新生代板内造山作用研究--认识中国区域地质构造基本特征的关键

中国区域地质构造特征深受新生代初印度板块对欧亚板块陆陆碰撞的影响 ,原属显生宙不同时代构造单元拼贴的中国区域发生了普遍而强烈的构造叠加改造 ,导致板内造山作用。由作者新编的中国主要活动断裂构造图显示 ,印度板块的碰撞对中国地质构造演化的影响远比自中生代侏罗纪以来太平洋亚洲板块会聚造成的影响更为强烈。中国帕米尔山结东、西两侧的现今大陆动力环境差别巨大 ,其东侧的东移因遇太平洋板块向西俯冲而获得上冲的自由空间。阿尔金断裂带把中国西部分划为南、北断裂构造活动性质不同的两大构造域。有人否认板内造山作用是因为他们只承认经典的板块边缘造山带的存在。要改变这一观念深入研究板内造山作用及演化 ,综合分析造山带构造地貌、山体隆升扩展、与前陆盆地的耦合、陆相沉积建造序列、冲断推覆构造系及其匹配、壳源花岗岩侵位及深部地球物理场观测等是关键。中国是研究大陆拼贴地块区板内造山作用的理想区域 ,在这一地区从事研究可大大丰富大陆动力学的内涵 ,把地质构造综合成果及对演化规律的认识作为编制大地构造图新的重要要素 ,对理论研究与实际应用都有巨大意义     

扬子板块板内构造形成机制浅析

本文在概略分析扬子板块内部构造变形特征和地史发展演化阶段的基础上，初步探讨了该板内构造形成的机制，认为其薄皮构造用“岩石圈内俯冲作用模式”予以解释。     

“造山带研究”笔谈会

《地学前缘》编辑部遵循"百花齐放,百家争鸣"的方针,以笔谈会形式邀请10多位地质学家从不同角度阐述造山带研究的意义、理论和方法等。文中主要论述了下列内容：（1）关于造山带的涵义。对造山带的涵义有两种不同的认识：一种意见把造山带与板块间的相互作用密切联系,强调只有会聚板块边缘构造作用形成的地质体,才能称为造山带;另一种意见认为板内造山带是客观存在的,对大陆造山带的研究是大陆动力学的关键。（2）关于中国造山带的特点。中国地处3大体系──印度板块、太平洋板块和西伯利亚板块的交汇处,是古亚洲、特提斯和太平洋3大洋盆体系和其间诸多地块开裂、演化、增生、碰撞和消亡的结果。它们通常经历了长期的地质演化,形成了许多多期复合型造山带,而不完全与地球上一些典型的造山带相同。另一个特点是老造山带和已稳定地块在后期可再次卷入构造运动而活化。因此,中国是研究大陆开裂、增生、碰撞和拼贴作用的理想场所。（3）我们应当在总结中国各类造山带的地质。地球物理和地球化学等特征的基础上,结合东亚以至全球构造研究,创建大陆造山带的新理论。     

微板块构造理论：全球洋内与陆缘微地块研究的启示（附对该文的审稿意见）

任何板块都存在一个由小长大的过程。微地块(微板块)有时是大板块的前身,微地块的起源、生长、夭折、消亡和残留过程对研究板块构造具有重要意义。据其组成,微地块可划分为微陆块、微洋块、微幔块。本文以太平洋、印度洋和大西洋中的微地块为例,系统总结了洋脊增生系统、俯冲消减系统、深海板内系统、伸展裂解系统、碰撞造山系统5种构造环境下的微地块特征,并据此首次进行了成因分类,提出拆离微地块、裂生微地块、转换微地块、延生微地块、跃生微地块、残生微地块、增生微地块、碰生微地块和拆沉微幔块9种类型。对不同类型微地块边界进行了系统界定,并对其成因进行了系统讨论。这些微地块边界类型,包括活动的或死亡的拆离断层、俯冲带、洋中脊、转换断层、破碎带、切割岩石圈的断裂、假断层、洋内汇聚带、叠接扩张中心、非叠接扩张中心、洋脊断错等,其成因的关键研究在于对三节点稳定性进行分析。洋内或洋缘微地块研究,不仅为开展深海大洋精细化构造分析和板块重建工作提供参考,而且对解释大陆内部一些微地块成因具有启发性,可丰富大陆造山带、陆内、板内、幔内和陆缘构造的研究内容,使得造山带演化、板内变形和地幔过程研究更为精细化,甚至推广到早前寒武纪的前板块构造机制研究。     

印度-澳大利亚板块应力场数值模拟及其动力学分析

印度-澳大利亚板块的边界类型和性质十分复杂。本文采用伪三维有限元方法,利用WSM2000观测应力场数据的应力取向和应力状态作为主要约束,建立了印度-澳大利亚板块岩石层三维模型,对印度-澳大利亚板块构造应力场进行了数值模拟,进而探讨印度-澳大利亚板块所受边界力对板块内部应力场的影响。结果显示,印度-澳大利亚板块的构造应力场主要受到两个因素的控制:①软流层静压推力;②来自碰撞带的阻力,包括喜马拉雅、巴布亚新几内亚、新西兰和印度-澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块的西北边界。而来自俯冲消减带的拉张作用力对板内应力场的作用相对较小。      

浅谈大陆动力学与成矿关系研究的若干发展趋势

传统的板块构造理论提供了解释大陆板块边缘成矿问题的理论框架,但对解释板块碰撞后大陆内部演化阶段的成矿作用则无现成答案.基于这一现状,20世纪90年代以来,以发展板块构造理论、深入理解大陆成矿作用、提高发现大陆内部矿床能力为主要目的的大陆动力学及其与成矿关系的研究,引起了国际地学界的高度重视.纵观近年大陆动力学与成矿关系的研究,可以发现以下若干趋势:在成矿机制上,将成矿作用研究与壳幔相互作用研究密切结合;在成矿时代上,成矿作用与重大地质事件的内在关联受到高度重视;在成矿区域上,除继续重视板块边缘成矿作用的研究外,大陆板块内部的成矿作用成了新的研究热点.     

中国岩石圈动力学概要

本文是1:400万“中国及邻近海域岩石圈动力学图”说明书的节要。它对我国现今活动着或在新生代活动过的地质和地球物理作用过程作了综合概括,重点是板内现象,并从板块构造作用基本过程上对它们加以解释。 中国的岩石圈很不均匀。其动力学涉及8个活动亚板块和有关的17个构造块体的性质、它们的相对运动和构造应力场、以及新构造变形的特征。阐明了我国岩石圈现今运动和变形     

造山带构造研究中几个重要学术概念问题的讨论

简要分析和评述了造山带构造研究中的几个重要学术概念问题：造山带，造山带类型、造山作用和造山过程、造山带构造格局、造山作用模式。指出不宜将造山带定义直接与板块边缘构造位置和板块间相互作用联系在一起；造山作用和造山带不仅出现在板块之间相互作用的地带，而且可以出现在远离板边界的地方－－即所谓板内造山带。强调了板内造山带研究的重要性，提出了确定板内造山的主要依据，指出在造山带分类、造山带构造山带。强调了板内造山带研究的重要性，提出了确定内造山带的主要依据，指出在造山带分类、造山带构造格局和造山作用过程中应充分注意内造山带的客观存在，以及板内造山带成因动力机制研究中需要着重考虑的重要方面。     

微板块与大板块：基本原理与范式转换

传统板块构造理论50多年来一直是占统治地位的地学理论，是理解固体地球运行的基本范式，但遇到三大难题：板块起源、板内变形和板块驱动力。针对这三大难题，微板块构造理论试图开拓一个全球构造研究的新范式。本文通过与传统板块构造理论中基本原理的逐条对比，阐明了微板块构造理论的基本原理和优势及其对传统板块构造理论的拓展。微板块构造范式既不同于传统板块构造范式，又不同于地幔柱范式，是两者的重要补充与拓展。文中着重从几何学、运动学、动力学、适用范围、理论出发点、理论假设与预测的角度，阐明了大板块与微板块的异同，并探讨了两者的转换关系及其转换机制的多样性，介绍了微板块生长成为大板块的4种途径、大〖JP2〗板块破碎为微板块的3种转换模式，探索了前板块构造体制下微地块在非线性地球系统中通过自组织、自生长等方式，进化为板块体制下微板块的自然选择过程。本文还提出陆壳型微地块是密度选择的结果，其密度决定了其保存机制，这是陆壳起源的根本；〖JP〗微地块向微板块的转变是刚性选择的结果，其刚性是初始板块构造体制起始的必要条件；微板块不对称俯冲或对流型式的转变是热选择的结果，其热不对称性是现代板块构造体制起始的必要条件。     

中、低压变质作用与大陆造山——兼论四川丹巴的变质带

巴罗型中压变质带与巴肯型低压高温变质带的成因与大陆板块边缘的碰撞造山及陆内造山作用之间有着紧密的联系。根据变质带的空间时间配置关系、压力类型、变质作用pTt轨迹、伴生的岩浆岩等等,可以区分出3种类型的大陆造山模式:弧-陆拼贴型、陆-陆碰撞型(可进一步分为中高压型碰撞造山带和双变质型山带型(paired metamorphic mountain belt)陆-陆碰撞带)、陆内造山地壳加厚-伸展型。巴罗型中压变质带普遍出现于地壳加厚-热弛豫的构造环境,但巴肯型低压变质带形成的构造背景及物理化学条件在不同的造山带有不同的表现形式,其热源至少有:壳内岩浆侵入或岩浆板底垫托、沉降盆地放射性同位素的衰变热、构造热穹隆、变质核杂岩、地下热流体传热等。大陆边缘造山带中巴罗型变质带的倒转以及板内造山带中变质带问断等现象与造山动力学过程密切相关,记录了造山过程中的重要的地质事件,也是探讨造山历史的理想场所。由于四川丹巴地区松潘—甘孜造山带形成于很独特的3个板块双极性构造环境,表现出与世界上典型造山带诸多相似的地方,如巴罗型中压变质带、巴肯型低压高温带同时在一系列变质穹隆中发育,但又有其特殊性和复杂性,如通常只发育在大陆边缘的倒转的巴罗带和陆内造山过程中的变质相间断同时出现,显然这与本?     

Granulite Gneiss Belts: The Geodynamic Aspect

The features of the structure and tectonic evolution of granulite gneiss belts (GGBs) are analyzed and summarized from the present-day data. Their continent–continent collision tectonic origin is supported, as well as multicycle and an inherited style of evolution expressed in multiple manifestations of granulite facies metamorphism of the belt separated by few 100 Ma. GGBs are permanently mobile structures that exhibit endogenic activity during all stages of their evolution, including intraplate conditions. Their relationship with supercontinental cyclicity is evident from (i) the spatial location of most GGBs in the margins of young oceans that originated during the breakup of Pangea, (ii) the amalgamation and breakup of ancient supercontinents along the GGBs, and (iii) the correlation between various types of granulite metamorphism of these belts and stages of supercontinental cycle. The evolution of these belts leads to complex interaction of plate and mantle plume tectonics, which is expressed in combination of continent–continent collision and underplating. The possible use of GGBs in paleotectonic analysis along with other indicators of geodynamic settings is shown.     

Phanerozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central California and Environs

The use of actualistic analog models for paleotectonic reconstruction produces significant advances in our understanding of evolutionary continental tectonics. The sequential application of such models is possible in a cross section from the central California coast to Utah. This transect represents one of the best-understood Phanerozoic continental margins on Earth. Excellent exposure, detailed local studies, and regional syntheses all contribute to the choice of appropriate plate-tectonic models for successive intervals from the latest Neoproterozoic to the Quaternary. These models include craton, terrestrial rift, nascent ocean, intraplate continental margin, intraoceanic magmatic arc intraplate margin, Devonian-Mississippian Antler orogeny (arc-continent suturing), Mississippian-Pennsylvanian intraplate margin, Pennsylvanian-Permian Ancestral Rockies orogeny (Ouachita-Marathon continental suturing), Permian-Triassic Sonoma orogeny (arc-continent suturing), Triassic-Jurassic continental-margin magmatic arc, Late Jurassic Nevadan orogeny (arc-arc suturing), latest Jurassic-Late Cretaceous continental-margin magmatic arc, latest Cretaceous-Eocene Laramide orogeny, Oligocene ignimbrite flare-up, and Miocene-Holocene triple-junction migration, transform boundary, and regional extension of the Great Basin. The integrated result of sequential superposition of the actualistic models produces a reasonable representation of the complexity of the study area. The discipline of applying actualistic models to the evolution of this continental margin provides new insights and forces one to consider new implications of the models. The complexity of the tectonic history of this continental margin argues against simplistic general models for the growth of continental crust.     

Summary of the Lithospheric Dynamics in China

This paper presents a summary of the explanatory notes for the 1: 4, 000.000 scale"Lithgspheric Dynamics Map of China and Adjacent Seas". Which gives an outline of the geological and geophysical processes that are presently active or were once active during the Cenozoic. The focus is concentrated on intraplate phenomena and on explaining them in terms of fundamental plate tectonic processes.The lithosphere in China is very heterogeneous. Its dynamics can be described in terms of the relative motions of 8 active subplates and related 17 tectonic blocks, and the characteristics of neotectonic deformation. The present-day movement and deformation of the lithosphere in China, their relationship with the deep-seated processes, and the lateral heterogeneity, mass difference and stress state within it that will tend to cause crustal movement in the future are illustrated.The intraplate tectonics and stress field are mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the lithosphere and the mode of interaction between subplates and their boundary conditions. The collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate began and proceeded along the Tethys ocean side, which has produced a strong compressional stress in western China and brought about a high shear stress in the regions round the eastern and western corners of the Himalaya block. However, the eastern part of China is directly influenced by the western Pacific plate boundaries. The minimum principal stress here is tensional. which makes the shear stress high, it may be the cause of the high seismicity in North China and maritime region of southeastern China.     

多岛海(洋)及多岛弧盆系造山模式解析造山带演化的研究进展

评述了板块构造"登陆"以来的多岛洋构造、板内造山多岛海模式以及多岛弧盆系构造在造山带研究中的重要性.这3种模式在造山带的研究中均起到了重要的作用,深化了对造山带的认识.多岛弧盆系构造是认识造山带演化的切入点,能够全面解剖造山带的物质组成、结构构造和演化历史.基于多岛弧盆系的造山模式认为,弧后萎缩作用和弧前增生作用是造山过程的普遍现象,引起了弧-弧、弧-陆碰撞,这两种作用在造山带的形成演化过程起到了重要作用.多岛弧盆系的识别不但在造山带的研究中具有重要意义,而且对于分析前寒武纪大陆克拉通基底同样具有重要意义,前寒武纪克拉通的形成与弧前增生和弧后萎缩作用密不可分,多岛弧盆系构造的深入研究对前寒武纪大陆克拉通基底的研究具有重要启示.     

Alpine paleostress reconstruction and active faulting in Western Iberia

The study of intraplate tectonics is crucial for understanding the deformation within plates, far from active plate boundaries and associated stress transmission to the plate interiors. This paper examines the tectonic evolution of the Variscan basement at the western margin of the Cenozoic Duero basin. Located east of the Vilariça Fault System in NW Iberia, this intraplate zone is a relatively flat but elevated area with an intense NNE-SSW trending fault system and associated moderate seismicity. Although the area has played an important role in the Duero basin configuration, its Alpine to present-day tectonic evolution has not been well constrained. In order to characterize the successive paleostress fields, 1428 pairs of fault-striae were measured at 56 sites and two focal mechanisms were used. Stress inversion methods have been applied to analyze paleostress regimes. Results show the existence of three dominant maximum horizontal stress (Shmax) trends: N-S, NE-SW and E-W. Relative and absolute dating of the activated faults for each Shmax shows that the clearly predominant N-S paleostress field in the zone has been active since the Oligocene up to the present day; while a NE-SW stress field is found to have been active during the Cretaceous and an older E-W paleostress field was active in the earlier Alpine cycle (Late Triassic).     

大 陆 岩 石 圈 研 究

大陆岩石圈和大洋岩石圈有着深刻的差别，运用板块构造理论和模式研究大陆岩石圈会遇到许多特殊的问题。本文从陆缘演化和多个板块构造旋回叠加两方面做了初步探讨，提出岩浆型被动陆缘是独立的一类古陆缘；在辨认后续板块构造旋回叠加中，新构造成分和格局的确定有重要意义。本文还讨论了汲取大陆地质研究经验，在新的学科水平上重新解释传统大地构造学中一些有用概念的意义。     

雅鲁藏布中新生代深水沉积盆地形成和演化(Ⅲ)——喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘构造沉降分析

喜马拉雅特提斯中、新生代属印度板块北部被动大陆边缘。对充填这个被动大陆边缘的沉积物用“反剥法”(backstrippiog)进行研究,恢复了从被动大陆边缘到前陆盆地的抓降史。对分离出的盆地构造沉降曲线与McKenzie模式图版进行对比相关性分析,判断认为被动大陆边缘成熟期主要为热耗散沉降,前陆盆地时逆冲推覆动力为主要影响因素。     

Mesozoic-Cenozoic Multi-Stage Intraplate Deformation Events in the Langshan Region and their Tectonic Implications

In the Langshan region, northwestern China, marked multi-stage intraplate deformation events have occurred since the Mesozoic, including（1） northeast-striking ductile left-lateral strike slip during the Middle-Late Triassic, which is closely related to the collision between the North China and the Yangtze plates;（2） top-to-the-southeast thrust with northwest-southeast trending maximum compression during the Late Jurassic;（3） nearly eastward detachment during the Early Cretaceous;（4） top-to-the-northwest thrust with northwest-southeast trending maximum compression during the Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic;（5） northeast-striking brittle left-lateral strike slip with nearly north-south trending maximum compression; and（6） northwest-southeast extension during the Middle-Late Cenozoic. All these deformation events belong to the intraplate deformation across the entire Central Asian region and respond to the tectonic events along the plate boundaries or deep tectonics. The structures developed in early events in the crust were the most important factors controlling the later deformation styles, and few new structures have later developed. Based on previous research and our results, the paleostress inversion in the Langshan region shows that the Mesozoic intraplate deformations in the study region mainly resulted from the tectonic events from the Paleo-Pacific region and have no or a weak relation to the Tethys region. During the Late Jurassic, the maximum compression from the Mongolia-Okhotsk region cannot be excluded. The Langshan region is the bridge between southern Mongolia and the western Ordos tectonic belt and is thus important to understand the nature and relationship between both regions.     

Hercynian compressional deformations of the Ahnet–Mouydir Basin, Algerian Saharan Platform: far-field stress effects of the Late Palaeozoic orogeny

N–S to NW–SE-trending faults and reverse faults occur within the Palaeozoic Ahnet–Mouydir Basin of the Algerian Saharan Platform, located to the east of the West African Pan-African suture zone. Deformation and stratigraphic analysis show that this basin underwent a NNE–SSW to ENE–WSW shortening at about the Carboniferous/Permian transition or, more probably, during the Early Permian. A brief review of the more or less synchronous deformations registered in the neighbouring regions, and more specifically around the West African Craton, illustrates the mechanical coupling between intraplate tectonics and the Hercynian plate margins orogenies.