河北承德寒武系凤山组叠层石生物丘中的沉积组构

河北承德路通沟剖面芙蓉统凤山组中部发育厚层块状叠层石生物丘,构成一个淹没不整合型层序的强迫型海退体系域,指示这些叠层石形成于中高能浅海环境。该生物丘宏观上主要由柱状叠层石组成,叠层石内部纹层较粗糙,在构成叠层石的致密泥晶和微亮晶组构中,还见到球粒、底栖鲕粒及凝聚颗粒等多种生物成因颗粒类型,代表着复杂的微生物活动特征,以此而区别于前寒武纪的叠层石。更为重要的是,叠层石生物丘中的致密泥晶基质中发育一些“石松藻(Lithocodium)”状的钙化蓝细菌菌落残余物,以及一些丝状钙化蓝细菌化石,指示了形成叠层石的微生物席为蓝细菌所主导的微生物席。因此,凤山组叠层石生物丘内复杂而特殊的碳酸盐岩沉积组构为研究叠层石形成过程中复杂的微生物代谢活动所产生的钙化作用机制提供了一个宝贵的地质实例。     

寒武纪芙蓉统均一石沉积组构及环境特征——以河北涞源长山组为例

均一石以隐晶质岩性、无纹层与凝块结构发育为特征,与叠层石、凝块石、树形石并列为典型的微生物岩。然而,由于均一石在1995年命名以来很少在地层记录中得到识别和描述,并且缺乏现代实例的类比物,使得关于均一石的报道极具研究价值。为研究华北地台寒武系均一石沉积组构与形成环境特征,系统性地针对河北涞源祁家峪剖面芙蓉统长山组均一石生物丘进行研究。芙蓉统长山组从下部陆棚相钙质泥岩向上变浅至浅缓坡相厚层块状泥晶灰岩,组成了一个淹没不整合型三级层序。三级层序顶部的浅缓坡相厚层块状泥晶灰岩层,代表强迫型海退过程沉积,其内部发育一系列米级均一石生物丘。研究结果表明,这些生物丘主体为致密泥晶及少量微量晶组成,其中可见到附枝菌(Epiphyton)、葛万菌(Girvanella)、肾形菌(Renalcis)等钙化微生物化石。这些钙化微生物(蓝细菌)化石的出现,代表了显生宙第一幕蓝细菌钙化作用事件的证据,同时间接的说明均一石生物丘形成于蓝细菌主导的微生物席的钙化作用过程之中。同时,生物丘内还局部集中发育底栖鲕粒与草莓状黄铁矿颗粒,表明了生物丘形成过程中复杂的微生物沉积作用机制。因此,河北涞源长山组顶部的均一石生物丘,尽管泥晶和微亮晶是其基本构成,但是各种钙化蓝细菌化石以及底栖鲕粒与草莓状黄铁矿颗粒的局部出现表明了在蓝细菌主导的微生物席中复杂的微生物活动信号,成为了解生物丘形成机制、显生宙第一幕蓝细菌钙化作用事件的典型实例。     

光合作用微生物席主导的寒武系苗岭统崮山组均一石:以山东省泗水县圣水峪剖面为例*

作为一种缺乏沉积构造的隐晶质块状泥晶所表征的非纹层状微生物碳酸盐岩类型,均一石自从命名之后就很少被描述或自古老的地层记录之中被识别出来,再加上缺乏现代实例,造成了对这种微生物碳酸盐岩类型研究的困难。来自于山东省泗水县圣水峪剖面寒武系苗岭统崮山组中的均一石,以厚层块状、缺乏沉积构造的泥晶灰岩为主,表现为生物层状的微生物礁,与相对较深水的中厚层中至深缓坡相的条带状泥晶灰岩和泥灰岩一起,构成较为典型的潮下型碳酸盐岩米级旋回,集中发育在淹没不整合型三级沉积层序顶部的强迫型海退体系域之中,代表着相对海平面下降阶段的沉积记录。在这些主导着生物层状微生物礁灰岩的均一石中,不均匀地高密度保存着致密缠绕以及较薄的泥晶壁所成型的丝状葛万菌物质体是其最为基本的特征,表明均一石形成于光合作用微生物席复杂的钙化作用。另外,在均一石的致密泥晶组构中,局部发育毫米级至厘米级大小而且形态极端不规则的亮晶显微管状组构。基于其特别的组构特征,将这样的组构解释为具有公共鞘的丝状蓝细菌即念珠菌菌落的钙化作用残余物,其致密泥晶组构可能代表着蓝细菌公共鞘的钙化作用残余物,其中的亮晶显微管则可能为蓝细菌丝状体的钙化作用残余物,而且在这样的组构之中还发育和共生着丝状葛万菌菌落,从而延伸了对蓝细菌菌落钙化作用残余物的认识和解释,并对具这种组构的海绵木乃伊解释提供了另外一种重要的研究镜像。因此,山东省泗水县圣水峪剖面寒武系苗岭统崮山组上部生物层状微生物礁体中的均一石,不仅提供了一个较为典型的寒武纪苗岭世不借助于二氧化碳浓缩作用机制(CCM机制)的蓝细菌钙化作用的实例,而且提供了一个在丝状蓝细菌主导的微生物席之中发育着念珠菌菌落的多重状微生物席的典型实例,从而拓宽了对显生宙最高的大气圈CO₂含量以及较高的大气圈O₂含量条件下的较为典型的方解石海中与寒武纪后生动物大爆发相平行的蓝细菌繁荣和钙化作用的了解。     

辽宁金州寒武系长山组生物丘沉积特征

在辽宁金州寒武系长山组顶部,发育一层厚约15 m的生物丘。宏观上,生物丘主要由凝块石和均一石组成;微观上,由致密泥晶组构和各种类型的颗粒组成。在生物丘内部,各种类型的颗粒如钙化微生物、底栖鲕粒、核形石、生物碎屑和凝块等的发育,显示了生物丘复杂的显微组构。其中,三叶虫碎屑表面的泥晶结壳,表现出建设性和破坏性泥晶化作用。泥晶中分散分布的生物碎屑,反映了生物丘形成过程中泥晶较强的黏聚作用。致密泥晶中大量黄铁矿颗粒的发育,反映了异养细菌活动对泥晶形成的贡献。生物丘内部各种类型的颗粒与黄铁矿颗粒的共生,反映了生物丘形成过程中存在复杂的微生物作用,这为微生物沉积作用的研究提供了基础素材,也为生物丘内部各种类型颗粒的研究提供了重要实例和线索。     

光合作用生物膜建造的凝块:来自于辽东半岛芙蓉统长山组凝块石生物丘中的一些证据

作为一种以非纹层状组构而区别于叠层石的微生物碳酸盐岩类型,中凝块(mesoclots)是产生凝块石凝块组构关键的微结构。构成这种中凝块的离散性凝块状泥晶,似乎代表了细胞外聚合物质(EPS)复杂的钙化作用,但是,由于常常缺乏直接的微生物证据,造成其所涉及的准确成因和特殊过程还不太清楚。在辽东半岛大连金州湾和本溪田师傅剖面芙蓉统下部的长山组顶部,发育较为典型的凝块石生物丘,组成三级层序的强迫型海退体系域沉积,代表着较为壮观的沉积学现象;在这些凝块石生物丘中,毫米级别大小的暗色离散性凝块状泥晶是其最为基本的沉积组构,而且在这些凝块之中以较高密度保存的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石反映的微生物构成,意味着它们具有明显的光合作用生物膜成因。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代凝块石复杂的形成机理将存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些凝块石复杂的生物膜钙化作用细节需要更加深入的研究才能得到更好的了解,但是,辽东半岛芙蓉统长山组的凝块石,尤其是在凝块内较为丰富的钙化蓝细菌鞘化石所表征的直接的微生物活动证据,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造凝块的典型实例;再者,与凝块共生的三叶虫化石、底栖鲕粒和皮壳粒,以及围绕着这些多样化颗粒特别的放射纤维状方解石结壳,说明这些凝块石可能属于较厚的微生物席内多重状生物膜以及构成这些微生物席和微生物膜的细胞外聚合物质复杂的钙化作用建造物。     

蓝细菌微生物席主导的芙蓉统均一石生物丘:以河北涞源祁家峪剖面为例

基于中等尺度的构造特征,常常将微生物碳酸盐岩划分为四个类型：纹层状的叠层石、凝块状的凝块石、贫乏构造的均一石、树枝状的树形石;在其中,均一石被定义为相对贫乏构造和非晶质的中等构造,而且作为“隐秘微生物”的同义语曾经与凝块石相混用。华北地台的芙蓉统,包括长山组和凤山组,可以进一步划分为3个淹没不整合面型三级沉积层序;在这些三级层序的强迫型海退体系域中,常常集中产出各种微生物碳酸盐岩所主导的生物丘,河北涞源祁家峪剖面的芙蓉统就是一个较为典型的实例。在该剖面,两套较为典型的均一石生物丘灰岩构成了较为壮观的沉积学现象,其内部特别的非均一组构与贫乏构造的宏观特征形成了强烈的反差,从而将这些均一石生物丘特征化,包括：① 钙化蓝细菌化石如基座菌、葛万菌,以及可以类比于第谷菌的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石;② 底栖鲕粒;③ 肾型菌状的钙化生物膜残余物;④ 海绵木乃伊;⑤底栖鲕粒填充的生物潜穴;⑥包覆着海绵木乃伊和生物潜穴的微叠层石。这些特征,表明了这些均一石生物丘可能形成于蓝细菌细胞外聚合物质（EPS）复杂的钙化作用,而且这样的EPS是蓝细菌微生物席及其内部的多重状生物膜的基本有机基质构成。由于均一石缺乏现代可以类比的典型实例,而且在其命名之后也很少描述在在古老的地层记录中,所以,河北涞源祁家峪剖面芙蓉统中的均一石生物丘为了解均一石形成的复杂机理提供了一个最为典型的实例。     

河北秦皇岛驻操营剖面寒武系张夏组均一石生物丘沉积特征

河北秦皇岛驻操营剖面寒武系张夏组顶部强迫型海退体系域集中发育一套数十米厚的均一石生物丘,指示这些均一石形成于浅海、高能环境。通过野外考察及镜下观察,分析该区均一石的形成机制及沉积环境。结果表明：均一石生物丘为灰白色致密均一的块状泥晶灰岩,无明显宏观构造,直接覆盖在下部叠层石生物丘之上。在显微镜下,均一石由致密泥晶和少量微亮晶构成。其中,致密泥晶中发现多样化的钙化蓝细菌鞘化石,包括基座菌(Hedstroemia)、附枝菌(Epiphyton)、肾形菌(Renalcis)以及葛万菌(Girvanella),表明均一石形成于微生物复杂的代谢作用及诱发碳酸盐原地沉淀作用。更为特别的是,均一石中可见底栖鲕粒和白云石晶体,表明在富营养条件下,其产出过程中较为明显的与球状微生物膜钙化作用相关的显微组构以及白云石选择性表达。均一石自命名以来相关实例并不多,秦皇岛张夏组中均一石生物丘为了解均一石的形成机制与沉积环境提供了一个典型实例。     

辽东半岛复州湾剖面寒武系第二统光合作用生物膜建造的核形石

作为一种经常大于鲕粒的包覆颗粒类型,核形石以其不平滑的圈层被解释为微生物成因,区别于成因存在较大争议的鲕粒,而且常与鲕粒和其他类型的碳酸盐颗粒相互共生;作为一种在围绕着生物碎屑和非生物碎屑核心的序列式纹层化作用过程中形成的球形或假球型生物沉积构造,核形石还常常单独产出和分布,所以又被解释为微生物碳酸盐岩,或者被归为球状叠层石。在辽东半岛寒武系第二统碱厂组和馒头组之中,厘米级别大小的核形石密集发育在三级层序的顶部,成为一种时间特化的相。另外,以下重要特征将辽东半岛寒武系第二统的核形石特征化,包括:(1)与凝块和微凝块共生;(2)多为球状和椭球状;(3)由不均一的非纹层状致密泥晶和微亮晶构成;(4)核形石皮层以及核形石间凝块中发育特别的蓝细菌鞘钙化化石等。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代核形石复杂的形成机理存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些核形石的复杂生物膜钙化作用细节需要更加深入地研究才能得到更好地了解,但是,辽东半岛第二统碱厂组和馒头组核形石中直接的微生物化石证据,尤其是核形石内较为丰富的钙化蓝细菌鞘化石,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造核形石的典型实例。     

大连金州湾寒武系毛庄组微生物碳酸盐岩生物丘复合体

寒武纪苗岭世早期的毛庄组沉积时期,华北地台围绕着西北部的古陆分布着两个沉积相带,靠近古陆的是局限潮坪相带,远离古陆的是开阔潮坪相带,前者以海侵体系域的干旱红层或海岸萨布哈沉积与高水位体系域的潮坪相白云岩沉积序列为特征,后者则以海侵体系域的潮坪相砂泥岩与开阔海台地相(潮下坪)灰岩沉积序列为特征;大连金州湾剖面的毛庄组,属于远离古陆的开阔潮坪相带的产物,在其高水位体系域中为一套夹有鲕粒灰岩的叠层石与均一石生物丘灰岩,组成一个特别的生物丘复合体。以下特征表明,这个微生物碳酸盐岩生物丘复合体代表着一个较为罕见的蓝细菌主导的微生物席形成的微生物碳酸盐岩的典型实例:①在生物丘复合体第一个单元的大型柱状和穹隆状砂泥质叠层石中发现孢网菌状组构,说明了这些叠层石属于蓝细菌微生物席的钙化作用产物;②在第二个单元均一石灰岩生物丘中,见到少量丝状蓝细菌鞘化石,表明均一石可能为较厚的蓝细菌微生物席的钙化作用产物;③在小型柱状叠层石组成的顶部单元中,保存较好的蓝细菌泥晶纹层、以及充填在叠层石柱体之间的基质中的蓝细菌团块,较为特征地说明了这些小型柱状叠层石是蓝细菌所主导的微生物席的建造物;④在鲕粒灰岩组成的第三个单...     

华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统叠层石生物丘中的钙化蓝细菌

华北地台东北缘的芙蓉统,大致为长山组和凤山组所组成,可以进一步划分为3个三级沉积层序;层序划分主要基于沉积相序列的旋回性所代表的沉积趋势,较深水的陆棚相钙质泥岩和深缓坡相条带状泥晶灰岩和泥灰岩组成的凝缩作用序列、与高水位体系域和强迫型海退体系域的中至浅缓坡相碳酸盐岩组成的总体向上变浅序列,是这些三级沉积层序的基本构成,从而形成了较为典型的淹没不整合型层序。那些典型的叠层石生物丘,类似于微生物礁,主要发育在长山组和凤山组下部构成的三级层序的强迫型海退体系域之中,代表了缓坡型台地中相对海平面下降阶段的沉积记录。这些叠层石生物丘中的叠层石,泥晶和微亮晶是其基本构成,最为特征的是发育着一些典型的钙化蓝细菌化石,表明了这些寒武纪芙蓉世的叠层石生长于蓝细菌主导的微生物席的钙化作用之中。最为重要的是,在构成叠层石生物丘的粗糙纹层柱状和穹窿状叠层石中,较为普遍地发育着"石松藻(Lithocodium)";这种谜一样的钙化蓝细菌化石,与其他的钙化蓝细菌化石一起,表明了寒武纪叠层石形成过程中复杂的微生物沉淀作用,成为窥视叠层石生长和石化过程中重要的微生物作用信号。就像其名称所蕴含着的高级绿藻中的松藻(Codium)的涵义一样,"石松藻(Lithocodium)"状的钙化蓝细菌,多描述于中生代的微生物碳酸盐岩中,而且还常常被解释为结壳状有孔虫或"海绵骨针的网状物",其生物亲和性还存在着剧烈的争论。因此,华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统中的叠层石生物丘,特殊的层序地层位置代表了较为典型的强迫型海退沉积记录,特别的钙化微生物构成代表着叠层石生长和石化过程中复杂的微生物作用信号,成为深入了解"寒武纪-早奥陶世微生物碳酸盐岩复苏期"和"显生宙早期第一幕蓝细菌钙化作用事件"中的微生物造礁和成丘作用的典型实例。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.