象山港牛鼻山水道潮流场的高频地波雷达观测与分析

作为LORCE计划中构建高频地波雷达观测网的试点,面向象山港牛鼻山水道,在六横岛郭巨山和白马礁各设置了1台OSMAR S50高频地波雷达。在2台雷达合成表面流场有效区域的中间地带,利用Valeport旋桨式海流仪和ADCP定点开展了周日连续观测,以验证高频地波雷达合成表面流场的精度。对比定点流场和高频地波雷达对应数据发现,两者变化相关性较好,高频地波雷达在该点获得的流场有较高精度。借助SCHISM建立的区域模型结果,检验了高频地波雷达数据大面上的可用性。比较发现,观测和模拟值在大的趋势上是一致的：牛鼻山水道为规则半日潮流海域,M2是主要分潮,分潮M2和K1以往复流为主;涨潮时外海海水先通过牛鼻山水道流向象山港内,一段时间后再流向佛渡水道;落潮时象山港内海水率先经牛鼻山水道流出至外海,随后佛渡水道海水再逐渐流入牛鼻山水道。     

OSMAR071G地波雷达对“莫兰蒂”台风风眼的观测

利用福建省海洋预报台业务化运行的OSMAR071G高频地波雷达海洋表面观测系统,对2016年9月14日-15日"莫兰蒂"台风穿越台湾海峡并登陆厦门岛的全过程进行了实时观测。根据地波雷达观测的风场数据,计算了海洋表面风场涡流特征,通过涡场结构确定了涡旋的中心,以此确定为台风海面风眼实时位置,通过连续观测,从而得到了台风海面风眼的轨迹。该风眼轨迹与国家卫星气象中心的发布的台风路径基本一致。本次观测表明了OSMAR071G高频地波雷达系统能够准确实时地对台风进行遥感探测。     

高频地波雷达反演海浪的海上对比验证方法研究

在介绍高频地波雷达反演海浪要素工作原理的基础上 ,利用 2 0 0 0年 10月在浙江舟山海域进行的 OSMAR2 0 0 0和 SZF1- 海上对比验证实验中所获取的资料进行系统比较分析 ,验证了OSMAR2 0 0 0探测海洋海浪要素的精度 ,并分析了 OSMAR2 0 0 0反演海浪时的误差成因     

地波雷达海流观测数据验证的软件实现及初步分析

利用Matlab语言及其图形交互界面编程技术,将OSMAR高频地波雷达观测数据与现场测流数据的比对验证方法集成在软件中。利用该软件输入OSMAR地波雷达、海流计、ADP和美国CODAR雷达的试验海流数据得到了误差统计特征值,初步分析了不同比测站点和不同比测仪器对雷达数据验证工作的影响。     

岸基高频地波雷达资料后处理技术研究

综述了国内外高频地波雷达发展和研究现状,系统介绍了岸基高频地波雷达资料接收、预处理、计算机自动质量控 制、可视化人机交互审核和标准化输出等后处理工作内容与流程,详细阐述并以示例验证了岸基高频地波雷达资料非法码检 验、常规范围检验、相关性检验、气候学检验、统计学检验等质量控制方法和通过实测矢量场图、网格化矢量场图进行资料 深入审核的原理与方法,最后较为具体的提出了岸基高频地波雷达资料后处理系统的逻辑、物理和功能架构设计及技术指标 和运行环境。研究成果紧密贴合我国海洋观测网建设运行实际需求,对于我国岸基高频地波雷达资料后处理技术水平和能力 提升,具有科学和重要的技术参考价值。     

OSMAR高频地波雷达福建示范系统径向流

OSNAR高频地波雷达是863计划海洋技术领域的成果，其福建示范系统的两个远端站分别设置在福建省东山县和龙海市境内，2005年6月开始试运行．本文对2005年6、7月份试运行期间雷达远端站给出的遥感径向流数据质量进行了统计分析和初步的海洋学验证．分析结果显示，雷达返回径向流速质量随观测距离增加呈下降趋势，并有明显的日夜差异，日间质量优于夜间．初步验证表明，经质量控制处理后所提取的径向流鸩分潮的振幅和相位的空间分布具有与以往研究结果一致的特征．雷达系统所返回的径向流数据在经过适当的质量控制处理后可以有效地反映覆盖海区表层海流及其时空变化．     

多功能新型高频变频地波雷达舟山海域径向海流探测试验

在2010年8月舟山海域新型多功能变频高频地波雷达比对试验中表明:7.5~10 MHz波段、13~18 MHz波段、18~25 MHz波段雷达径向流与ADCP数据相比,均表现出较为显著的相关性,可以用于大面流场的实时监测,其中18~25 MHz波段径向流测量精度要优于7.5~10 MHz波段和13~18 MHz波段。但同时影响雷达测量精度的因素也很多,这些因素对测量精度的影响还需要通过开展长期连续的对比验证试验来进一步研究和分析。     

2DVAR方法在台湾海峡海表流场融合中的应用

高频地波雷达可以提供沿岸大面积海表流的观测,但单个地波雷达只能提供径向流观测。本研究发展了一套二维变分(Two-Dimensional VARiational Method, 2DVAR)数据融合方法,将台湾海峡海域的地波雷达径向流数据与ROMS (Regional Ocean Model System)模式输出结果进行融合,得到一套较好的融合产品。结果显示,融合产品与雷达径向流的平均相对误差相较于模式输出与雷达径向流的平均相对误差由9.70%降低至1.54%。为进一步检验融合方法,设计了两种独立样本试验。试验一将雷达径向流按空间均匀划分为融合样本与独立样本,使用雷达融合样本与模式输出进行融合,此时融合结果的平均均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)相较于模式输出由0.41 m/s降低至0.19 m/s。试验二将雷达径向流和模式输出在空间上都均匀划分为融合样本与独立样本,对两种数据的融合样本进行融合,使用TC (Triple Collocation)方法估计模式输出、雷达观测与融合结果的误差方差,此时融合结果的平均误差方差最小,且其误差方差相对于独立的雷达径向流与模式输出在远岸处有明显减小。以上结果都表明融合数据更加接近实际海流,证明了2DVAR方法融合海表流的有效性。     

舟山海域高频地波雷达表层流探测试验

2015年4月7-30日,在浙江省舟山近海海域开展了“嵊山-朱家尖”小型阵列变频高频地波雷达系统的海上比测试验,通过雷达观测数据与定点ADCP海流资料的比对检验了地波雷达表层流探测性能。径向流比对结果显示,测点与雷达法向夹角越小,距离雷达距离越近,径向流比测结果越好,雷达探测的结果越可靠。嵊山站径向流与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为7.98 cm/s,平均均方根误差为15.34 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.89,朱家尖站径向流与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为6.24 cm/s,平均均方根误差为12.36 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.81。根据矢量流比对结果显示,矢量流速与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为4.82 cm/s,平均均方根误差为15.03 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.44。设置在嵊山、朱家尖两个雷达站双站探测的核心区域（两个雷达站连线的中垂线上,并且与两个雷达站构成一个近似直角三角形）的站点比测结果更加理想,当流速大于0.25 m/s时,对于核心区域平均后的流向均方根误差为24.9°。     

1509号台风灿鸿期间“朱家尖-嵊山”高频地波雷达数据分析

2007年在朱家尖和嵊山布设了小型阵变频高频地波雷达,对共同覆盖范围内的舟山海域进行风、浪、流的业务化探测。2015年7月11日,1509号台风灿鸿在朱家尖沿海登陆,之后继续向北偏东方向移动,台风中心经过高频地波雷达探测海域。本文将台风期间高频地波雷达的探测数据分别与定点浮标观测数据和ASCAT卫星遥感大面积风场数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,高频地波雷达在台风期间较好地反映了舟山海域流场特征和风场分布情况,高频地波雷达的探测数据精度满足指标要求,验证了高频地波雷达在复杂海况条件下具有合格的探测性能。     

HF radar ocean current algorithm based on MUSIC and the validation experiments

Wuhan University's ocean state measuring and analyzing radar (OSMAR2000), working at around 7.5 MHz in the low region of the HF band with a 120-m-long linear receiving antenna array, can measure ocean surface current at ranges of up to 200 km. An ocean surface current algorithm based on direction finding (DF) using the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method is developed for the OSMAR2000 radar. This paper describes the OSMAR2000 ocean surface current algorithm based on MUSIC and the validation experiments in the East China Sea. The results of the ocean surface current measurements demonstrate that the OSMAR2000 ocean surface current algorithm based on MUSIC is feasible for the long range of ocean surface current mapping with a sufficient bearing resolution.     

Algorithm for HF radar vector current measurements

A new algorithm is proposed, called the stream function method (SFM) for producing vector current maps from radial data measured by dual-site high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR). In SFM, a scalar stream function is constructed under some oceanographic assumptions. The function describes the two-dimensional (2-D) ocean surface water motion and is used to obtain the distribution of vector currents. The performance of SFM is evaluated using simulated radial data, which demonstrates that SFM has advantages over typical vectorial combination methods (VCM) both in error acceptance and robustness, and excels another method based on least-squares fitting (LSF) in recovering the complicated current models. Furthermore, SFM is capable of providing the total currents based on radials from single-site radar. We also test the assumptions of horizontal non-divergence in the simulation. The new algorithm is applied to the field experiment data of Wuhan University’s ocean state measuring and analyzing radar (OSMAR), collected in the coastal East China Sea during April 11–17, 2004. Quantitative comparisons are given between radar results by three current algorithms and in-situ current meter measurements. Preliminary analysis of the vertical current shear is given based on the current meter measurements.     

Measurement of Ocean Surface Currents by the CRL HF Ocean Surface Radar of FMCW Type. Part 2. Current Vector

The Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) has been developing high-frequency ocean surface radars (HFOSRs). The CRL dual-site HFOSR system can clarify the distribution of surface currents with a nominal range of 50 km. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of the measurement error of the current vector obtained by the CRL HFOSR system, using a comparison of instantaneous current vectors acquired by the HFOSR system and current meters moored at a depth of 2 m, taking account of the vertical current shear. The theoretical analysis shows that the probability distribution of the measurement error of the current vector forms concentric ellipses at a spatial scale that depends on the RMS measurement error of radial current velocity and with an aspect ratio that depends only on the azimuthal difference of the radar beams. When the azimuthal difference is a right angle, the measurement error of the current vector is at a minimum. A comparison between instantaneous current vectors measured by the CRL HFOSR system and moored current meters shows that the distribution of the difference vector between the radar current and the meter current agrees well with the theoretical measurement error of the current vector and that the RMS of difference vector length is about 10 cm s^–1 while the azimuthal difference between two radar beams is between 45 and 135 degrees. The accuracy of current measurement by the dual-site HFOSR system is therefore considered to be less than 10 cm s^–1 in this range of azimuthal difference. The theoretical analysis will be applicable for a wider range of the azimuthal difference of the radar beams.     

高频雷达OSMAR流速探测精度的对比验证

高频雷达探测海洋表面流与常规海流计测量海流是两种不同的测量方式。本文根据 2种观测方法所获取资料的不同特点 ,对引起 2种测量方法流速测量差异的主要误差进行了分析 ,并采用合适的方法对这些主要误差进行了量化估计。研究发现 ,2种测量方法取样的空间差异、时间差异以及仪器的观测误差等是构成高频雷达与常规海流计测量结果差异的主要因素。充分考虑这些因素对流速测量的影响能较大的提高高频雷达流速对比验证的精度     

Use of nautical radar as a wave monitoring instrument

Common marine X-Band radars can be used as a sensor to survey ocean wave fields. The wave field images provided by the radars are sampled and analysed by a wave monitoring system (called WaMoS II) developed by the German research institute GKSS. This measuring system can be mounted on a ship, on offshore stations or at coastal locations. The measurement is based on the backscatter of microwaves from the ocean surface, which is visible as ‘sea clutter' on the radar screen. From this observable sea clutter, a numerical analysis is carried out. The unambiguous directional wave spectrum, the surface currents and sea state parameters such as wave periods, wave lengths, and wave directions can be derived. To provide absolute wave heights, the response of the nautical radar must be calibrated. Similar to the wave height estimations for Synthetic Aperture Radars, the so-called ‘Signal to Noise Ratio' leads to the determination of the significant wave height (H_S). In this paper, WaMoS II results are compared with directional buoy data to show the capabilities of nautical microwave radars for sea state measurements.     

Surface tidal currents in the open sea area to the east of the Zhoushan Islands measured with high frequency surface wave radar

Based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of 11 d vector ocean currents obtained from two high frequency sur- face wave radars located at Zhujiajian Island and Shengshan Island, the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the open sea area to the east of the Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang Province, China are studied. The following conclusions are drawn from the analysis： the tidal current pattern in the open sea area to the east of Zhoushan Islands is primarily regular semidiurnal, which is significantly affected by the shallow water constituents. The directions of the major axes of tidal current ellipses of M2 lie approx- imately in the NW-SE direction. With the increasing of distance away from the coast, the directions of the tidal current ellipses gradually shift toward the E-W direction. The tidal currents are mainly reversing cur- rents. The spatial distribution of probable maximum current velocities decreases gradually from northeast to southwest which is basically in accordance with the spatial distribution of measured maximum current velocities. The residual currents near the coast are larger than those far away from the coast. The directions of the residual currents are basically north by east, and the angle to the due north increases gradually with the increasing distance away from the coast. The topography shows a certain impact on the spatial distri- bution of shallow water constituents, the rotation of tidal currents, the probable maximum currents and the residual currents.     

Measurement of ocean wave spectra using narrow-beam HE radar

A data interpretation algorithm is developed to extract ocean wave information from HF radar backscatter observed by a narrow-beam antenna system. The basis of this measurement is the inversion of the integral equation representing the second-order radar cross section of the ocean surface. This equation is numerically inverted by approximating it as a matrix equation and pseudoinverting the kernel matrix using a singular value decomposition. As a test of this algorithm, comparisons are made between wave spectrum estimates obtained from a WAVEC buoy and a pair of 25.4-MHz ground wave radars, using data collected during the 1986 Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP). Overall, the results of this experiment have been positive and have demonstrated both the basic feasibility of the inversion algorithm and the wave sensing capability of HF radar. For example, significant wave height estimates deduced by two radars differed from the buoy, in an absolute value sense, by only 0.12 m on average. When using only one radar, the mean difference of this important parameter from the buoy was a reasonable 0.33 m     

东中国海业务化海流雷达观测及数据服务平台

由武汉大学研发的海洋状态监测及分析雷达（OSMAR）,被布置于东中国海沿岸的6个雷达站点,用于观测海表面速度（海流,波浪,风）。本研究以雷达观测的流场为例,阐述了一个业务化海表面流雷达观测及数据服务平台,给出了一个从数据获取、传输、处理、可视化以及服务的业务化流程。详细描述了业务化平台中包含三个系统（雷达观测系统、数据服务系统、可视化服务系统）,以及各系统间的数据流。各站点获取的流速将在雷达观测系统中数据接收和预处理中心进行集成,然后传输到数据服务系统进行质量控制。用户可以在数据服务系统的主界面上对数据进行浏览,也能够获取这些数据。可视化服务系统能够在球体平台上对数据产品进行直观展示。通过业务化平台可以对东中国海的海流进行实时监测,也能够对海流的日变化以及季节性变化进行研究。