Two new records of Valenciennea helsdingenii (Perciformes: Gobiidae) and Chromis margaritifer (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) from Jeju Island,Korea

Two specimens of Valenciennea helsdingenii and one specimen of Chromis margaritifer were collected on scuba in October 2011 from Jeju Island, Korea. V. helsdingenii is characterized by a body with two dark stripes that connect the head and caudal fin, and a large dark spot between the third and sixth dorsal fin spines. C. margaritifer is characterized by a body that is dark brown anteriorly but white posteriorly at the boundary between the fifth dorsal fin soft ray and the ninth anal fin soft ray. The Korean name ‘Bok-gi-mang-duk-sok’ is proposed for the genus Valenciennea, the name ‘Du-jul-bok-gi-mang-duk’ is proposed for the species V. helsdingenii, and the name ‘Huinggo-ri-ja-ri-dom’ is proposed for C. margaritifer.     

First record of the percophidid fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Osopsaron formosensis</Emphasis> (Percophidae: Hemerocoetinae) off Jeju Island,Korea

A specimen of Osopsaron formosensis was collected at the southeastern part of Jeju Island in June 2008. This specimen is to be distinguished from congeneric species using the key characters such as the eye with dorsal iris flap, cheek with scales, elongated dorsal spine, the length and the numbers of the first dorsal spines, and black pigmentation of the dorsal fin membrane. This report was the first record of O. formosensis from Korea. We named it ‘No-ran-tti-nun-tung-ii’ in Korean.     

Seasonal and spatial variability in plankton production and respiration in the Subtropical Gyres of the Atlantic Ocean

Euphotic zone plankton production (P) and respiration (R) were determined from the in vitro flux of dissolved oxygen during six latitudinal transects of the Atlantic Ocean, as part of the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme. The transects traversed the North and South Atlantic Subtropical Gyres (N gyre, 18–38°N; S gyre, 11–35°S) in April–June and September–November 2003–2005. The route and timing of the cruises enabled the assessment of the seasonal variability of P, R and P/R in the N and S gyres, and the comparison of the previously unsampled N gyre centre with the more frequently sampled eastern edge of the gyre. Mean euphotic zone integrated rates (±SE) were P=63±23 (n=31), R=69±22 (n=30) mmol O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ in the N gyre; and P=58±26 (n=30), R=62±24 (n=30) mmol O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ in the S gyre. Overall, the N gyre was heterotrophic (R>P) and it was more heterotrophic than the S gyre, but the metabolic balance of both gyres changed with season. Both gyres were net heterotrophic in autumn, and balanced in spring. This seasonal contrast was most pronounced for the S gyre, because it was more autotrophic than the N gyre during spring. This may have arisen from differences in nitrate availability, because spring sampling in the S gyre coincided with periods of deep mixing to the nitracline, more frequently than spring sampling within the N gyre. Our results indicate that the N gyre is less heterotrophic than previous estimates suggested, and that there is an apparent decrease in R from the eastern edge to the centre of the N gyre, possibly indicative of an allochthonous organic carbon source to the east of the gyre.     

北部湾出现苏门答腊金线鱼及其形态特征

2008年1月在北部湾调查时,采集到1金线鱼科标本,经鉴定为苏门答腊金线鱼．渔获总尾数156尾,带回5尾到实验室作进一步鉴定,标本现保存在南海水产研究所标本馆．体长范围为50mm-126mm,背鳍X-9;臀鳍Ⅲ-7;胸鳍15;腹鳍I-5;尾鳍21．体适度延长,侧扁,体长为体高的3．5～3．8倍,体高在躯干中部背鳍第七鳍棘处为最高．上下颌几等长,仅上颌前端具较大犬牙．眼眶下缘处于吻端与胸鳍基部上端连线的上方,眼眶下缘顶端微凹,后缘几呈直线．前鳃盖骨裸露（无鳞）宽度是有鳞宽度的1．4～1．7倍．体被薄栉鳞,背鳍与侧线间具鳞4～7行,有腋鳞．侧线完全,位高,近似与背缘平行．眼下至上颌骨呈倾钭的金黄色带,体上部略带桃色,下部银白色,体侧有明显的金黄色带,并延至尾鳍叉端附近鳍条．体侧有一红斑,红斑位于背鳍起点与胸鳍基部之间的侧线下缘．背鳍边缘黄色,中间有明显的黄色带,臀鳍粉红色并有2条黄色带,尾鳍粉红色,近叉端鳍条呈金黄色．背鳍第一鳍棘与第二鳍棘由隔膜分开,第一鳍棘和第二鳍棘其长度短于其他鳍棘,无丝状延长．背鳍鳍棘部与鳍条部连接完全,中间无缺刻．胸鳍伸达肛门上方,胸鳍长度为头长的1．1～1．5倍．腹鳍中等长,约与胸鳍等长,不伸达臂鳍起点．臂鳍最后鳍条不明显长于其他鳍条．尾鳍呈叉形,上叶末端呈锐角或钝圆,上叶末端略呈丝状延长或延长不明显．     

Description of a small goby, Trimma grammistes (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from Jeju Island, Korea

A small goby, Trimma grammistes, was described in detail as the first reliable record from Korea based on 10 specimens (27.8～34.0 mm SL) collected from the coastal waters of Jeju Island. The species is easily differentiated from congeners by having no scales on the predorsal region, VI-I, 10 dorsal fin rays modally, I, 10 anal fin rays, 18 pectoral fin rays, 27～30 longitudinal scales as well as two dark longitudinal bands on the body.     

出现于南沙海域的黄带棘箱鲀的形态特征

2011年4月17日在南沙海域调查时,采集到2尾棘箱鲀属(Kentrocapros)标本,经鉴定为黄带棘箱鲀(Kentrocapros flavofasciantus),标本现保存在南海水产研究所标本馆.标本体长分别为108、135 mm.无鳍棘和腹鳍,背鳍和臀鳍各1个.背鳍鳍条数目为11,胸鳍鳍条数目为12,臀鳍鳍条数目为10,尾鳍鳍条数目为11.体长为体高的2.41～2.57倍,体宽的3.07～3.09倍,头长的3.38～3.48倍,吻长的4.35～4.70倍.头长为眼径的2.22～2.38倍,眼间隔的1.35～1.54倍,鳃孔长度的3.10～3.33倍.除尾柄、胸鳍基部、背鳍基部、臀鳍基部、肛门附近之外,体披硬体甲,体甲刚好在背鳍前方闭合,体甲为6棱形,无刺平滑,从肛门连续沿纵线到胸鳍基部下前方形成裸褶.体侧无侧线.上下颌每侧具8个小柱状切牙.胸鳍最上第一鳍条很短,长度约为第二鳍条的1/6.体为褐黄色,体甲有两条较宽的纵向黄带.唇为褐棕色,牙为红褐色.所有鳍条为黄色或略显褐黄色.     

Initial validation of GOCI water products against in situ data collected around Korean peninsula for 2010–2011

This paper provides initial validation results for GOCI-derived water products using match-ups between the satellite and ship-borne in situ data for the period of 2010?C2011, with a focus on remote-sensing reflectance (R _rs ). Match-up data were constructed through systematic quality control of both in situ and GOCI data, and a manual inspection of associated GOCI images to identify pixels contaminated by cloud, land and inter-slot radiometric discrepancy. Efforts were made to process and quality check the in situ R _rs data. This selection process yielded 32 optimal match-ups for the R _rs spectra, chlorophyll a concentration (Chl_a) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and with 20 match-ups for suspended particulate matter concentration (SPM). Most of the match-ups are located close to shore and thus the validation should be interpreted limiting to near-shore coastal waters. The R _rs match-ups showed the mean relative errors of 18?C33% for the visible bands with the lowest 18?C19% for the 490 nm and 555 nm bands and 33% for the 412 nm band. Correlation for the R _rs match-ups was high in the 490?C865 nm bands (R²=0.72?C0.84) and lower in the 412 nm band (R²=0.43) and 443 nm band (R²=0.66). The match-ups for Chl_a showed a low correlation (<0.41) although the mean absolute percentage error was 35% for the GOCI standard Chl_a. The CDOM match-ups showed an even worse comparison with R²<0.2. These match-up comparison for Chl_a and CDOM would imply the difficulty to estimate Chl_a and CDOM in near-shore waters where the variability in SPM would dominate the variability in R _rs . Clearly, the match-up statistics for SPM was better with R²=0.73 and 0.87 for two evaluated algorithms, although GOCI-derived SPM overestimated low concentration and underestimated high concentration. Based on this initial match-up analysis, we made several recommendations -1) to collect more offshore under-water measurements of the R _rs data, 2) to include quality flags in level-2 products, 3) to introduce an ISRD correction in the GOCI processing chain, 4) to investigate other types of in-water algorithms such as semianalytical ones, and 5) to investigate vicarious calibration for GOCI data and to maintain accurate and consistent calibration of field radiometric instruments.     

Litterfall dynamics and nutrient decomposition of arid mangroves in the Gulf of California: Their role sustaining ecosystem heterotrophy

This study shows results on litterfall dynamics and decay in mangrove stands of Avicennia germinans distributed along a latitudinal gradient (three forest sites) in the Gulf of California, in order to assess whether internal sources could support the observed mangrove ecosystem organic deficit in this arid tropic. Total mean annual litterfall production increased southward (712.6 ± 53.3, 1501.3 ± 145.1 and 1506.2 ± 280.5 g DW m⁻² y⁻¹, in the Yaqui, Mayo and Fuerte areas respectively), leaves being the main component of litter in all locations during the entire year, followed by fruits. The wet season (June–September) showed the highest litterfall rates through fruits. The temporal trend of litterfall production was significantly explained through mean air temperature (R² = 68%) whilst total annual litter production in the entire region showed a statistically significant relationship with total soil phosphorus, salinity, total nitrogen, organic matter and tree height (R² = 0.67). Throughout 117 days of the decomposition experiment, the litter lost 50% of its original dry weight in 5.8 days (average decay rate of 0.032 ± 0.04 g DW d⁻¹) and there were not significant differences in the remaining mass after 6 days. The percentage of both C and P released from the litter correlated significantly with the ratio of tidal inundated days to total experiment days (R² = 0.62, p = 0.03 and R² = 0.67, p = 0.02, respectively); however, the frequency of tidal inundation only showed a significant increase in C release from Avicennia litter after 6 and above 48 days of decomposition. Whereas the total C content of litter bags decreased linearly over the decomposition to (% Total C = 5.52 − 0.46 days, R² = 0.81, p = 0.0005), N content displayed an irregular pattern with a significant increase of decay between 48 and 76 days from the beginning of the experiment. The pattern for relative P content of litter revealed reductions of up to 99% of the original (%tot-P = −9.77 to 1.004 days, R² = 0.72, p = 0.01) although most of the P reduction occurred between 17 and 34 days after the experiment started. Soil N and P contents, which exhibited significant differences in the course of the decomposition experiment, appeared to show significant differences between sampling sites, although they were not related to tidal influence, nor by leaf and nutrient leaching. In a global basis, C/N litter ratios decreased linearly (C/N = 32.86 − 0.1006 days, R² = 0.62, p = 0.02), showing a strong and significant correlation with meteorological variables (R² = 0.99, p = 0.01). C/P ratios of litter increased through an exponential function (C/P = 119.35e^0.04day, R² = 0.89, p < 0.001). Changes in the remaining percentage of litter mass during the experiment were significantly correlated with soil C/N ratio (R² = 0.56, p = 0.03) as well as with the soil C/P ratio (R² = 0.98, p < 0.001). Our results of litter decomposition dynamics in this mangrove support the fact of null net primary productivity of the arid mangrove wetlands: fast litter decomposition compensates the ecosystem organic deficit in order to sustain the mangrove productivity. Litter decomposition plays a key role in the ecosystem metabolism in mangroves of arid tropics.     

First record of three barracudina fishes (Aulopiformes: Teleostei) in Korean waters

Three barracudina fishes (Paralepididae) were newly recorded from the southern sea of Korea. Lestidium prolixum is characterized by a single band of luminous ducts on the midventral line and absence of a papilla anterior to the eye. Lestrolepis intermedia and L. japonica are similar in having a black papilla immediately in front of the eye and two bands of luminous ducts on the midventral line. However, the dorsal fin of L. intermedia is located more posterior along the body than that of L. japonica, and L. intermedia have larger number of anal fin rays 42 (vs. 36–40) and vertebrae 95 (vs. 86–87) than L. japonica.     

Remote sensing of turbidity in seawater intrusion reaches of Pearl River Estuary – A case study in Modaomen water way,China

Based on field experiments and analysis, the study examined the spectral characteristic and spatial variability of turbidity in the Pearl River Estuary by using the EO-1 ALI satellite imagery collected on December 18, 2005. A negative regression model (turbidity = −439.52 × R (570) + 22.913, R² = 0.9042, n = 11) between the in-situ turbidity and the reflectance at 570 nm (maximum correlation spectral band between 350 and 2500 nm), resulting from increasing of organic matters in suspended solids, was built and applied to ALI band 4 (0.525–0.605 nm). Simple in-water spectral pairs calibration method of bright and dark targets provided the good atmospheric correction of ALI with a root mean square error of 0.00061, and mean absolute percentage error of 2.04%. The study also found the seawater turbidity is a more accurate indicator of Chl_a concentration (R² = 0.7442) than TSS (R² = 0.7061). Also, there is a large correlation between TSS and the turbidity (R² = 0.86, N = 22) for Modaomen watercourse. The model-deduced turbidity distribution from ALI band 4 exhibited distinctive spatial variability of turbidity in the dry season, accordant with seasonal in-situ investigation. The ALI data provides accurate estimates of the mean water clarity conditions in the PRE (RMSE = 1.878 and MAPE = 11.7%) and has potential importance for water quality monitoring of optical remote sensing in the similar estuaries and its future operation.     

福建省沿海鱚属（Sillago）鱼类新纪录种——中国鱚（Sillago sinica Gao and Xue,2011）

本研究报道了在福建省晋江和厦门近海采集到的新记录种——中国鱚,将其分布区向南延伸至福建省沿海,并对采集到的中国鱚进行形态特征的重新描述,及扩增其DNA条形码.中国鱚的主要鉴别特征为：第一背鳍鳍膜具不规则的、呈弥散状的黑色斑点,由前往后逐渐稀疏;第二背鳍沿鳍条具3～4行规则的黑色斑点;侧线上鳞数为6～7;脊椎骨数为37～39.结合Gen Bank中鱚属鱼类的同源序列进行比对研究,结果显示本研究采集到的中国鱚与中国鱚模式种聚类到一起,并与其余种类明显分开,在遗传距离和氨基酸水平上与其他种类产生了明显地分化,进一步证明了DNA条形码能高效快速的鉴别鱚属鱼类.本研究为鱚属鱼类分类与研究提供理论基础,通过调查发现中国鱚主要分布在有大量淡水注入的河口区,南至韩国光阳沿海,北至中国福建省沿海,数量较少并不能形成渔汛.     

用深海鲨鱼制备角鲨烯,角鲨烷

探讨了７种深海鲨鱼的角鲨烯含量。这几种深海鲨鱼的肝脏约占体重的２０％,肝脏中油脂含量大部分超过５０％,有些达到８０％以上。肝油中角鲨烯的含量与鱼种及个体特性有关,但一般超过５０％。介绍了角鲨烯、角鲨烷的制备方法。     

太平深海带鱼仔稚鱼的形态特征

本文观察了太平深海带鱼早期发育形态,主要特征是背鳍第一棘延长呈鞭状,向后可达体长的1/2以后,随着鱼体的长大,延长的鳍棘退化。到后期仔鱼,腹鳍和臀鳍分别生有刺和棘,形状尖利。发育到稚鱼期臀鳍第二棘长大,似蝉翼状。随着鱼体长成幼鱼时,腹鳍刺和臀鳍棘相继退化。     

First records of Scorpaena onaria (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from the southwestern Pacific Ocean,and comparisons with the Northern Hemisphere population

Scorpaena onaria Jordan & Snyder (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae), previously known only from the northwestern Pacific Ocean, is reported from the southwestern Pacific Ocean for the first time on the basis of 19 specimens. The southwestern Pacific specimens are regarded as a southern population of S. onaria, characterised by a shorter supraocular tentacle and larger body size compared with the northwestern Pacific specimens. The southern population is described in detail including comparisons with all known Indo‐Pacific species of the genus Scorpaena. Analyses of 37 measurements of the southern population of S. onaria found that relative orbit diameter and second anal‐fin spine length became significantly smaller with growth. Initially cycloid, the scales enclosed by the posterior tips of the upper and lower opercular spines and opercular margin change to ctenoid with growth at c. 160–170 mm standard length. A mature female differed from an immature female and males in having a longer upper jaw, steeper dorsal profile of the snout, and shorter nasal spine. As a consequence, the species previously reported as S. neglecta from the Andaman Sea and northwestern Australia was re‐identified as S. onaria.     

Description of the post larva of star pipefish,halicampus punctatus (syngnathidae, gasterosteiformes) first found in the southwestern east sea, Korea

Larval specimens ofHalicampus punctatus were collected off Ulsan and Uljin in December 2002 (three specimens) and off Ulsan in December 2003 (one specimen). These specimens are characterized by the following morphological characteristics: rings, 14 + 35 = 49; subdorsal rings, 1 + 3 = 4; dorsal fin rays, 19 – 20; pectoral fin rays, 14 – 15; anal fin rays, 9; head length (HL), 5.8 – 6.7 in the standard length; snout length, 1.9 in HL; snout depth, 3.7 – 5.2 in snout length. The number of caudal fin rays 9 is less than those of the other species in the same genus 10. Wide stripe bands composed of small pigments are shown in the trunk and the tail. Melanophores are not found in the dorsal fin, the pectoral fin, and the anal fin except the caudal fin. The supraoccipital crest is on the head. The frontal ridge is on the dorsal side of front trunk. The blanched ridges on the opercular are fused with a main ridge like a tree branch. A few branched ridges that are small and narrow on the trunk and the tail are fused with the main ridges. We report these specimens as the first record in Korea and name them ‘Byeol-silgo-ki’ in Korean.     

长牡蛎F3 代快速生长选育群体生长特性的研究

采用模型拟合方法研究了长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)F3代快速生长选育群体不同时期各生长性状的发育规律。结果表明,长牡蛎幼虫期壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)对日龄(t)的回归遵循Logistic模型,生长方程分别为SH=455.612/(1+9.500e-0.142t),R2=0.999;SL=462.476/(1+8.026e-0.108t),R2=0.996。幼虫期壳高与壳长成直线相关,回归方程为SL=0.76SH+18.82,R2=0.994。长牡蛎养成期各生长性状呈现明显的季节变化,壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)和总质量(TW)对月龄(X)的多项式回归方程分别为SH=-0.0297X4+1.0365X3-12.0220X2+57.6500X-68.9260,R2=0.985;SL=-0.0173X4+0.5893X3-6.5702X2+30.2420X-34.4150,R2=0.986;SW=-0.0068X4+0.2620X3-3.2806X2+16.9170X-22.1410,R2=0.956;TW=-0.0219X4+0.8234X3-10.1680X2+50.7040X-85.4110,R2=0.972。壳高、壳长、壳宽与总质量均呈幂函数相关,回归方程分别为SH=23.645TW0.3213,R2=0.998;SL=12.337TW0.3776,R2=0.995;SW=6.611TW0.3589,R2=0.981。     

不同规格近江牡蛎的排氨率和耗氧率分析

采用实验生态学方法研究了不同规格近江牡蛎的呼吸和排泄生理生态学参数。结果显示,近江牡蛎耗氧率R_O随软体干重(W )的增加而减小, 体重对近江牡蛎耗氧率(R_O)的影响达极显著水平,R_O = 1.8232W^-0.7600, (R²= 0.8313 , P <0.01); 近江牡蛎的排氨率(R_N)和排磷率(R_P)随软体干重的增加而降低,呈负相关关系;而氧氮比O/N和氮磷比N/P在各组间未达显著水平(P >0.05) , R_N = 0.0930W^-0.6582 (R² = 0.7444, P <0.01)、R_P = 0.0126W^-0.8874 (R² = 0.9224,P <0.01);各组不同规格近(大小)江牡蛎的O/N值较高,而N/P值则随规格增大而呈上升趋势,但差异也不显著(P >0.05)。这些研究结果对牡蛎养殖密度和环境关系分析及牡蛎健康养殖具有重要参考价值。     

Sharksucker–shark interaction in two carcharhinid species

It is not known whether sharksuckers have positive or negative effects on their hosts, partly because this association is difficult to study in free‐ranging fish. I observed the behaviour of sharks with and without sharksuckers, to determine whether the hosts actively avoid sharksuckers. Wild blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus, took evasive actions when sharksuckers, Echeneis naucrates, attached to them, presumably to escape from skin irritation or hydrodynamical drag caused by the sharksuckers. Sharksuckers were most often attached to the belly or back of the shark, and sharks reacted most strongly to sharksuckers on their heads, sides, and dorsal fins. Observations of two captive bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, indicated that swimming speed increased when sharksuckers were attached. This paper supports the hypothesis that sharksucker attachment irritates sharks, and that the relationship between the two is best viewed as a subtle host–parasite interaction.     

Morphometric or morpho-anatomal and genetic investigations highlight allopatric speciation in Western Mediterranean lagoons within the Atherina lagunae species (Teleostei, Atherinidae)

Current distribution of Atherina lagunae poses an interesting biogeographical problem as this species inhabits widely separate circum-Mediterranean lagoons. Statistical analyses of 87 biometric parameters and genetic variation in a portion of the cytochrome b gene were examined in four populations of A. lagunae from Tunisian and French lagoons. The results suggested a subdivision into two distinct Atherinid groups: one included the French lagoonal sand smelts and the second included the Tunisian ones. Tunisian lagoonal sand smelts were distinguished from the French ones by the lower number of lateral line scales, vertebrae, pectorals and first dorsal fin rays and the higher number of lower and total gillrakers. In addition, A. lagunae from Tunisian lagoons are characterised by short preorbital length, developed operculum, broad interorbital space, larger head, robust body and a relatively small first dorsal fin which is positioned backwards. In addition, intraspecific sequence variation in a portion of the cytochrome b gene was examined in 87 individuals from Tunisia and France. The high correlation between the results of the molecular phylogenetic tree and biometric statistical data analysis suggested that two different sibling species or at least sub-species or semi-species have colonised the lagoons. In addition, our analyses suggested that the evolution of A. lagunae probably occurred in two steps including marine sympatric speciation within the large Atherina boyeri complex and a post-Pleistocene colonisation of the lagoons.