Time dependent deformations during tunnelling and stability of tunnel faces in fine-grained soils under groundwater

The measures required for driving a tunnel below the groundwater table depend on the permeability of the soil. In coarse-grained, highly permeable soils additional measures, for example compressed-air support combined with a reduction of the permeability of the soil, e.g. induced by grouting, are necessary. Compared to this, it is possible to do without such measures in fine-grained, cohesive soils because of the increased short-term stability of the tunnel face under undrained conditions. In this publication the results of 3-dimensional finite-element calculations are presented to show the influence of the permeability of the soil and also the rate of the tunnel driving on the deformations around the tunnel as well as on the ground surface. The calculated deformations can furthermore be considered as an indicator for the time dependent stability of the tunnel face due to a higher redistribution of stresses and by that an enlargement of the plasticized zone. Usually the stability of the tunnel face is reduced by the presence of water because of the flow of water towards the tunnel. In low permeable soils undrained conditions prevail immediately after an excavation step. In this case relatively high stability-ratios may occur. The stability of the tunnel face will be reduced with increasing time until reaching the lower boundary of possible values, possibly leading to failure. If calculations are done under the assumption of drained conditions, the real stability of the tunnel face during construction may substantially exceed that of the calculated one. On the other hand, if calculations are done for undrained conditions, the effective stability may lie on the unsafe side [10]. There is therefore a big demand to optimize the method of investigating deformations around the tunnel, so as to ensure a safe tunnel excavation on the one hand and to guarantee a cost-effective process on the other. In this paper the tunnelling process is modelled by a step-by-step excavation under atmospheric conditions. The soil is described by a material model which distinguishes between primary and unload-reload stress paths and also accounts for stress-dependent stiffness parameters. The failure criterion is described by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion that considers cohesion, friction angle and angle of dilatancy.     

老虎嘴水电站右坝肩边坡稳定性研究

岩土高边坡稳定性问题一直是水电工程研究的重难点之一。本文以老虎嘴水电站右坝肩边坡稳定性作为研究对象,针对边坡卸荷显著、节理发育、施工安全稳定问题突出的特点,采用数值分析软件FLAC3D,结合点安全系数法,对天然情况、导流洞泄洪洞开挖工况、边坡分级开挖分级加固工况以及开挖完成后降雨工况等不同状况下的相应稳定性问题进行了分析研究。结果表明,老虎嘴水电站右坝肩边坡在无支护加固状况下稳定性较低,不能保证施工期的安全,但在严格分级加固后各工况处于稳定状态,满足工程设计标准下的工程稳定要求。     

鄂北地区隧道洞口坡积土边、仰坡变形机制与进洞技术研究

坡积土隧道洞口边、仰坡在开挖后自稳能力差,且受隧道开挖影响,易发生破坏,导致隧道工程无法正常施工,并带来经济损失、危害施工人员安全。本文以香山隧道为工程背景,依据隧址地形地质,建立了隧道洞口边、仰坡的三维仿真模型,结合隧道进洞开挖,分析了洞口边、仰坡的位移和应力变化过程,研究了隧道开挖对边、仰坡的影响,优化了隧道进洞方案。研究结果表明,边、仰坡开挖坡度与原始坡度突变处会产生应力集中并形成贯通的潜在滑移面,隧道开挖对仰坡变形影响较大,坡形坡度对隧道洞口边、仰坡稳定性具有显著影响,放缓坡度和采用分步台阶开挖可有效改善边坡应力应变状态。     

Three-dimensional undrained tunnel face stability in clay with a linearly increasing shear strength with depth

The undrained tunnel face stability in clay with a linearly increasing shear strength with depth was investigated by three-dimensional finite element analysis. Three parametric studies were performed to study the effects of the cover depth ratio, overburden stress factor and linear strength gradient ratio on the load factor of the undrained tunnel face stability. The influence of the linear strength gradient ratio on the predicted failure mechanism of the undrained face stability was discussed and examined. An approximate closed-form solution was proposed for three-dimensional undrained tunnel face stability in clays with constant or linearly increasing shear strength profiles with depth.     

思林水电站通航建筑物高边坡稳定分析和评价

应用ANSYS结构分析软件,模拟了思林水电站通航建筑物高边坡的地形、地质条件以及开挖的过程,建立边坡开挖的有限元计算分析模型,分析边坡在自然状态、分级开挖以及锚杆支护加固等工况下的应力、变形及其整体稳定性.定义单元的局部安全系数,得到了边坡开挖加固后稳定安全系数的分布.根据计算成果,指出现设计加固措施可以保证边坡稳定,无需增加其他工程措施.     

Slope stability analysis for undrained loading conditions

The current state of art for limit equilibrium analysis of slope stability problems lacks a satisfactory procedure for stability evaluation under general, rapid (undrained) loading conditions. Some procedures are available for the analysis of rapid drawdown, but these suffer from several shortcomings and, furthermore, are not applicable to other types of rapid loading. An approach is presented which overcomes these limitations. The approach integrates four components-establishment of soil behaviour on the basis of laboratory testing, estimation of steady-state conditions in the slope using a boundary value analysis, estimation of distribution of undrained strength in the slope using undrained stress paths, and identification of the critical slip surface followed by calculation of its factor of safety. The approach is illustrated through its application to the stability analysis of an earth dam under rapid drawdown and earthquake conditions.     

锦屏一级左岸导流洞出口边坡开挖支护有限元模拟

锦屏一级水电站左岸导流洞出口边坡岸坡陡峻,层间挤压破碎带、顺坡卸荷裂隙及深部裂缝发育。边坡开挖将切除部分维持边坡稳定的坡脚岩体,从而对工程边坡及上部变形拉裂岩体的稳定性产生不利影响。基于锚固岩体弹塑性等效本构关系,采用弹塑性有限元法对边坡开挖、加固及地震作用进行了数值模拟,分析了开挖边坡的稳定性,并对初拟的“先锚后挖、边挖边锚”的施工程序的合理性进行了评价,提出了若干对工程建设具有一定指导意义的建议。     

高填方地基不排水稳定性分析强度指标研究

目前国内工程界对高填方地基的排水稳定性关注较多,然而针对地下水位较高、排水性能较差的原状地基,由快速填筑引起的不排水稳定性问题更为突出。综述了现行规范中关于边坡不排水稳定性分析的相关条文及国内外常用方法。通过分析总应力摩擦角的应力路径相关性以及计算原状地基典型点位的总应力加载路径,解释了采用三轴固结不排水（consolidated-undrained,简称CU）总应力强度指标进行不排水分析,会高估高填方地基的不排水稳定性,该方法存在理论缺陷和工程隐患。以简单假想边坡模型和某高填方机场实际工程为算例,利用简化Bishop法,选用5种不排水分析指标或模型,分别计算其不排水稳定性安全系数。结果表明：CU总应力法会高估高填方地基的不排水稳定性;其余4种方法计算得到的不排水稳定性安全系数比较接近,相对适用。     

深埋长隧洞三维地质力学模型试验研究

为了评价深埋长隧洞围岩的稳定性和隧洞间距的合理性,本文采用三维地质力学模型试验技术,研究在高地应力、高外水压力作用下,隧洞围岩整体稳定性以及相邻洞室开挖的相互影响效应,并与三维弹塑性有限元数值计算结果进行对比验证,研究结果表明:地质力学模型试验成果和数值计算结果基本一致,两者得到的位移场、应力场、屈服区范围都基本吻合。在高地应力、高外水压力作用下,工程所在的Ⅲ类围岩隧洞是可以安全成洞的。采用超载法进行试验和计算可知,在Ⅲ类围岩中极限超载安全系数k＞1.3,开挖隧洞对洞周围岩的位移与应力影响区一般小于1倍洞径范围,隧洞的间距是合适的。     

Undrained creep failure of a drainage canal slope stabilized with deep cement mixing columns

This paper presents an analysis of the slope failure of a Suvarnabhumi drainage canal during construction. The Suvarnabhumi drainage canal project includes a large drainage canal with a road on both sides. The width of the bottom of the drainage canal is 48.0 m, the depth of the drainage canal is 3.0 m, and the length of the drainage canal is 10.5 km. Because the project was constructed on very soft Bangkok clay, deep cement mixing (DCM) columns were employed to increase the stability of the excavated canal. The failure of the drainage canal slope occurred 25 days after the end of excavation. The field monitoring data show that lateral movement of the canal slope continuously increased with time, which caused failure due to the instability of the canal slope. The time-dependent deformation and undrained creep behavior of very soft clay was suspected to be the cause of the canal failure. A laboratory investigation of undrained creep behavior and a finite element analysis (FEA) using the soft soil creep (SSC) model were performed to confirm the causes of the canal failure. The results indicate that very soft clay specimens that are subjected to deviator creep stress levels of 70 and 100 % of the peak strength failed by creep rupture within 60 days and 8 min, respectively. The factor of safety for the canal slope, which was obtained from the FEA, shows significant reduction from the initial value of 1.710 to 1.045 within 24 days after the end of excavation due to the effect of undrained creep. This paper also describes a solution method that is applied to a new section of the canal. Field monitoring and an FEA of the new trial section were performed to prove the effectiveness of the solution method.     

大型地下水封石油洞库施工过程力学特性研究

施工过程对地下工程岩土力学性质具有重要影响。以国内首个在建的大型地下水封石油储库为背景,运用流-固耦合理论,研究了不同排水条件下大型地下水封石油洞库的施工过程力学特征。研究表明排水条件和开挖顺序对洞库渗流场和稳定性具有重要影响。排水条件下洞库围岩孔隙水压力小于不排水条件下,而同在排水条件下不同开挖顺序洞库孔隙水压力时空分布和涌水量也不相同。排水条件下洞壁围岩松动区范围远小于不排水条件下范围,但两种条件下应力场时空分布规律均与开挖顺序密切相关。排水条件下洞库围岩水平收敛小于拱顶沉降,而不排水条件下洞库围岩水平收敛大于拱顶沉降。在相同排水条件下围岩变形与开挖顺序有关。研究成果不但可以为大型地下水封石油洞库建设提供依据,还可丰富施工过程力学理论内涵。     

上覆流沙层隧道开挖面稳定性分析与数值试验研究

为解决上覆流沙层隧道开挖面极易发生坍塌破坏的技术难题,以典型该地质条件下的青岛地铁M2号线啤苗区间（啤酒城站至苗岭路站）为研究对象,基于开挖面的实际破坏特征建立了开挖面失稳破坏力学模型,从功能转化平衡角度,进行了隧道开挖面稳定性上限分析,并利用强度折减与重力加载两种方式,提出了隧道开挖面安全系数,得到了不同开挖面土体黏聚力、摩擦角、重度、隔水层厚度及隧道开挖高度下的临界土体破裂范围及破裂模式。理论研究表明：随着开挖面土体黏聚力、摩擦角、隔水层厚度等参数的增加,开挖面安全系数不断增大,稳定性不断提高;随着土体重度、隧道开挖高度增加,开挖面安全系数不断减小,稳定性不断降低。通过建立不同工况的数值模型验证了理论研究的正确性,得到了上覆流沙层地质条件下开挖面的典型破坏模式和临界参数,并提出了相应工程建议。研究成果为青岛地铁M2号线的顺利贯通及该类地质条件下的隧道施工提供了理论指导和科学对策。     

顺层岩体路堑边坡稳定性的弹塑性有限元模拟分析

基于理想弹塑性本构模型和Drucker-Prager准则,运用岩体力学理论、有限元数值模拟技术和强度折减原理,对顺层岩体路堑边坡在开挖过程中不同阶段的应力、变形、结构面上的摩擦力和边坡的稳定性等问题进行了模拟分析。分析表明,顺层岩体路堑边坡的应力场、位移场、结构面的接触状况以及边坡的稳定性明显受开挖效应的影响;在每一阶段的开挖面上,坡脚附近的水平位移量最大,最危险接触面也都集中在开挖形成的坡脚处,此处岩石最先脱落破坏;边坡的稳定性安全系数也随着开挖阶段的深入而逐渐降低。     

暗穴环境下非饱和黄土边坡稳定性分析

黄土暗穴在水土流失方面作为一种独特的侵蚀方式,往往会威胁到建设在非饱和黄土层之上的公路边坡稳定性。基于考虑基质吸力的强度折减有限元程序,本文通过开展不同位置暗穴、单双暗穴和基质吸力赋存与丧失等条件下边坡稳定性的对比研究,着重对影响边坡稳定性的暗穴、基质吸力等因素进行了研究。研究结果表明,当暗穴接近地表时由于存在一定的减载效应而利于坡体的稳定,而当暗穴接近边坡坡脚时则成为黄土边坡稳定性的不利因素,在边坡底部存在的双暗穴明显削弱了边坡的稳定性,基质吸力使得非饱和黄土边坡安全系数增大,潜在滑动面变深,反之则使安全系数减小,潜在滑动面上移,基质吸力的丧失或减小以及暗穴的削弱作用使得潜在滑动面位置变化较大。     

再论岩质高边坡稳定性分析方法

岩质高边坡稳定性分析是岩土工程中经典的研究课题,其假定不同,分析方法就不同。从现有稳定性分析方法中存在的问题入手,指出其存在的优劣性,在刚体极限平衡和有限元等传统边坡稳定性分析方法的基础上,提出了用有限单元法直接求解边坡稳定性。该方法的思路是用潜在滑动面上在开挖、支护完成后尚未发生滑动的所有滑面单元模拟边坡在各工况下的真实应力场和变形场,根据这个真实应力场直接计算边坡安全系数。结合现场即时监测手段和计算机仿真技术可逐步模拟边坡在分步开挖期间的稳定性。算例分析表明,该方法完善了刚体极限平衡法的不足,克服了强度折减法强度参数c、?值折减比例的难题,弥补了超载法力学方向不明确的缺陷。计算所得的边坡安全系数和稳定状态与工程实际相当接近,表明提出的方法是可靠有效的新方法,为复杂岩质边坡稳定性分析提供了新的思路和途径。     

层状岩质边坡中最不利滑裂面迁移现象的研究

在阐述层状岩质边坡最不利滑裂面迁移现象的普遍性和研究意义之后。分析了边坡结构类型。潜在滑动面阻滑作用,荷载,开挖,水文地质条件变化。预应力锚固和挡墙支护对边坡最不利滑裂面迁移的影响。并以江阴长江公路大桥等工程实例侧重阐述了荷载和开挖所引起的边坡最不利滑裂面的迁移。     

对基坑抗隆起稳定安全系数的改进

基坑的平面形状、尺寸以及围护结构的入土深度都会影响基坑的抗隆起稳定性,但现行规范推荐的抗隆起稳定安全系数算法均不能反映这些因素的综合影响。为解决这一问题,区分不同情况,对基坑底隆起破坏可能的模式做了必要的分类,分别给出了不同破坏模式情况下抗隆起稳定安全系数的计算方法。基于此方法,基坑围护结构的强度、刚度和入土深度都会影响基坑的抗隆起稳定性。计算分析表明,无论是对于排水情况还是不排水情况,狭窄基坑都具有更好的稳定性,而围护结构的入土深度可提高基坑的稳定性。改造后的基坑安全系数使传统算法可以考虑更多因素,为狭窄基坑缩小围护结构入土深度提供了一个理论手段。     

基于临界稳定断面的隧道围岩稳定性分析方法探讨

为定量评价隧道围岩的稳定性并指导支护设计,提出了隧道临界稳定断面的概念及基于临界稳定断面的隧道围岩稳定性分析方法,主要包括以下内容：（1）隧道临界稳定断面就是与设计开挖断面中心埋深相同、几何形状相似在无支护状态下围岩能够自稳的最大断面;（2）当设计开挖断面小于临界稳定断面时,临界稳定断面与设计开挖断面之间的围岩可以作为支护结构利用,且当其安全系数满足设计要求时,认为围岩能够长期自稳,除进行局部防护外,不需要系统支护,否则需要补充工程支护措施;（3）当设计开挖断面大于临界稳定断面时,需要进行工程支护;（4）提出了设计支护力的计算方法,即认为破坏区范围内的围岩为松散体,设计支护力 应能维持该松散体的稳定且具有一定的安全系数。通过该方法,对两种典型断面形式的铁路隧道的临界稳定断面进行了研究,并计算了不同围岩级别、不同埋深条件下围岩的自承载安全系数与所需的工程支护力。研究成果可以为隧道围岩稳定性的量化分析、支护设计等提供一种新的思路。     

厦蓉高速公路某隧道洞口段开挖对仰坡变形影响的数值分析

针对一座浅埋偏压隧道,采用FLAC3D对该隧道进口段进洞开挖进行动态施工三维数值模拟。基于围岩应力分布特征,仰坡坡面轴向和横向位移的变化特征,分析了偏压浅埋隧道洞口段开挖引起的仰坡变形规律。计算结果揭示：仰坡后缘下沉,前缘向洞心外有移动趋势;隧道开挖引起隧洞洞身附近岩体出现较大应力集中和变形现象,洞口段洞身以上仰坡坡面主要以竖向沉降为主,洞身两侧向洞内挤压。在此基础上提出了保证仰坡稳定和安全进洞的一些建议。     

Effects of anisotropy in correlation structure on the stability of an undrained clay slope

Slopes are mainly naturally occurred deposits, so slope stability is highly affected by inherent uncertainty. In this paper, the influence of heterogeneity of undrained shear strength on the performance of a clay slope is investigated. A numerical procedure for a probabilistic slope stability analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation that considers the spatial variability of the soil properties is presented to assess the influence of randomly distributed undrained shear strength and to compute reliability as a function of safety factor. In the proposed method, commercially available finite difference numerical code FLAC 5.0 is merged with random field theory. The results obtained in this study are useful to understand the effect of undrained shear strength variations in slope stability analysis under different slope conditions and material properties. Coefficient of variation and heterogeneity anisotropy of undrained shear strength were proven to have significant effect on the reliability of safety factor calculations. However, it is shown that anisotropy of the heterogeneity has a dual effect on reliability index depending on the level of safety factor adopted.