Vegetation impoverishment despite greening: A case study from central Senegal

Recent remote sensing studies have documented a greening trend in the semi-arid Sahel and Sudan zones of West Africa since the early 1980s, which challenges the mainstream paradigm of irreversible land degradation in this region. What the greening trend means on the ground, however, has not yet been explored. This research focuses on a region in central Senegal to examine changes in woody vegetation abundance and composition in selected sites by means of a botanical inventory of woody vegetation species, repeat photography, and perceptions of local land users. Despite the greening, an impoverishment of the woody vegetation cover was observed in the studied sites, indicated by an overall reduction in woody species richness, a loss of large trees, an increasing dominance of shrubs, and a shift towards more arid-tolerant, Sahelian species since 1983. Thus, interpretation of the satellite-derived greening trend as an improvement or recovery is not always justified. The case of central Senegal represents only one of several possible pathways of greening throughout the region, all of which result in similar satellite-derived greening signals.     

应用遥感技术模拟净初级生产力的尺度效应研究进展

采用遥感技术估算地表植被净初级生产力(NPP),已经成为模拟NPP的主要发展方向。遥感技术以及数据处理能力的迅速发展和基于遥感观测生理生态理论研究的进展使大尺度生态系统格局和过程的定量、动态观测成为可能。多种卫星传感器提供了丰富的多尺度对地观测数据,从而形成了不同空间分辨率的影像数据层次体系,使得从定量遥感出发的NPP估算必然存在多尺度的问题。NPP遥感估算模型以不同分辨率的遥感数据(代表不同的研究尺度)作为输入参数时,得到的NPP模拟值差异明显。为了提高NPP的估算精度,需要充分认识不同分辨率的遥感数据对NPP估算结果的影响差异,即NPP的尺度效应问题。本文介绍了遥感尺度效应研究进展,多分辨率遥感数据监测NPP变化的多尺度研究进展,以及NPP估算尺度效应问题的研究进展。并分析了应用遥感技术研究NPP尺度效应的发展趋势。     

Monitoring grasshopper and locust habitats in Sahelian Africa using GIS and remote sensing technology†

Abstract

Development programmes in Sahelian Africa are beginning to use geographic information system (GIS) technology. One of the GIS and remote sensing programmes introduced to the region in the late 1980s was the use of seasonal vegetation maps made from satellite data to support grasshopper and locust control. Following serious outbreaks of these pests in 1987, the programme addressed a critical need, by national and international crop protection organizations, to monitor site-specific dynamic vegetation conditions associated with grasshopper and locust breeding. The primary products used in assessing vegetation conditions were vegetation index (greenness) image maps derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite imagery. Vegetation index data were integrated in a GIS with digital cartographic data of individual Sahelian countries. These near-real-time image maps were used regularly in 10 countries for locating potential grasshopper and locust habitats. The programme to monitor vegetation conditions is currently being institutionalized in the Sahel.     

基于遥感的黄土高原林草植被变化对河川径流的影响分析

从黄土高原不同地貌区降雨产流机制入手,分析了林草植被影响流域水循环的可能环节;利用20世纪70年代以来不同时期的土地利用和植被盖度解译成果,以及同期实测的降雨和径流数据、供用水数据等,引入林草植被覆盖率、径流系数、产洪系数和基流系数等概念,从流域尺度上构建了林草植被覆盖率与河川径流的定量响应关系,结果发现,在半湿润或半干旱的黄土区,径流系数和产洪系数都将随林草植被的改善而减少,气候越干旱、径流或洪量减少越多;与同气候带的黄土区相比,盖沙黄土区林草植被改善所导致的减水量更大。不过,当林草植被覆盖率大于60%后,产洪系数变化减缓;最终河川径流将稳定在大于基流的某阈值附近。     

Analysis of vegetation seasonality in Sahelian environments using MODIS LAI,in association with land cover and rainfall

Present-day Sahelian vegetation in a highly anthropized semi-arid region is assessed from local to regional scales, through the joint analysis of MODIS LAI (1 km² and 8-day resolutions), daily rainfall, morphopedological and land cover datasets covering the period 2000–2008. The study area is located in northwest Senegal and consists of the “Niayes” and the northwestern “Peanut Basin” eco-regions, characterized by market gardening and rain-fed cultivated crops, respectively. The objectives are i) to analyse at pixel scale LAI time series and their relation to vegetation and soil types, ii) the estimation of phenological metrics (start of season SOS, end of season EOS, growing season length GSL) and their inter-annual variability, iii) to recognize the vegetation responses to rainfall trends (mean annual precipitation, MAP; frequency of rainy events, K; combination of MAP and K, called F).Pixel-scale analyses show that LAI time series 1) describe the actual phenology (agreeing with ground-truth AGHRYMET data), and thus can be used as a proxy for Sahelian vegetation dynamics, 2) are strongly dependent on soil types. Median maps of SOS and EOS suggest an increase of the GSL from Saint-Louis to Dakar, in agreement with both the North-South rainfall gradient and the intensification of agricultural practices around Dakar. Significant correlations (R: 0.64) between annual variation coefficient of LAI and MAP for both herbaceous crops and natural vegetation are highlighted; this correlation is reinforced (R: 0.7) using the rainfall distribution factors K and F. Rainfall thresholds allowing the SOS can be defined for each type of vegetation. These thresholds are estimated at 0–5 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm for natural herbs, herbaceous crops and shrublands, respectively.If previous works revealed the close link between the MAP and the SOS, our results highlight that LAI dynamics are also controlled by rainfall distribution during the Monsoon season. In this study, climatic indicators are proposed for estimating vegetation dynamics and monitoring SOS. Coupling Earth Observation data, such as MODIS LAI, with rainfall data, vegetation and soil information is found to be a reliable method for vegetation monitoring and for assessing the impact of human pressure on vegetation degradation.     

中国东南部植被NPP的时空格局变化及其与气候的关系研究

基于2001~2010年MOD17A3年均NPP数据和气象站点气温、降水资料,利用GIS空间分析技术和数理统计方法研究中国东南部植被NPP的时空格局、动态变化及与气候要素的关系。结果表明,中国东南部植被年均NPP总体上呈现从南到北、由东至西逐渐减少的分布,不同植被类型的NPP存在明显差异,以常绿阔叶林最高,落叶针叶林最低。2001~2010年间,植被NPP整体上略有减少。空间上植被NPP在南部地区明显减少,而在北部地区明显增加。植被NPP与降水和气温的相关性均表现出明显的地域差异。     

基于树轮资料重建森林净初级生产力的研究进展

森林净初级生产力(NPP)反映了森林植被固定和转换光合产物的能力,表示了森林碳汇功能强度,也是评价森林植被的演替状况以及陆地生态系统承载力的主要指标。基于遥感、清查资料等方法估算NPP已经取得了一些进展,但传统的研究方法受限于观测(调查)年份,难以有效获取长时间尺度的区域森林种群或群落年际NPP。树轮资料较为有效地反映了历史时期森林植被的逐年生长状况,从而在估算高精度且长时间尺度区域森林种群及群落NPP中具有较大的优势。本文对利用树轮资料重建区域森林NPP的两种主要方法进行了总结,第一种方法主要是依据树轮资料提供的立木逐年生长量进行生物量以及NPP的估算;第二种方法则是利用树轮指数与其他植被指数的相关性间接反演过去时间段区域森林群落NPP的变化。上述两种估算NPP的方法均存在较多的限制性,未来利用树轮资料估算NPP的时空精度仍有待提高。     

西藏NPP时空格局与气候因子的关系

根据2000-2012年1 km MOD17A3 NPP遥感数据和气温、降水等气象资料,在GIS支撑下,结合多种统计计算方法,对西藏NPP时空格局与气候因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:2000-2012年间西藏陆地植被的NPP为119.3～148.4 g·m^-2·a^-1,平均为135.2 g·m^-2·a^-1;近年来西藏NPP呈不显著上升趋势,NPP总体上由东南向西北逐渐变小。13年来西藏NPP在总体不变(面积占61.11%)的基础上略有增加(面积占10.7%);不同植被类型中阔叶林的NPP最大,为1 185.2～1 430.2 g·m^-2·a^-1,其次是混交林,为535.1～741.2 g·m^-2·a^-1,其后依次是稀树草原、针叶林、农用地、草地和灌丛;西藏NPP与气温、降水因子分别有较好的正、负相关性。所有植被类型都与年均气温呈正相关,其中草地的NPP与年均气温的相关系数达0.88,其次是针叶林为0.76,相关性最差为热带稀树草原0.13;与年降水量的相关性,除了热带稀树草原正相关(0.26),其余都负相关,草地、针叶林的相关系数分别为-0.79、-0.73。     

Dynamic change of net primary productivity and fractional vegetation cover in the yellow river Basin using multi-temporal AVHRR NDVI Data

An exponential relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and integrated NDVI has been found in this paper. Based on the relationship and using multi-temporal 8 km resolution NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of NPP and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin from 1982 to 1999 are analyzed. Finally, the effect of rainfall on NDVI is examined. Results show that mean NPP and fractional vegetation cover have an inclining trend for the whole basin, and rainfall in flood season influences vegetation cover most.     

干旱对河西走廊植被净初级生产力的影响

干旱对生态系统碳循环具有重要影响,随着气候变暖,全球干旱事件频率不断上升,研究干旱对植被净初级生产力的影响具有重要意义.提高植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时间分辨率是认识干旱对其影响机制的重要途径.基于5天NDVI遥感数据,以河西走廊为研究区,利用CASA模型估算2010-2015年5天步长尺度的NPP,将5天降水为零定...     

陆地植被净初级生产力研究进展

 植被的净初级生产力(NPP)反映了植物每年通过光合作用所固定的碳总量，目前NPP研究是全球变化研究的重要内容之一。本文综述了近年来国内外在全球和区域陆地植被NPP的研究现状，对遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)在NPP研究中的应用作了分析，并对国内外NPP研究的不足和发展趋势作了讨论。     

土壤盐渍化遥感应用研究进展

文章从地面数据的调查、盐渍土影象的目视判读特征、光谱特征和土壤盐渍化区域的植被特征以及多光谱、高光谱遥感技术等方面综述国内外应用遥感数据探测土壤盐渍化程度及其制图的研究。利用数字图象并结合野外调查数据进行目视解译和计算机自动解译、图象变换提取盐渍土信息;结合G IS方法在分类中加入非遥感数据来提高分类精度;在研究盐渍土的光谱特征的基础上应用高光谱技术定量或半定量地提取盐渍土信息。这都是制定综合治理措施、决定土地利用方向的关键,也是进行区域土壤盐渍化动态预报的重要依据。     

近20 a中亚净初级生产力与实际蒸散发特征分析

中亚碳、水循环在气候变异和人为活动的影响下呈现新的时空特征。但由于观测数据稀缺,生态过程特殊,植被、土壤空间异质性强,中亚植被净初级生产力(NPP)、实际蒸散发(AET)的时空特征相关信息相对不足,且时效性不高。利用全球尺度的NPP、AET、土地覆被数据,气象站点与区域气候数据分析近20 a中亚地区NPP和AET的时空特征。结果表明：与1990年相比,2000年中亚地区农田NPP增幅小于自然植被,植被总固碳量增加了254.65 Tg C;近20 a中亚地区实际总蒸散量先增后降,农田对中亚水资源散失的贡献减小,自然植被的贡献增大,自然植被与农田面积变化决定中亚总蒸散量动态;北部农田区、东部山区及山前绿洲为NPP和AET的高值区,中西部荒漠为低值区。     

耦合自然-人文因素的沙漠化动态系统动力学模型

沙漠化土地是自然、人文因素共同作用下的地表复杂系统,建立耦合自然-人文因素的沙漠化动态模型对于理解沙漠化演变过程、预测发展趋势以及进行科学调控具有重要的意义。本文以鄂尔多斯为典型研究区,利用系统动力学的方法,针对气候变化、土壤水分、人口、经济、放牧、土地利用六大沙漠化驱动力建立其与植被NPP的影响与反馈,结合不同沙漠化等级对应的NPP阈值范围,构建耦合自然-人文因素的沙漠化动态系统动力学模型。模拟的植被NPP与基于MODIS影像反演的实际NPP的对比表明,模型总体较为可靠。对不同情景下研究区2011-2030年植被NPP及沙漠化动态模拟分析表明,降雨是控制研究区沙漠化动态的主要因素,但在未来人类活动不变的情况下降雨量增加50%仍不能改变现有的沙漠化状态; 禁牧休牧相对于退耕还林还草、植树种草等政策更有利于植被恢复,但总体成本较高; 单独政策均无法改变现有的沙漠化状态,而这些政策的取消则会在不同的时间内导致沙漠化朝重度和极重度方向发展。对于地方政府而言,则需要根据自身经济状况合理选择不同政策组合来确保沙漠化的持续改善。     

Dynamic change of net primary productivity and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin using multi-temporal AVHRR NDVI Data

An exponential relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and integrated NDVI has been found in this paper. Based on the relationship and using multi-temporal 8 km resolution NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of NPP and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin from 1982 to 1999 are analyzed. Finally, the effect of rainfall on NDVI is examined. Results show that mean NPP and fractional vegetation cover have an inclining trend for the whole basin, and rainfall in flood season influences vegetation cover most.     

京津风沙源区植被的时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

利用2000—2008年的MODIS-NDVI遥感数据和34个站的气象数据,分析了京津风沙源区植被变化的空间分布范围及其与气候因子的关系。即利用坡度分析定量地估算了京津风沙源区植被覆盖的时空变化;分别计算降雨、温度及相对湿度与植被变化的相关系数,并进行显著性检验。结果表明:2000—2008年京津风沙源区植被覆盖整体呈上升趋势,其中上升区域占74%,显著上升区域占9.83%;气候整体上变化规律不强,降雨和气温都存在一定的增加趋势,但各年波动性较大;气候因子中降雨与生长季NDVI最大值相关性最强,两者整体变化趋势一致,80.11%的区域为正相关,3.17%的区域为显著正相关;降雨和NDVI相关的显著性不强及不完全同步性,可能是源于工程和非工程等人为因素的干扰。     

Modeling net primary productivity of the terrestrial ecosystem in China from 1961 to 2005简

Net primary productivity （NPP） is the structure and function of the ecosystem. NPP can most important index that represents the be simulated by dynamic global vegetation models （DGVM）, which are designed to represent vegetation dynamics relative to environ- mental change. This study simulated the NPP of China＇s ecosystems based on the DGVM Integrated Biosphere Simulator （IBIS） with data on climate, soil, and topography. The appli- cability of IBIS in the NPP simulation of China＇s terrestrial ecosystems was verified first. Comparison with other relevant studies indicates that the range and mean value of simula- tions are generally within the limits of observations; the overall pattern and total annual NPP are close to the simulations conducted with other models. The simulations are also close to the NPP estimations based on remote sensing. Validation proved that IBIS can be utilized in the large-scale simulation of NPP in China＇s natural ecosystem. We then simulated NPP with climate change data from 1961 to 2005, when warming was particularly striking. The following are the results of the simulation. （1） Total NPP varied from 3.61 GtC/yr to 4.24 GtC/yr in the past 45 years and exhibited minimal significant linear increase or decrease. （2） Regional differences in the increase or decrease in NPP were large but exhibited an insignificant overall linear trend. NPP declined in most parts of eastern and central China, especially in the Loess Plateau. （3） Similar to the fluctuation law of annual NPP, seasonal NPP also displayed an insignificant increase or decrease; the trend line was within the general level. （4） The re- gional differences in seasonal NPP changes were large. NPP declined in spring, summer, and autumn in the Loess Plateau but increased in most parts of the Tibetan Plateau.     

基于时间序列植被特征的内蒙古荒漠化评价

荒漠化是中国北方干旱、半干旱地区面临的主要生态环境问题。从植被特征着手,关注其年际动态变化特征,已经成为国内外荒漠化评价的发展趋势。选取遥感反演的高时间分辨率的植被降水利用率作为评价指标,利用时间序列分析方法,评价了内蒙古自治区1999-2009 年的荒漠化发展态势,并对荒漠化逆转问题进行了初步讨论。结果表明：内蒙古自治区11 年来生态环境总体趋于改善,荒漠化发展态势并不明显。其中,鄂尔多斯高原的东部至大青山南麓、大兴安岭及燕山北部余脉是内蒙古自治区生态环境改善最为明显的地区,反映出该区的植被保护政策发挥了积极的作用;荒漠化土地空间分异特征表明,降水因子和植被恢复有着密切的联系,300mm以上降水量的地区,其植被恢复能力要明显大于降水稀少的地区;干旱、极干旱地区的荒漠界限极不稳定,对荒漠化是否逆转的判断必须在特定的时间尺度,结合当年的气候条件进行综合分析。     

北京山区植被覆盖动态变化遥感监测研究

植被覆盖变化遥感监测是区域生态监测的一个重要部分,可为区域生态建设和可持续发展提供科学依据.利用北京市1979年7月14日和2005年7月25日的Landsat MSS和TM影像,采用基于归一化植被指数(ND-VI)的像元二分模型,计算了这2个时期的植被覆盖度,并对北京山区1979-2005年间植被覆盖的变化情况进行了遥感监测和定量分析.结果表明,北京山区的植被覆盖度由1979年的70.05%下降为2005年的66.14%;植被退化的总面积为3672.90km2;植被覆盖度在80%～100%的退化面积最大,为617.45km2.     

基于多时相Landsat影像的中亚地区植被覆盖遥感监测

针对中亚地区的强生态脆弱性、高敏感性特征,有必要开展广域、长期的植被覆盖监测以匹配“绿色丝绸之路”的可持续发展目标。鉴于此,联合Landsat 5和Landsat 8卫星数据集,利用Google Earth Engine（GEE）地理空间数据云计算平台,估算了中亚地区1993—2018年间共12期的植被覆盖度。结果表明：（1）中亚地区植被覆盖总体水平较低,但也具有较为显著的空间异质性。（2）中亚地区1993—2018年间多数区域植被覆盖趋势较为稳定,哈萨克斯坦丘陵、费尔干纳盆地等区域植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,乌拉尔河流域和锡尔河流域等区域植被覆盖趋势为负。（3）植被覆盖度时序特征上,中亚地区1993—2018年间总体植被覆盖度累积增加3%,其中吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦植被覆盖分别增加3.96%和5.86%。（4）裸土区呈退缩趋势,面积总计减少25.9×10⁴ km²,低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区范围在呈现出的振荡式增加。研究结合遥感大数据和地理云计算对中亚地区进行区域尺度的植被覆盖动态监测,能对中亚地区生态评估和演替分析提供技术支持和定量数据。