豫西洛宁故县水库-全包山EH4测深断面及深部找矿启示

故县水库-全包山EH4测深断面中的电阻率异常体具有边界清晰、规模各异、形态复杂的特征.不仅发现7个规模较大的高阻异常体隐伏于地表之下,还识别出一系列椭圆状-近圆状孤立分布的小规模高阻异常体,低阻异常体被划分成接触式、环绕式、刺入式、孤立式和延伸式等5种形态类型.EH4断面中高阻异常体是隐伏岩体体系的显示,其中高阻异常体P1和P2中分别包含隐伏斑岩体和爆破角砾岩.结合野外地质特征,认为低阻异常体N15和N17是断层破碎带和地下水综合作用的显现,而位于EH4测深断面深部(约地表200米以下)的低异常体则是深部流体活动的产物.在透岩浆流体成矿理论框架下,结合故县水库大环(弧)套小环(弧)遥感影像的深部动力学解释,探讨了EH4断面中所显示的未完全固结岩浆体系和深部流体间的作用关系,指出了新的深部找矿靶区.     

综合物探方法在山北地区花岗岩型铀矿勘查中的应用研究

广德县山北地区位于下扬子地块皖南褶断带绩溪穹褶断束北缘,属于典型的花岗岩型铀矿(化)分布区.为研究该地区的铀矿(化)分布特征,寻找隐伏铀矿体,本文通过开展地面伽玛能谱、可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、土壤氡气等综合物探方法,有效地发现与成矿有关的地球物理异常,结合地质资料,推断了与矿化体有关的岩体接触带和构造发育情况,圈定找矿靶区,并于后期开展的钻探验证工程中辅以伽玛测井定量确定异常铀矿化分布情况.研究结果表明,地面伽玛能谱测量能有效圈定与铀成矿有关的异常靶区;可控源音频大地电磁测深垂向分辨力高,能较准确探测花岗岩体厚度,推断断裂构造发育情况;土壤氡气测量能准确指示深部铀矿化信息.因此合理选用多种物探方法有助于提高地质找矿效果.     

CSAMT法在半坡锑矿外围深部找矿中的应用效果

独山半坡锑矿石与围岩物性差异并不特别显著、矿体埋深较深,常规的物探方法无法满足目前的勘探要求.可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有勘探深度范围大、分辨率高、地形影响和高阻层的屏蔽作用小,立体观测等特征,在深部找矿中发挥着重大的作用.本文首先概述了CSAMT基本原理和工作方法,在全面掌握了地质资料、物性参数的基础上,对独山半坡锑矿外围开展了CSAMT法勘探,通过应用Occam算法对CSAMT实测数据进行反演,成功地圈定了电阻率异常区域,有效地指导钻孔设计.物探异常钻探见矿,验证了CSAMT方法在深部找矿工作中的有效性,可为寻找同类深部锑矿提供指导和借鉴意义.     

可控源与天然源音频大地电磁法对比应用研究:以云南北衙铁金矿为例

北衙铁金矿具有我国西南地区最大的金矿储量,地处三江成矿带,且拥有巨大的深部勘探潜力.通常地,常规直流电法很难在了解深部地质构造和勘探深度上满足深部找矿的需求,而可控源大地电磁测深(CSAMT)和天然源大地电磁测深(AMT)的成果能反映深部构造、地层及含矿岩系特征,预测隐伏矿体的走向.本文以北衙铁金矿为实例,结合已知地质和钻孔资料,对比研究两种方法的应用效果及优缺点,证实了北衙铁金隐伏矿床的走向,为外围远景区找矿和合理优化勘探工程布置提供了依据.     

综合物探方法在铁矿采空区勘查中的应用

介绍了一个高精度磁测、高密度电法和CSAMT法(可控源音频大地电磁)在山东省济南市铁矿采空区勘查中的应用实例,首先在工区内进行高精度磁测圈定磁异常区域,然后在异常区域内采用高密度电法和CSAMT法对采空区进行探测。120 m深度范围内采用高密度电法,100～200 m深度范围内采用CSAMT法探测。研究总结了铁矿采空区勘探中取得的实际地质效果,主要研究结果有:①依据地层磁性和电性差异划分了闪长岩侵入界面。②较准确地圈定了采空区的分布范围。后期进行了钻探验证,结果较吻合,为综合治理工作的开展提供了基础性资料。     

洛宁县西青岗坪金矿区EH4系统和双频激电测深联合勘探

利用先进的物探手段,即剖面性的音频大地电磁测深(AMT)和激电测深在金矿勘查区进行探测。初步查明矿区内地层情况、厚度、断裂构造分布特征及矿物的激电异常反应,发现隐伏的矿化蚀变带及向下延伸情况。通过分析物探异常与矿(化)体的关系,从而寻找深部金和其他有色金属矿体,对金矿勘查区内的矿体加以控制,大致查明矿区蚀变带数目、分布、规模、形态及产状等,为下一步探矿工程布置提供依据。     

可控源音频大地电磁测深法勘查深度研究

可控源音频大地电磁测深法的勘查深度问题在理论研究和实际工作中都得到了广泛的关注,本文分析了水平层状大地电磁正反演方法的基本原理,说明了可控源音频大地电磁测深法在深部勘查方面具有可靠性.通过建立两个三层地电模型,并对吉林某地区的CSAMT实测数据进行了带源反演成像,与已知钻井资料对比分析表明,可控源音频大地电磁测深法对地下1000~2000 m深度的反演较为准确,能够反映地下电性的垂向变化.     

隐伏岩体顶上带勘查与成矿研究——以新寨锡多金属矿勘查为例

岩体顶上带和岩钟在与花岗岩有关矿床的形成过程中起着重要的控矿作用.顶上带中凸起的接触面比平坦的接触面发生的作用更为强烈,在凹陷接触面上则最弱.顶上带是显示花岗岩存在的地质、地球物理和地球化学的异常地带,是对隐伏花岗岩存在具有指示意义的地带.矿床地质学研究已充分证明,岩浆岩顶上带确是容纳与中酸性岩浆有关的热液矿床的最佳部位.根据以上理论,建立初步的地球物理模型,通过电磁测深圈定隐伏岩体范围,并研究其顶上带埋深情况,再结合其他物化探方法,综合多种资料,提高这种类型地质深部找矿分析能力.同时,探寻和总结与花岗岩类有关的的多金属矿床的勘查经验.     

重力勘探法在江西省中酸性岩体圈定中的应用

通过分析江西省已知花岗岩体的物性、海拔、重力异常等特征,总结岩体与各种特征的对应关系.运用多尺度剩余重力异常半极值圈定岩体边界,并结合三维人机交互反演岩体隐伏部位的空间特征.最后,通过两个1∶5万工作区验证圈定方法的实用性和有效性,为后续隐伏岩体圈定工作提供可靠的依据.     

基于Vp/Vs波速比模型约束的张渤地震带深部电性结构研究

张渤地震带是中国东部地区一条重要的北西向地震活动带,获取深部精细的电性结构有助于探究该区域深部孕震环境及动力学机制等科学问题.为了提高大地电磁法深度分辨率,本文提出基于Vp/Vs波速比地震学模型约束的二维大地电磁反演法,通过理论模型合成数据检验了算法的可靠性.将算法应用于张渤地震带大地电磁测深资料,对比分析大地电磁无约束和有约束反演结果,检验算法在张渤地震带应用的有效性和实用性.最后结合已有的地质-地球物理资料,发现:反演获取的电阻率模型的电阻率梯度带与断层的空间分布吻合;唐山断裂带中上地壳表现为高阻特征,在下地壳底部有上涌的高导异常体,推测该区域深部高导区域与幔源物质侵入有关;三河—平谷断裂带浅部低阻异常与深部低阻异常不连续,地震主要分布于不连续区域;太行山山前断裂电阻率结构上表现为明显的电阻率变化梯度带,高阻异常体规模大、延伸到下地壳;张家口断裂带中下地壳高导异常区域比怀来盆地深部高导异常区域规模大,这可能暗示张家口断裂带的深部物质作用更为强烈.     

Fractals,fault-gouge,and friction

The particle-size distribution of a natural fault-gouge has been determined over the range from 5 m to 40 cm. The gouge is self-similar over the range from 5 m to 1 cm having a fractal dimension of 2.60±0.11. The lower and upper fractal limits were also determined. The lower fractal limit occurs at a dimension of about 1–10 m where mineral cleavage and intergranular porosity dominate the cataclasis. The upper fractal limit occurs at particle sizes on the order of 1 cm where the scaled particle density decreases abruptly by a factor of about three. By analogy to soil-mechanics shear box tests and laboratory rock friction experiments, it is argued that the upper fractal limit of the gouge determines the characteristic displacement parameter in stick-slip friction models. A characteristic displacement on the order of 1 cm is consistent with estimates based on numerical simulations of faulting.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Coincidence and spatial variability of geology,soils, and vegetation,mill run watershed,Virginia

The Mill Run watershed is a structurally-controlled synclinal basin on the eastern limb of the Massanutten Mountain complex of northwestern Virginia. Bedrock contacts are obscured by coarse sandstone debris from exposures near basin divides. Colluvium blankets more than half the basin, masking geomorphic surfaces, affecting vegetation patterns, and contributing to the convexity of the alluvial, terrace, pediment and erosion surfaces. Examination of the bedrock geology, geomorphology, soils and vegetation shows distinct distributional correspondences. Vegetation is strongly interdependent with geomorphology, bedrock geology, and soils. On convex colluvial slopes, mixed hardwood forests are most common. In concave coves and deep gorges, mixed hardwoods are replaced by conifers. In thin colluvium, in poorly developed soils, and on blockfields, chestnut oak is singularly prevalent. Conifers dominate shaley bedrock areas. Soils and surficial sediments have a major effect on near-surface hydrology. During wet seasons, cemented horizons in the subsurface cause temporary saturation in the superjacent horizons; lateral movement of soil-water effectively eliminates a vertical component of ground-water recharge. Vegetation is strongly dependent on water availability and thus reflects the distribution of subsurface barriers and sediment-soil fades changes.     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.     

Modelling and inversion -progress,problems, and challenges

Researchers in the field of electromagnetic modelling and inversion have taken advantage of the impressive improvements of new computer hardware to explore exciting new initiatives and solid extensions of older ideas. Finite-difference time-stepping methods have been successfully applied to full-domain 3D models. Another new method combines time-stepping with spatial frequency solutions. The 2D model 3D source (2.5D) problem is also receiving fresh attention both for continental and sea floor applications.The 3D inversion problem is being attacked by several researchers using distorted Born approximation methods. Q-domain inversions using transformation to pseudo-wave field and travel time tomography have also been successfully tested for low contrast problems. Subspace methods have been successful in dramatically reducing the computational burden of the under-determined style of inversion. Static magnetic field interpretation methods are proving useful for delineating the position of closely-spaced multiple targets.Novel (appeals to nature) methods are also being investigated. Neural net algorithms have been tested for determining the depth and offset of buried pipes from EM ellipticity data. Genetic algorithms and simulated annealing have been tested for extremal model construction.The failure of researchers to take adequate account of the properties of the mathematical transformation from algorithms to the number domain represented by the computing process remains a major stumbling block. Structured programming, functional languages, and other software tools and methods are presented as an essential part of the serial process leading from EM theory to geological interpretation.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

Anorthite,andesine, wollastonite,diopside, cordierite and pyrope: thermodynamics of melting,glass transitions,and properties of the amorphous phases

Drop calorimetry measurements between 900 and 1850 K are reported for amorphous anorthite, andesine, wollastonite, diopside, cordierite and pyrope. The isobaric heat capacities of the glassy and liquid phases of these materials, and the enthalpies of fusion of the minerals have been derived. The calorimetric entropies of fusion of these substances and of other oxide minerals are generally consistent with the calculated volume changes on melting and with the observed pressure dependences of the melting points. The thermodynamics of mixing of liquid plagioclases have been examined, and it is concluded that their enthalpies of mixing are markedly different from the values derived directly from solution calorimetry measurements at 985 K.