南极的暖季

南极的暖季是南极鸟类的孵化期,贼鸥、雪燕等鸟类都会在暖季下蛋孵化,一个个小鸟就会在南极的暖季出生、成长,在南极寒季来临前已经长大的小鸟们就会跟着大鸟飞离南极大陆,到第二年的暖季会再次回到南极大陆来捕食、繁衍后代。     

国外南极考察管理机构与考察管理模式的对比分析

本文在分析一些国外南极主管机构的基本职能、规模、科研与后勤支持能力、南极考察组织与管理特点的基础上,得出目前世界各国南极考察管理主要存在三种模式:基金会项目管理模式、南极局政府职能管理模式和研究机构科学主导管理模式.此外.简要地分析了南极条约体系对一些国家南极政策和南极考察管理的影响,并对我国南极考察管理优化问题提出参考性建议.     

南极冰藻谷胱甘肽相关因子的测定

谷胱甘肽系统在清除活性氧和生物保护中发挥重要作用,探讨了南极冰藻胞内谷胱甘肽含量及谷胱甘肽相关酶的活力.采用分光光度法,对24种南极冰藻胞内谷胱甘肽含量、谷胱甘肽合成能力(GPA)、谷胱甘肽还原酶活力等进行测定.测定结果表明,南极蓝藻B-1中谷胱甘肽含量最高;南极衣藻ICE-L和南极硅藻GJ01的谷胱甘肽总产量居前2位;南极冰藻GPA普遍高于常温藻的.南极硅藻GJ01和南极衣藻ICE-L GR活力高于对照组的.培养基的选择表明,f/2培养基适合南极硅藻GJ01的生长,而Provasoli培养基适合南极衣藻ICE-L的生长.可见,南极冰藻成为谷胱甘肽的新来源是有可能的,尤其是南极硅藻GJ01和南极衣藻ICE-L.     

设立南极海洋保护区的法律困境与出路:兼谈中国的应对

为促进中国对南极事务的深入参与以及贯彻落实海洋强国战略,文章概述现有两大南极海洋保护区设立谈判与制度建设中的各项法律争议,分析设立南极海洋保护区的法律困境及其影响因素,并提出突破路径以及中国参与设立南极海洋保护区的对策建议。研究结果表明:法律依据的不足、科学证据的匮乏、具体规章制度的短缺以及对《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》第二条权威解释的欠缺是设立南极海洋保护区所面临的主要法律困境,而导致以上困境出现的关键因素涉及政治立场、经济利益、国际法理论和全球公海保护区实践;进一步深化国家管辖范围外区域海洋生物多样性国际协定与南极治理机制的协调适用以及全方位促进南极海洋保护区养护措施的实施和完善是突破困境的核心策略;中国作为《南极条约》协商国,应积极推动国内南极立法、加强南极海洋生态环境等领域的科学研究以及鼓励国内非政府组织加入设立南极海洋保护区的国际议程,积极参与讨论并明确表达立场与主张,进一步融入南极治理的非政府联盟,提高中国在南极海洋保护区设立中的国际话语权,更好地维护国家权益。     

南极政治“单极化”趋势——以美国南极政策为中心的考察

主要探讨美国南极领土主权政策的酝酿、争夺、犹豫不决,美国政府的妥协与折衷,以及美国在<南极条约>体系的形成和国际南极新秩序建立的主导作用,最后探讨美国一直加强在南极的"实质性存在",从而主导了南极政治舞台的话语权,得出结论:美国在南极的"实质性存在"是其他任何国家无与伦比的,是南极条约当之无愧的倡导者和建筑师.国际南极事务一直被美国等少数南极大国主宰,国际南极政治舞台单极化趋势越来越明显.笔者认为国际南极政治舞台应该创建一套类似康德无政府文化的观念和体系,国家之间相互承担义务,友好合作,不使用暴力解决争端,建立一种多元安全共同体和集体安全.     

南极旅游发展与管理的国际协议

南极旅游管理的国际组织机构主要包括南极条约协商会议（ATCM）、环境保护委员会（CEP）和国际南极旅游组织协会（IAATO）。南极条约体系（ATS）是南极一切活动必须遵循的国际协议,南极旅游活动须充分维护ATS的基本价值与原则,维护和平、科学研究和环境保护是ATS的三大原则。1998年协商国签字生效的《环境保护议定书》...     

南极人类活动的环境负效应与管理对策

人类南极活动包括基地建设、科考、废弃物排放以及物流与交通等.造成南极原始地形地貌的改变、浅表地层土壤理化结构成分的恶化和本土动植物群落与生态系统的损害等环境负效应,严重危及南极作为地球上唯一保留其自然原貌的大陆的特殊价值.通过加强环境保护教育,以提高南极人员的环境意识和环保素质,提升环境管理水平,最大限度地降低人类活动对南极环境的影响,促进人与南极自然的和谐,实现人类活动和南极环境的协调发展.     

浅谈南极条约体系中的国际条约在中国的适用

南极由于其独特的地理位置和重要的战略地位,已经成为各国间综合国力比拼、政治博弈、进行国家战略扩张、展现科研能力的重要"舞台"。以《南极条约》为核心的南极条约体系,经过50多年的发展和完善,形成了重要的国际法体系,受到缔约国的尊重和认可。各缔约国政府主要通过制定国内法来执行与南极有关的条约的规定。中国作为《南极条约》的缔约国以及南极条约体系下各类条约的重要成员国,在南极条约地区积极开展各项科研活动,发挥了重要的作用。文章简要概述了国际条约在我国国内适用的方式,结合我国对加入的相关南极条约的国内立法现状,分析目前南极条约适用的法律法规存在的问题,并给出完善国际条约适用体系的建议。     

中国南极考察站管理的总体思路

中国南极考察至今已有20年的历史了,在此期间无论是南极科学考察研究还是后勤支援都取得了举世瞩目的成就,确立了我国在国际南极事务中应有的地位。随着中国南极考察“十五”期间能力建设项目的启动以及国家财政对南极考察投入的逐步加大,公众对于我国南极考察事业的期望值越来越高。如何贯彻落实国家海洋局领导的重要指示,科学化、规范化、制度化、专业化和职业化地管理南极科学考察站,更好地服务于南极科学考察事业,是摆在我们面前既艰巨又神圣的任务。     

南极条约体系与我国南极区域海洋权益的维护

南极条约体系是一个涉及国际南极事务众多方面的系统,经过近50年的健全与发展已经形成了自身的特点,随着南极区域内政治、经济等各项活动的加剧,南极条约体系面临着巨大的挑战,也对我国在南极区域的海洋权益维护产生显著的影响,只有积极主动迎接挑战,进行科学正确的决策选择才能最大限度地促进我国南极区域的海洋权益维护.     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展

对一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展进行了归纳,总结了一氧化氮对浮游植物生长的影响,探讨了浮游植物中一氧化氮的产生机制,并对今后的研究重点提出展望。     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步,做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展,概述了取得的主要科研成果,分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战,并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。