classification result. In this regard, an improved statistical approach is developed to combine an intensity band from IHS algorithm and an input high resolution image such as SAR or Panchromatic image. Then the intensity image is replaced by the combined image band. Final fused images are attained using the inverse IHS algorithm. The proposed fusion algorithm is tested on two data sets of: a) panchromatic and multi spectral bands of IKONOS image with the same acquisition date, and b) multi spectral and HH bands of IKONOS and TerraSAR-X images respectively with different acquisition dates. Moreover, the obtained results are compared with other fusion methods like IHS, Gungor, Brovey and synthetic variable ratio. The results show less spectral discrepancy of the proposed method comparing to other methods. Finally, the outcome of proposed method is classified and classification overall accuracy is improved by 5.6 and 2 percentage for data set ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively.     

城市植被制图中SPOT5影像融合方法研究

不同的融合方法用于不同应用目的融合效果不同,本文采用主成分分析、HIS变换以及基于小波变换的主成分分析和HIS变换四种融合方法对SPOT5全色波段和多光谱波段进行融合,并针对城市植被制图特点对融合结果进行质量评价。结果表明,基于小波变换的PCA和HIS变换融合法光谱保持能力最好,但是空间结构特征较差,不适于城市植被零星分布的特点。主成分分析既有较好的空间结构特征,细小地物纹理清晰,同时又具有较好的光谱保持能力,最适合于城市植被制图研究。     

Analyzing hyper-spectral and multi-spectral data fusion in spectral domain

Image fusion is the combination of two or more different images to form a new image by using a certain algorithm. Despite the fact that the number and kind of satellite imagery are daily increasing, using fusion techniques, in a proper way, to eliminate the redundancy in data and increase the quality of data is an important challenge in Remote Sensing Image Processing. Fusion of multispectral images with a hyperspectral image generates a composite image which preserves the spatial quality from the high resolution (MS) data and the spectral characteristics from the hyperspectral data. For the present study three fusion algorithms (Principal Component Transformation, Colour Normalized and Gram-Scmidt Transformation) were analysed for Hyperion and IKONOS MSS data. Their ability to preserve the spectral quality of fused data, in comparison with original hyper-spectral image, has been investigated.     

Improved Image Pansharpening Technique using Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform with Sparse Representation

Multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) images contains complementary information. High spatial and spectral resolution is a prerequisite for images to be useful, which can be achieved through image pansharpening. In this paper, we propose a new pansharpening technique which is a combination of nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) and sparse representation (SR), called NSCT–SR. NSCT is a shift-invariant version of the contourlet transform which combines nonsubsampled pyramid (NSP) and the directional filter banks. NSP splits input MS and PAN images into low-pass and high-pass sub-bands. Fusion of high-pass sub-bands is done using local energy information while low-pass sub-bands are fused using SR. Finally, fused low-pass and high-pass sub-bands are combined to obtain image with high spatial and high spectral resolution. We have quantitatively compared NSCT–SR with other multiresolution algorithms by calculating spatial and spectral quality parameters. It is observed that spatial quality is improved by 0.93 % (for seaside image) and 1.54 % (for urban image). While spectral quality is improved maximum up to 31.39 and 40.47 %, for respective images. NSCT–SR also compared with other state-of-art algorithms by calculating various performance parameters including quality with no reference. It is found that, overall; NSCT–SR performs better compared to algorithms considered in work.     

高分辨率影像的植被分类方法对比研究

高分辨率影像的纹理信息可解决用光谱分类面临的“同物异谱”和“同谱异物”问题,更精确地分辨地物的细微变化,但将纹理作为主要信息进行植被分类的研究较少。本文以南京市钟山景区为例,利用IKONOS影像数据的纹理信息进行植被分类,并将结果与用光谱信息、植被指数信息的分类结果比较。共使用了4个灰度共生矩阵纹理量：CON（对比）、COR（相关）、HOM（同质）和MCON（改进的对比）分析各类植被的纹理表征设阈值分割;用3个植被指数：NDVI（归一化指数）、MSAVI（改进的土壤调节指数）和SAVI（土壤调节指数）（L取0.5和5）选择发现SAVI5最能区分。对纹理和指数信息均设各类型的阈值进行分割提取;基于光谱信息分别用最小距离监督分类和ISODATA非监督分类。研究中先进行数据恢复,再分别用三种信息将试验区植被分为6类：草地、竹林、常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林、混交林和园地,最后将三种方法4个结果进行比较。精度评价的结论是：纹理信息分类的精度最高,植被指数次之,光谱信息中的非监督分类最低,纹理反映地物光谱及差异信息,可作为最佳方法用于植被分类。     

Rule-based classification of high-resolution imagery over urban areas in New York City

This paper describes the integration of results from different feature extraction algorithms using spectral and spatial attributes to detect specific urban features. Methodology includes segmentation of IKONOS data, computing attributes for creating image objects and classifying the objects with fuzzy logic and rule-based algorithms. Previous research reported low class accuracies for two specific classes – dark and grey roofs. A modified per-field approach was employed to extract urban features. New rule-sets were used on image objects having similar or near-similar spectral and spatial characteristics. Different algorithms using spectral and spatial attributes were developed to extract specific urban features from a time-series of Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) (4 m × 4 m) IKONOS data. The modified approach resulted in a remarkable improvement in the accuracy of classes that registered low spectral seperability and therefore low accuracy. The spectral and spatial based classification model may be useful in mapping heterogeneous and spectrally similar urban features.     

基于小波理论的IKONOS卫星全色影像和多光谱影像的融合

1999年9月24日发射成功的世界上第一颗商用1m分辨率的卫星IKONOS，具有1m分辨率的全色影像和4m分辨率的多光谱影像，通过对IKONOS1m分辨率的全色影像和4m分辨率的多光谱影像的融合可以获得1m分辨率的多光谱影像，为应用提供理高质量的数据源，基于小波多分辨率分析的MRAGM方法，它适合处理任意整数分辨率之比的融合情况，具有在提高影像空间分辨率的同时又保持色调和饱和度不变的优越性，而实现它的关键是构建具有紧支撑特性的M进制低通尺度函滤波器，本文利用基于四进制小波滤波器的MRAGM算法，成功地把全色影像和多光谱影像进行了融合，结果显示该方法的效果令人满意。     

Object based building footprint detection from high resolution multispectral satellite image using K-means clustering algorithm and shape parameters

Object-based image analysis (OBIA) has been a new area of research in satellite image processing applications, since it improves the quality of information acquisition about geospatial objects and also enables to add spatial and contextual information to the objects of interest. The extraction of buildings from High Resolution Satellite (HRS) image in an urban scenario has been an intricate problem due to their different size, shape, varying rooftop textures and low contrast between building and surrounding region. In this study, a new object-based automatic building extraction technique has been proposed to extract building footprints from HRS pan sharpened IKONOS multispectral image. The study is mainly emphasizing on obtaining optimal values for segmentation parameters, shape parameters, and defining rule set to extract buildings and eliminate misclassified other urban features. The suitability of the technique has been judged using different indicators, such as, completeness, correctness and quality.     

基于分辨率退化模型的全色和多光谱遥感影像融合方法

从影像成像的频率特性出发，提出了一种影像分辨率退化模型，并在此基础上提出了一种新的全色和多光谱遥感影像融合方法。     

高分辨率遥感植被分类研究

以南京市区的植被覆盖为研究对象,基于IKONOS遥感影像,采用决策树分类算法,根据各种植被光谱特征建立知识库,提出基于光谱信息的植被分类方法,继而结合高分辨率影像特有的纹理特征引进局部一致性指数对该方法进行改进,提出结合纹理信息的高分辨率遥感植被分类方法,分类总体精度从仅利用光谱信息的83.16%显著提高到91.89%,Kappa系数达到0.8886。采用Quickbird遥感影像对该方法进行验证,分类总体精度为91.94%,Kappa系数为0.8783,表明该植被分类方法能有效地对植被进行分类与识别,精度较高,且对于不同数据源的植被分类具有一定的普适性,为实现植被的自动化提取提供了理论依据和有效的方法途径。     

高分辨率影像城市绿地快速提取技术与应用

高分辨率遥感影像是城市绿地信息快速提取的主要数据源 ,文中以多尺度影像分割与面向对象影像分析方法为主要技术 ,利用样本多边形对象的成员函数建立训练区 ,自动提取大庆市城市绿地覆盖信息 ,达到清查城市绿地的目的。该方法信息获取周期短、精度高、成本低 ,实现了城市绿地信息精确获取与快速更新。     

混沌蜂群优化的NSST域多光谱与全色图像融合

为有效融合多光谱图像的光谱信息和全色图像的空间细节信息,提出了一种基于混沌蜂群优化和改进脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)的非下采样Shearlet变换(NSST)域图像融合方法。首先对多光谱图像进行Intensity-HueSaturation(IHS)变换,全色图像的直方图按照多光谱图像亮度分量的直方图进行匹配;然后分别对多光谱图像的亮度分量和新全色图像进行NSST变换,对低频分量使用改进加权融合算法进行融合,以互信息作为适应度函数,利用混沌蜂群算法找到最优加权系数。对高频分量采用改进脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)方法进行融合,再经NSST逆变换和IHS逆变换得到融合图像。本文方法在主观视觉效果和信息熵、光谱扭曲度等客观定量评价指标上优于基于IHS变换、基于非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)和非负矩阵分解(NMF)、基于NSCT和PCNN等5种融合方法。本文方法在提升图像空间分辨率的同时,有效地保留了光谱信息。     

基于经验模态分解的高分辨率影像融合

文章提出基于经验模态分解（Emp iricalMode Decomposition,EMD）的特征层影像融合模型。对多光谱波段影像进行IHS变换获得强度影像,采用行列分解实现一维经验模态分解的二维拓展,并用于分离高分辨波段影像与强度影像的细节特征信息,对高分辨率波段影像的高频与强度影像波段的低频进行重构获得融合后的强度影像,再通过IHS反变换获得融合影像。文章介绍了经验模态分解的基本原理,定义了经验模态分解的多尺度分解与合成结构,提出融合模型的技术路线。选择UICKB IRD影像的全色波段与多光谱波段进行融合实验,根据典型行（列）的EMD分析,确定经验模量的取舍尺度,按提出的融合路线获得融合影像,并与小波融合,IHS融合,Brovey融合模型获得的影像进行视觉及量化比较。选择信息熵、标准差指标对融合影像的空间细节信息进行评价,同时选择平均灰度值、相关系数、偏差指数评价融合影像的光谱扭曲程度,结果表明本融合模型最优。     

石漠化程度遥感信息提取方法研究

岩溶石漠化是中国西南地区的一种严重的生态环境问题。近年来有进一步恶化的趋势。本文以贵州省普定县典型研究区IKONOS遥感数据为例,给出了一种利用多光谱遥感数据定量提取岩溶石漠化程度信息的算法。在多维光谱的向量空间分析的基础上,提出了“植被线”的概念,并定义“石漠化几何指数”（GRI）为多维向量空间中不同程度的石漠化像元到“植被线”的归一化距离。作者认为使用这种方法提取石漠化程度,可以避免人工解译的主观性强,工作量大的缺点。使提取到的石漠化程度结果客观稳定。