华南奥陶、志留纪腕足动物群的更替兼论奥陶纪末冰川活动的影响

地史时期大规模的生物群更替与全球大环境的灾难性变化密切相关 ,尽管这种更替在性质、延续时间及等级上各个时期不尽相同。奥陶、志留纪腕足动物群的更替提供了一个重要的实例。全球广布的晚奥陶世较深水叶月贝动物群 ( Foliomena Fauna)和其后浅、凉水的赫南特贝动物群 ( H irnantia Fauna)的灭绝 ,均受控于当时的冈瓦纳大陆冰川活动及其影响效应。志留纪早期 ,以正形贝目和扭月贝目占主导地位的晚奥陶世动物群被一大批新类型 (如无洞贝目、五房贝亚目和石燕目 )所替代 ,组成典型的志留纪动物群。     

赫南特冰期古海洋环境转变及其成因机制研究现状

奥陶纪-志留纪转折期是地质历史时期一个重要的时间节点,形成了广为人知的赫南特冰期。该冰期的形成不仅诱发了显生宙第二大的两幕生物绝灭事件,同样使海水中的地球化学元素循环受到强烈的影响,如海洋碳酸盐与大气CO₂的循环受到扰动,全球海平面的降低促使水体逐渐富氧化,进而导致海洋水体Mo、S、U等同位素值出现波动,而冈瓦纳大陆被冰雪大面积覆盖则削弱了铝硅酸盐岩的风化作用,并限制了陆壳放射性187Os、87Sr同位素向海水的运移。赫南特冰期的成因一直是学界探讨的热点,被归结于风化作用、火山活动的增强或有机碳的大量埋藏等因素,但对冰期的成因机制与持续时间仍具有较多的争论,其原因很多,比如缺乏独立的生物地层单元同时能够控制浅水碳酸盐岩及深水泥页岩区,缺少转折界限处高精度的地球化学信息与全球等时地层格架下的对比,以及未能排除风化作用、成岩作用和构造热事件对古海洋与古气候重建时的扰动等。     

The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: A global review and questions about Late Ordovician event stratigraphy

This paper proposes a global review of Hirnantian event stratigraphy. The Hirnantian GSSP in south China is tentatively correlated with latest Ordovician strata from the peri-Gondwanan “glacial” regions. Problems of biostratigraphical correlation are highlighted. At a worldwide scale, the major biostratigraphically useful fossil groups (graptolites, chitinozoans, brachiopods, conodonts, acritarchs) are analysed and their limits for global correlation of the uppermost Ordovician are discussed. Palaeobiogeographical disparities are invoked as the primary cause of the difficulty in establishing an effective Late Ordovician global biostratigraphical scheme. As an alternative correlative tool, the HICE (Hirnantian Isotopic Curve Excursion) event is often put forward in the literature. However, carbon isotope chemostratigraphy shows, like biostratigraphy, some limits to the present state of knowledge. No good independent biostratigraphical control of the HICE exists in both shallow carbonate deposits and deeper shaly ones. Recent studies have also demonstrated inconsistencies between carbon isotopic signals obtained from organic (δ¹³C_org) and inorganic (δ¹³C_carb) carbon species, further complicating the use of the HICE as an isochronous benchmark.All of these difficulties for Hirnantian event stratigraphy are discussed in detail in order to enable them to be overcome in the future. Precise Late Ordovician and early Silurian event stratigraphies are essential for the understanding of the mechanisms linked to the first of the “Big Five” extinctions.     

渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期冰川事件的沉积响应

奥陶纪末的赫南特期爆发全球冰川事件,渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期沉积的观音桥组,从岩相、古生物组合、古环境等方面表现出该地区对赫南特期冰川事件的响应。通过对观音桥组沉积特征的分析,发现其主要分为3类:一类为颗粒灰岩,细分为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩和亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩等,含珊瑚等化石,代表了中高能量的浅滩环境;一类主要为粉砂质灰岩、粉砂质泥灰岩组合,含腕足类及三叶虫动物群,沉积环境为潮坪。这两类是近岸沉积,主要受相对海平面下降的影响。另一类为形成于浅海陆棚环境的混合岩相,包括泥灰岩与钙质泥岩组合、粉砂质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩组合及含炭泥灰岩;生物包括三叶虫、笔石及腕足等,尤其是标志性冷水型Hirnantia动物群的短暂繁盛,表明其受海水温度变凉的影响较大。潮坪靠近黔中古陆分布,局部发育浅滩,远离古陆变为浅海陆棚环境。总体上,观音桥组沉积环境比五峰组与龙马溪组黑色笔石相页岩的缺氧滞留深水陆棚环境更浅、相对海平面及水温更低,是赫南特期冰川事件直接影响的结果。     

奥陶系上统赫南特阶全球层型剖面和点位的建立

赫南特阶(上奥陶统)的全球界线层型剖面和点位确立在中国宜昌王家湾北剖面观音桥层底界之下0.39m处。该剖面位于中国湖北省宜昌市以北42km处的王家湾村,经纬度为30°58′56″N、111°25′10″E。赫南特阶底界的GSSP点位以笔石Normalograptusextraordinarius的首次出现层位(FAD)为标志。碳同位素在此层位显示的正漂移以及N.ojsuensis的首现可作为第二标志。赫南特阶始于自Diceratograptusmirus亚带开始的全球生物大灭绝事件的主幕之后。王家湾北剖面出露完整,沉积和生物序列连续,笔石和壳相动物化石丰富并保存良好,王家湾北、王家湾南和王家湾小河边剖面都发育了合适的沉积相和生物相并具有广泛对比的潜力。该地区地质构造简单,岩石未经历较强的变质作用,且交通便利。王家湾小河边剖面尤其适合进行化学地层学研究和同位素年龄的测定。建立赫南特阶底界的全球界线层型剖面和点位的提案报告于2004年10月被国际地层委员会奥陶系分会通过,经补充完善后,于2006年2月被国际地层委员会通过,同年5月被国际地科联正式批准。     

Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) graptolite faunas of the Sandia Region,southern Peru

Ordovician graptolite faunas of Peru are restricted to a short interval in the Middle to basal Upper Ordovician, found in three regions of the country. All Peruvian graptolite faunas are strongly dominated by shallow water elements of the Atlantic Faunal Realm, represented largely by Didymograptus s. str. and Aulograptus, but a number of faunal elements of the pandemic isograptid biofacies have recently been discovered in the Sandia Region of SE Peru. Peruvian graptolite faunas are reviewed and the new records from the Sandia Region are discussed in detail. The faunas from the Purumpata and Iparo members of the San José Formation range in age approximately from the Undulograptus austrodentatus Biozone to the Holmograptus lentus Biozone (early to middle Darriwilian). The faunas provide a better understanding of faunal composition and diversity in this region and help to correlate shallow water and deeper water graptolite faunas from this time interval. Biserial graptolites are rare in most samples and usually indeterminable, but a single identifiable specimen of Undulograptus austrodentatus was found, indicating a level close to the base of the Darriwilian. A number of specimens of the genera Isograptus and Arienigraptus from the Sandia Region represent pandemic graptolite faunas of the isograptid biofacies, described for the first time from this region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combination Features, Paleobiogeographic Affinity and Mass Extinction of the Latest Ordovician （Hirnantian） Rugosan Fauna from Northern Guizhou, China

The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, and corallite septa are generally strongly dilated, especially the streptelasmatid corals are dominant comprising 98% of the whole fauna. The Guanyinqiao Bed is rich in rugosans of 18 genera, which are streptelasnmtid Streptelasma （=Helicelasma）, Brachyelasma, Amplexobrachyelasma, Salvadorea, Grewingkia, Borelasma, CrassUasma, Leolasma, KenophyUum, UUernelasma, Paramplexoides, Siphonolasma, Pycnactoides, Dalmanophyllum, Bodophyllum, Axiphoria, Lambeophyllum and cystiphyllid Sinkiangolasma. Although this fauna was fairly abundant in a confined area （northern-northeastern Guizhou, southern Sichuan） during the Hirnantian age, the rugosan mass extinction （generic extinction rate 81%） happened at the end of the Hirnantian Stage. It is conduded that the mass extinction is related to the ending of maximum glaciation and ice cap melting in Gondwana in the southern hemisphere in the latest Hirnantian, resulting in rapid global sea-level rise in the earliest Silurian. In the Upper Yangtze Basin, the sea bottom environments were replaced by anoxic and warmer water during that time, so that the cool-water type rugosan became extinct. The present paper attempts to revise some already described rugose coral genera and species （He, 1978, 1985） and to supplement a few new forms from the Guanyinqiao Bed. Fourteen species of 12 genera are re-described and illustrated, of which one species- Grewingkia latifossulata is new. As a whole, the rugosan fauna of the Guanyinqiao Bed may be correlated with those contemporaneous of North Europe, Estonia and North America, indicating a dose biogeographic affinity to North Europe.     

湖北宜昌和南漳奥陶系大湾组笔石生物地层

根据宜昌陈家河剖面大湾组的笔石标本,确立笔石序列自下而上为:Didymograptellus eobifidus带、Corymbograptus deflexus带和Azygograptus suecicus带(大湾组下段),Exigraptus clavus带和Undulogr aptusaustrodentatus带(大湾组上段)。对湖北南漳的全家湾和李家湾两剖面的大湾组进行了详细采集测量,其中全家湾剖面大湾组下段自下而上识别出D.eobifidus带、C.deflexus带和A.suecicus带;李家湾剖面大湾组下段自下而上识别出D.eobifidus带和A.suecicus带,证实南漳大湾组的底界与宜昌地区基本一致。     

关于奥陶系最上部赫南特(Hirnantian)亚阶全球层型的建议

在对鄂西宜昌王家湾和分乡、黔北桐梓红花园、黔东北松桃陆地坪 4条剖面的相关地层和主要门类化石做了新的无间断采集和重新鉴定笔石和腕足动物这两个重要化石门类的基础上 ,发现奥陶纪最末期—志留纪最早期的完整笔石序列与腕足动物等新的化石材料 ,初步了解奥陶纪末集群灭绝后生物幸存的基本特征。经过选择 ,特推荐宜昌王家湾公路旁穿越奥陶 -志留纪界线地层剖面作为建立国际赫南特亚阶的首位候选 (leading candidate)层型 ,并推荐桐梓红花园相关剖面作为辅助候选 (auxiliary candidate)层型。对建立全球赫南特亚阶界线层型的基本条件和国外相关剖面的优缺点作了分析。本文所识别的赫南特亚阶相当于两个笔石带 :下部 N ormalograptus ex-traordinarius- N.ojsuensis带和上部 N.persculptus带。典型的 H irnantia动物群的整体地质历程为奥陶纪最末期 ,相当于 N ormalograptus extraordinarius- N.ojsuensis带和 N.persculptus带的一部分。     

The Hirnantian δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C Positive Excursion in the Nabiullino Section (South Urals)

The upper Sandbian, Katian, and Hirnantian complexes of conodonts in the upper Ordovician section of the western slope of the Southern Urals near the village of Nabiullino were studied. The δ¹³C positive excursion with a maximum of 3.3‰ associated with the global Hirnantian isotopic event, HICE, was fixed for the first time. This excursion shows the beginning of the Hirnantian stage in the terrigenous–carbonate section of the upper Ordovician in the Southern Urals. It coincides with the first occurrence of the Hirnantian conodont species of Gamachignathus ensifer and the conodonts of shallow-water biophacies, Aphelognathus-Ozarkodina, reflecting the global glacio-eustatic event.     

Brachiopod survival and recovery from the latest Ordovician mass extinctions in South China

South China contains many complete sections through the upper Ordovician and lower Silurian. Brachiopod data including 130 brachiopod genera, assigned to 13 orders and 27 superfamilies from mid-Ashgill through late Aeronian intervals reveal that brachiopod macroevolution before and after the latest Ordovician mass extinction shows important changes in the diversity, composition and stratigraphical distribution of the phylum. The following six intervals are recognized: (1) a faunal plateau before the latest Ordovician mass extinction (mid-Ashgill, Rawtheyan); (2) a survival–recovery interval following the first phase of the mass extinction (late Ashgill, Normalograptus extraordinarius Zone and lower Glyptograptus? persculptus Zone; Hirnantian); (3) first survival interval following the mass extinction (latest Ashgill, upper Glyptograptus? persculptus Zone; end Hirnantian); (4) a second survival interval after the mass extinction (earliest Llandovery, Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone; early to mid-Rhuddanian); (5) a recovery interval in the Silurian (early to mid-Llandovery; late Rhuddanian to early Aeronian); and (6) a radiation interval in the Silurian (mid-Llandovery; mid- to late Aeronian). Only near-shore, low-diversity, benthic assemblages (mainly BA2), characterized by Ordovician relicts with a few Lazarus taxa and progenitors, are known from the southern marginal area of the Upper Yangtze epicontinental sea during the early to mid-Rhuddanian. They were replaced by newly established Silurian brachiopod communities (mainly BA2–3) in the late Rhuddanian to early Aeronian. These are marked by many newly evolved endemic forms and new immigrants, expressing a clear recovery within the Brachiopoda, but the recovery interval of the major brachiopod groups was heterochronous. In China the typical Silurian brachiopod fauna was mainly composed of indigenous Atrypida, Pentamerida and Spiriferida with stropheodontids derived from elsewhere, such as Baltica and Avalonia, two apparent refugia in the survival interval. The Atrypida was the first major group of Brachiopoda to diversity in the late Rhuddanian. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Facies development,depositional settings and sequence stratigraphy across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary: a new perspective from the Barrandian area of the Czech Republic

The Hirnantian and Llandovery sedimentary succession of the Barrandian area has been assigned to middle and outer clastic‐shelf depositional settings, respectively. Deposition was influenced by the remote Gondwanan glaciation and subsequent, long‐persisting, post‐glacial anoxia triggered by a current‐driven upwelling system. High‐resolution graptolite stratigraphy, based upon 19 formally defined biozones—largely interval zones—and five subzones, enabled a detailed correlation between 42 surface sections and boreholes, and enabled linking of the sedimentary record, graptoloid fauna dynamics, organic‐content fluctuations and spectral gamma‐ray curves. The Hirnantian and Llandovery succession has been subdivided into four biostratigraphically dated third‐order sequences (units 1–4). Time–spatial facies distribution recorded early and late Hirnantian glacio‐eustatic sea‐level lowstands separated by a remarkable mid‐Hirnantian rise in sea‐level. A major part of the post‐glacial sea‐level rise took place within the late Hirnantian. The highstand of Unit 2 is apparently at the base of the Silurian succession. Short‐term relative sea‐level drawdown and a third‐order sequence boundary followed in the early Rhuddanian upper acuminatus Zone. Early Aeronian and late Telychian sea‐level highstands and late Aeronian drawdown of likely eustatic origin belong to units 3 and 4. Sea‐level rise culminated in the late Telychian, which may also be considered as a highstand episode of a second‐order Hirnantian–early Silurian cycle. Facies and sequence‐stratigraphic analysis supports recent interpretations on nappe structures in the core part of the Ordovician–Middle Devonian Prague Synform of the Barrandian. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湖北恩施太阳河奥陶纪-志留纪之交沉积间断的研究

依据湖北恩施太阳河灯草坪奥陶系—志留系剖面的生物地层学和岩石学的研究,该剖面的沉积间断发生在Paraorthograptus pacificus带至Coronograptus cyphus带之间,共缺失5个笔石带。奥陶系、志留系之间黏土岩矿物分析显示,在奥陶系、志留系之间出现有高岭土,推断在其间可能上升为陆地。具体演变...     

中国扬子海盆奥陶纪末期生物集群绝灭事件

<正> 近年来,奥陶纪末期生物集群绝灭事件的研究,越来越为人们所关注。Raup和Sepkoski(1982)认为,在晚奥陶世大约有22％科的生物绝灭,是显生宙生物集群绝灭5个最大幕之一。这次事件造成了所有海洋无脊椎动物的分异度和丰度的降低。Brenchley(1990)把晚奥陶世绝灭的若干类群的重要变化作了如下概述:阿什极尔中期的38科三叶虫,仅有14科存活到志留纪;在或接近奥陶-志留系界线,有13科腕足类绝灭,27科穿     

中国南方奥陶纪构造古地理及年代与生物地层的划分与对比

岩相、生物区系和构造组合特征的重新研究表明,在我国南方奥陶纪可以识别出三种不同类型的构造古地理区,即扬子浅海碳酸盐岩台地相区、江南和南秦岭陆棚斜坡过渡相区和华夏陆缘岛弧和边缘盆地相区。前二者应归属于扬子地块;而沉积、生物组合特征以及槽模所指示NW320°的水流方向说明,后者似应归属于华夏地块,而不是华南地块。海南岛作为一个漂移地体,奥陶系可能属于印支地块台缘陆棚相区。年代和生物地层划分和对比研究表明,我国吉林白山大阳岔小阳桥寒武系与奥陶系界线剖面发育了完整的、具有广泛对比意义的牙形石和笔石序列,建议以牙形石Cordylodus intermedius的首现取代在分类上有争议且罕见的Iapetognathus fluctivagus,作为全球寒武系奥陶系界线划分的生物标志。湖南益阳南坝泥江口剖面保存了完整特马豆克期晚期至弗洛期早期笔石序列,建议用益阳阶取代“道保湾阶”作为我国奥陶系区域年代地层单位,易于与瑞典弗洛阶金钉子剖面对比。对宜昌附近黄花场、分乡、陈家河和普溪河等以及湖南慈利茅草铺大湾组至宝塔组含牙形石碳酸盐岩地层的系统采集和研究表明,大湾组自下而上可以分为上Oepikodus communis、Oepikodus evae (s.s.)、Periodon flabellum、Microzarkodina russica、Baltoniodus triangularis、Baltoniodus navis、B.norrlandicus和Lenodus antivariabilis等8个牙形石生物带,并讨论了它们与相关笔石带的对应关系。随着牙形石Protopederodus liripipus在黄花场和普溪河剖面宝塔组底界之上2~3 m出现以及相应碳同位素偏移,说明在扬子碳酸盐岩台地上奥陶统凯迪阶下界应置于宝塔组下部,与Hamarodus? europaeus牙形石带近底部大致相当或接近。据高分辨率离子探针(SHRIMP-II)锆石U-Pb年龄测定,宜昌岩屋咀晚奥陶世五峰组底部Dicellograptus complexus笔石带之下20 cm所发现斑脱岩夹层的年龄为(448.6±4.8) Ma;而田家场Paraorthograptus pacificus笔石带顶部斑脱岩夹层的年龄为(446.5±2.1) Ma,暗示宜昌地区五峰组大约经历了5.4 Ma的沉积时间。     

Ordovician successions in southern-central Xizang (Tibet), China—Refining the stratigraphy of the Himalayan and Lhasa terranes

The Ordovician stratigraphy of southern-central Xizang (Tibet) has been revised based on new conodont data recovered from 43 samples in four stratigraphic units and their integration with existing nautiloid and graptolite data. The Histiodella holodentata and Pygodus serra biozones have been identified respectively in the Alai and Jiaqu formations of the Chiatsun Group exposed near Alai village in Nyalam County within the Himalayan terrane, and the Yangtzeplacognathus foliaceus Subbiozone (lower part of the Pygodus serra Biozone) in the Sangqu Formation exposed at the Guyu section within Zayu County in the Lhasa terrane. Recognition of these biozones has increased the precision of correlation of the middle-upper Darriwilian strata in the region. Regional reassessment of the Ordovician stratigraphy permitted by new biostratigraphic data has allowed revised definitions for the Chiatsun and Keerduo groups and the Sangqu and Xainza formations. The Chiatsun Group is defined herein to include three lithologically distinctive formations in descending order, the Jiaqu, the Alai and the Adang formations. The stratigraphic age for the Jiaqu and Alai formations in the type area ranges from the middle Darriwilian (Histiodella holodentata Biozone) to middle Katian (Hamarodus brevirameus Biozone), but the age of the Adang Formation remains less certain.     

A proposed GSSP for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series： the Huanghuachang section,Yichang, China

The Huanghuachang section near Yichang, southern China meets the requirements of Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series and the yet-to-be-named third stage of the Ordovician System (or lower stage of Middle Ordovician Series). The conodont succession at the section is complete across the Lower to Middle Ordovician series boundary and several excellent phylogenetic lineages of Baltoniodus, Trapezognathus, Periodon, and Microzarkodina are represented. The definition of the base of the Middle Ordovician is proposed to be the first appearance datum (FAD) of Baltoniodus? triangularis in the section. It is followed closely by the FAD of Microzarkodina flabellum, which is taken as a reasonable proxy for the boundary. This level approximates the boundary between the lower and upper intervals of the Azygograptus suecicus graptolite Biozone, and nearly coincides with the base of the Belonechitina henryi chitinozoan Biozone.The proposed GSSP for the base of the international Middle Ordovician Series is located in a roadside exposure at the base of Bed (SHod) 16, 10.57 m above the base of the Dawan Formation in the measured Huanghuachang section near Yichang City, southern China. The same faunal succession is also recorded from the Chenjiahe (formerly Daping) section, 5 km to the north of the Huanghuachang section. The proposed boundary horizon can be recognized and correlated globally with high precision in both relatively shallow-water carbonate facies as well as in deep-water graptolite facies.     

Le passage Ordovicien–Silurien et la partie inférieure du Silurien (Sud-Est du Massif armoricain,France)

A new section in the Silurian graptolitic ‘phtanites’ (black cherts) of Les Fresnaies at Chalonnes-sur-Loire (SE Armorican Massif) shows for the first time that these rocks (1) succeed conformably to Uppermost Ordovician (Hirnantian) glaciomarine deposits and (2) contain successive graptolite assemblages that characterise the base of the Silurian, the whole Rhuddanian and Aeronian stages and the lower part of the Telychian. To cite this article: J.M. Piçarra et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1177–1183.     

Late Ordovician Reefs and the Biological Crisis at the Ordovician–Silurian Boundary

Reef formation in the Late Ordovician was relatively widespread in the Sandbian and Katian times. In the late Katian, it gradually reduced and ended in the Hirnantian, before the end of the Ordovician. In parallel, reef-building skeleton frame-building biota disappeared and was replaced with algae and calcimicrobes.     

湖北宜昌陈家河下奥陶统分乡组和红花园组的几丁虫序列

系统介绍湖北宜昌陈家河剖面下奥陶统分乡组和红花园组的几丁虫分布发育特征,将分乡组和红花园组的几丁虫自下而上划分为Lagenochitina destombesi带和Euconochitina symmetrica带,阐述了几丁虫组合特征,并与国外同期几丁虫生物带进行了对比。