Evidence from physical geodesy for geodynamics in the Caribbean area

Geodynamic studies in the Caribbean consider a great deal of geophysical and geological information. Geodetic data have only been applied but little. Physical geodesy provides different parameters of the gravity field, such as geoid heights, deflections of the vertical, and gravity anomalies. As the gravity field is a function of the mass distribution within the earth, these parameters give information about mass inhomogeneities, in particular also about those correlated with geodynamics.

This paper presents some results concerning geodynamic features in the Caribbean obtained from the inversion of the gravity field into a theoretical mass distribution of the earth. The effect of irregular mass distributions in the lithosphere is separated from the global gravity field and interpreted with respect to plate tectonics. A clear correlation between the geometry of the Caribbean plate and the lithospheric part of the gravity field can be found.     

Integrated 3D geophysical and geological modelling of the Hercynian Suture Zone in the Champtoceaux area (south Brittany, France)

This paper combines geological knowledge and geophysical imagery at the crustal scale to model the 3D geometry of a segment of the Hercynian suture zone of western Europe in the Champtoceaux area (Brittany, France). The Champtoceaux complex consists of a stack of metamorphic nappes of gneisses and micaschists, with eclogite-bearing units. The exhumation of the complex, during early Carboniferous times, was accompanied by deformation during regional dextral strike–slip associated with a major Hercynian shear zone (the South Armorican Shear Zone, SASZ). Dextral shearing produced a km-scale antiformal structure with a steeply dipping axial plane and a steeply eastward plunging axis. Armor 2 deep seismic profile shows that the regional structure was cut by a set of faults with northward thrusting components. Based on the seismic constraint, direct 2D crustal-scale modelling was performed throughout the Champtoceaux fold on seven radial gravity profiles, also using geological data, and density measurements from field and drill-hole samples. The 3D integration of the cross-sections, the digitised geological map, and the structural information (foliation dips) insure the geometrical and topological consistency of all sources of data. The 2D information is interpolated to the whole 3D space using a geostatistical analysis. Finally, the 3D gravity contribution of the resulting model is computed taking into account densities for each modelled geological body and compared to the Bouguer anomaly. The final 3D model is thus compatible with the seismic and gravity data, as well as with geological data. Main geological results derived from the modelling are (i) the overall 3D geometry of the south dipping thrust system interpreted on the seismic profile emphasises northward thrusting and folding of the Champtoceaux complex which was coeval with strike–slip along the South Armorican Shear Zone; (ii) the gravity modelling suggests the presence of a relatively dense body below the Champtoceaux complex that could be interpreted as a result of relative uplift of midcrustal material during thrusting along the E–W trending wrench–thrust system; (iii) the northern limb of the Champtoceaux anticline is a relatively shallow feature; and (iv) Vigneux synkinematic granitic body is a laccolith sheared and rooted along the southern branch of the SASZ and spreads away from the strike–slip zone within weak country-rocks.     

Silkeborg gravity high revisited: Horizontal extension of the source and its uniqueness

Silkeborg Gravity High is a dominant positive gravity anomaly in Denmark. It is associated with an igneous intrusion within the crust. A deep refraction seismic profile locates the top of the intrusion in depths between 11 km and 25 km. The present contribution should be read together with two other papers by the author (Strykowski, 1998; Strykowski, 1999) dealing with the modelling problems of the same area.Strykowski (1998) discusses an advanced method of geological stripping. The focus is on coupling various types of piecewise information (depth to the top/base of geological bodies/layers obtained from depth converted seismograms and interpolated to a horizontal grid, surface gravity data, and mass density information from boreholes). The objective is to model the surface gravity response of known sediments to a depth level of 10 km.Illustrated by the practical example (modelling of the source of Silkeborg Gravity High) Strykowski (1999) discusses methodological aspects of extracting information about the geometry of the source body (in 3D) from (geologically stripped) surface gravity data and from a cross-secting deep seismic profile. The average mass density contrast between the source body (the intrusion) and the surroundings is estimated. The used geometrical information from the seismogram is weak (only the depth interval). A remarkable result of this investigation is that the along profile cross section of the obtained (3D-)structure agrees with the geometrical information of the refraction seismic profile.The present paper is an attempt to extend this result to the rest of the sedimentary basin. Of particular interest is another positive gravity anomaly (another intrusion?) located to the north-west of the studied anomaly. A “final model” obtained here estimates the depth to the source body to 14 km.Nevertheless, the focus of the present paper is not on finding a particular “best model” of the subsurface, but on ambiguity considerations. Especially, on how the different assumptions alter the obtained model? The interesting aspect is whether the used assumptions are supported by the available information.     

重磁2.5D/3D互相约束反演技术在三维地质填图中的应用研究

三维地质填图为我国启动的新一轮地质调查项目,为提高重磁资料在三维地质填图中的应用效果,笔者提出重磁资料2.5D/3D相互约束重磁反演技术方案:利用重磁资料2.5D剖面反演结果、3D物性反演结果作为彼此反演约束条件,并通过了理论模型试验。试验结果表明,该技术方案使反演结果中物性参数、空间位置更接近理论模型体。通过对本溪—临江地区思山岭铁矿磁异常及酸性岩体重力异常进行反演实践——估算磁异常铁矿资源量、研究酸性侵入岩深部展布形态的效果良好,可为大面积三维填图提供有效途径。     

面向矿床三维动态建模的地质勘探数据库增量更新方法

针对深部找矿过程中地质勘探数据增加和动态三维地质建模需要,提出了一种基于版本管理的矿床地质勘探数据库增量更新方法。在分析矿床地质勘探工程数据与三维地质模型映射关系的基础上,建立时序版本和建模版本作为矿床勘探数据增量更新版本标识。针对矿床地质勘探数据库增量更新的版本管理,提出了一种扩展的有向无环图版本管理模型,设计了基于关系数据库的版本管理方法并探讨了其实现过程。以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿床地质勘探数据为例,基于SQL Server数据库系统建立了实例矿床地质勘探版本数据库,以C#编程实现了实例矿床勘探数据库的版本管理,包括版本的建立、查询与显示等功能,通过勘探工程增量更新版本数据建立了三维矿体的动态修正模型,证实了方法的可行性与有效性。     

The Glueckstadt Graben of the North-German Basin: new insights into the structure from 3D and 2D gravity analyses

The structure of the Glueckstadt Graben has been investigated by use of 3D gravity backstripping technique and by 2D gravity and magnetic modelling. Subtracting the gravity effects of the Meso-Cenozoic sediments together with Permian salt reveals a positive residual anomaly within the Glueckstadt Graben. This anomaly includes two local maxima over the Westholstein and Eastholstein Troughs. The 2D gravity models point to the presence of a high-density body within the lower crust of the Glueckstadt Graben. In addition, the results of 2D magnetic modelling indicate that the central part of the high-density body is overlain by an area with high susceptibility. Most probable, the formation of this high-density body is a result of complex poly-phase tectonic history of the study area. Finally, the results of gravity modelling indicate that Permian salt is not homogeneous. 3D gravity analysis and, especially, 2D gravity modelling have distinguished the differences in degree of salt saturation in salt-rich bodies, and elucidate the proportion of Rotliegend salt.     

复杂造山带地区三维地质填图中深部地质结构的约束方法: 西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区三维地质填图实践

在地球物理资料稀少、钻孔数据匮乏的复杂造山带地区进行三维地质填图, 目前尚处于实践探索阶段.我们的填图工作思路是: 以精细地表地质调查为基础, 在地质-地球物理-钻孔等多源数据约束下, 充分利用野外走廊带解析剖面、实测自然剖面、地球物理解释剖面等资料, 进行人机交互式三维地质建模, 并根据使用资料的准确性、空间分辨的精细程度等对模型的可靠程度进行分块评价.浅表层以地表地质信息(包括产状、地层层序关系、地层厚度、褶皱形态、断层性质与位移、局部和区域概念地质模型等)约束为主, 深部地质结构则主要依据地球物理剖面资料, 少量钻孔资料不仅用以校验地球物理资料解释的可靠性, 并对模型施加强约束.以西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区三维地质填图为例, 着重讨论了在三维建模中如何具体实现上述思路和约束方法.实践证明, 该填图思路和建模方法是行之有效的, 可操作性强.      

大井坡航空地球物理试验场典型剖面综合地球物理解释

全面采集并分析我国首个航空地球物理综合实验场(大井坡实验场)的地质和地球物理特征,综合地质、地形、遥感、磁、重力和电磁等资料,在试验场内选取3条典型剖面,以电阻率测深剖面为约束,采用多边形2.5D棱柱体模型组合法建立典型剖面地质-地球物理模型;对剖面进行重、磁联合正反演,并通过剖面与平面相互验证的方式,开展重、磁、电综合解释研究。通过研究,全面掌握了试验场内断裂及岩性构造的分布规律,试验场被中部近EW向和北部呈NEE向展布的两条断裂分割成南部褶皱区、中部断隆区和北部坳陷区3个区域,为试验场综合解释填图提供了依据和约束条件。     

基于重磁反演的三维岩性填图试验——以安徽庐枞矿集区为例

开展大型矿集区深部精细结构探测研究,通过岩性识别与填图实现矿集区5km以内"透明化",发现深部矿产、揭示成矿规律是实现资源可持续发展的主要途径。鉴于重力和磁力数据覆盖面积广、采样密度高,重磁三维反演算法比较成熟,采用重磁反演进行岩性填图是现阶段实现三维岩性填图最有可能的途径。本文以安徽庐枞矿集区为例,提出了基于重力、磁力三维反演的岩性填图流程并开展了填图试验。在分析岩性和密度、磁化率关系的基础上,采用高精度的重力和航磁数据,进行先验信息约束的重磁三维反演,对反演所得的密度体和磁化率体进行逻辑拓扑运算,获得了庐枞矿集区地下5km以内五类主要岩性的三维分布。岩性填图结果显示的浅部特征与地表地质填图结果基本吻合,更重要的是反映了深部岩性的变化,弥补了地表地质填图的不足。庐枞矿集区岩性填图试验结果表明,开展基于重磁三维反演的岩性填图,是了解矿集区深部岩性特征,发现深部矿产的有效方法。     

Interpretation and modelling of regional gravity data of the Aveiro Basin (Northwest Portugal)

The gravity map of the Aveiro Basin, North West Portugal was produced in 2000/2001 and some limited two dimensional (2D) interpretation was carried out. It is intended in this article to advance the interpretation and modelling of the original Aveiro basin gravity data. Thus, the data were processed and the horizontal gradient, the second vertical derivative and downward continued field computed. The corresponding maps have been processed and a new interpretation of the basin tectonic features has been proposed. This is compared with the previous geological and tectonic information obtained from former surveys and local boreholes. As the next step a more detailed modelling of the Aveiro Basin took place. Bearing the interpretation of the basin tectonic features in mind, several north–south and east–west gravity profiles were established and modelled. The proposed models were presented and discussed. As a result, a comprehensive mass distribution model for the basin was proposed. Finally, comparison was made between the new gravity model and the previously published tectonic features map. This modelling is particularly useful for groundwater protection, exploration and exploitation and also for the dimensioning of drilling operations. Bearing in mind the geomorphology of the basin the gravity method is a very economical tool for the investigation of basin structures.     

An improved buffer analysis technique for model-based 3D mineral potential mapping and its application

Buffer zones in bo\th two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) spaces are commonly used in prospectivity mapping. The method completes a modelling that starts with a real example and progresses to the development of a virtual model. This includes the consideration of lithological or structural contacts at depth, which is a theoretical concept based on extrapolation of data collected in the field, rather than an empirical observation of the feature based on physical samples. This contribution documents an improved buffer analysis method for the study of 3D-space that is implicit (rapid), precise (smooth) and based on triangulated characteristics, which can be used to construct influence domains of geological models. As traditional 2D GIS-based mineral potential mapping is gradually becoming limited with time, mineral potential mapping in three dimensions (3D) is increasingly becoming an important tool in finding concealed economic mineralization. This contribution documents an improved methodology of buffer analysis for prospectivity mapping processing mineralized favourable models rather than describing an advance in the geometry of surface rendering of “geological complexity”. Measures used in this buffer analysis include the: (1) voxelization of geological objects (i.e. assigning numerical values of features on a regular cube in 3D-space); (2) revision of the 3D Euclidean distance transform and the calculation of signed distance field; (3) extracting surfaces from the field; and (4) construction of a buffer-surface based on a “discrete smooth interpolation” (DSI) algorithm. Furthermore, this contribution constructs 3D models using a buffer analysis algorithm and prospectivity mapping introduced here, which is based on real data from the Jiama Cu-polymetallic deposit in Tibet and Daye Fe deposit in the Hubei Province, China. This contribution also presents a comparison between voxel and irregular triangle models, which illustrate that irregular triangle mesh buffer analysis (ITB) can improve modelling techniques for GIS-based 3D mineral potential mapping. The outcome is an increase in the accuracy of prospectivity mapping.     

重力资料定位地质体边界问题的探讨

针对重力资料应用于地质体的边界定位问题进行了系统的研究,通过大量二维、三维模型的正演计算,统计分析了重力各异常特征值点边界定位的误差,最后给出了每种方法精确定位边界的应用前提。     

Application of the GRACE satellite mission for solving geological and geographic problems

In this paper we provide a literature review of the geological and geographic problems that were successfully solved via the application of the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission data. GRACE is a gravitational satellite mission whose purpose is the precise mapping of variations of the Earth’s gravity field. The data have high resolution, which provides the opportunity to solve many geological and geographical problems.     

三维地质结构模型精度评估理论与误差修正方法研究

三维地质模型精度评估与误差修正问题已成为制约三维地质模拟技术深入发展应用的瓶颈。在综合国内外研究现状与发展趋势的基础上,提出了三维地质结构模型精度评估、误差检测、动态修正的总体研究框架。在模型精度评估方面,提出分别构建三维地质结构模型精度评估的一般理论模型、面向特定地质体的实际操作模型和地质结构构造不确定性的三维空间分布模型的研究思路,指出应重点研究地质实体自身特性、三维地质建模方法对三维地质结构模型精度的影响,解决由一般地质界面的内插误差和特殊地质体的外推误差引起的精度评估问题。在模型误差修正方面,提出基于建模初始数据的模型误差修正方法和基于建模中间结果的模型误差修正方法,在具体实现时,引入“数据 模型的可视化交互技术”。这些研究成果为建立一套完整的三维地质结构模型精度评估与误差修正的理论体系和方法体系奠定了基础,有助于完善复杂地质条件下三维地质模拟的方法与技术。     

面向高空间分辨率遥感影像的山区地形校正方法

山区地形复杂,遥感影像地形效应明显,易造成"同物异谱"、"同谱异物"现象,增大了遥感地质填图的难度.但前人对适用于复杂地形条件下地质填图的地形校正模型讨论较少,特别是校正高空间分辨率遥感影像时多缺少对应高精度数字高程模型,校正结果易受地形异常影响.在Richter"山区"校正模型基础上引入地形抹平模型,提出"Smoothed山区"校正方法,并与另14种地形校正模型在GF-1、GF-2、SPOT6山区影像上进行对比实验.结果显示,"Smoothed山区"校正模型在山区高空间分辨率遥感影像的校正效果明显优于其他模型,校正结果地形效应减弱,影像信息丰富不失真,并且直接获取地表反射率数据,可为进一步的遥感蚀变提取等工作提供基础数据.该模型适用于复杂地形山区的遥感地质填图.      

西准噶尔及邻区的岩石圈密度结构特征及其构造意义

对西准噶尔及周边地区壳幔结构的研究是揭示准噶尔盆地演化的重要基础.利用最新的卫星重力场模型, 通过计算得到西准噶尔及周边地区的布格重力异常, 进而采用三维反演技术, 对西准噶尔及周边地区的地壳与上地幔顶部进行密度成像, 得到了0~80 km深度范围的密度异常结构.地壳密度分布显示古准噶尔洋壳有可能向NE和NW分别俯冲于西伯利亚板块和西准噶尔地块之下.上地幔顶部密度变化表明: 阿尔泰褶皱带具有相对较低的密度, 可能为古大陆巨厚的硅铝层所致; 哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔盆地具有相对完整的高密度结构; 天山褶皱带区域的密度大幅度变化刻画了超岩石圈断裂对岩石圈的切割以及岩石圈形变与构造活动的痕迹.      

基于GOCAD的复杂地质体FLAC^3D模型生成技术

鉴于FLAC3D难以建立复杂三维地质体的缺陷和GOCAD强大的地质建模能力,本文提出了基于GOCAD软件建模和划分网格,并通过GOCAD与FLAC3D的接口程序,将其导入FLAC3D的复杂三维地质体建模方法,从而实现了复杂地质体FLAC3D模型的直观、快速建模。该建模方法在郴宁高速公路某软土地基斜坡高填路堤建模中得到了实际应用,结果表明该方法是完全可行和有效的。     

音频大地电磁约束反演在地层识别中的应用:以哈密盆地为例

覆盖区地质填图是新时期地质填图的重要方向.音频大地电磁法（AMT）是覆盖区地质填图的重要地球物理方法之一,可以为地层和基岩面的刻画提供电性参数的约束.然而,常规的AMT反演无法精确刻画电性异常体的边界,且当缺乏其他地质与地球物理资料约束时,难以进行地质解译.针对此问题,基于数值模拟结果的可行性,利用哈密烟墩戈壁覆盖区的4条实测AMT剖面探讨了AMT约束反演在地层识别中的应用效果.相位张量分析指示研究区浅部（> 1 Hz）电性结构表现为二维特征,深部受三维结构影响;浅部为低阻,深部电阻率逐渐升高.采用不加约束二维反演获得了4条剖面的地下（< 3 km）电性结构.基于研究区的重力异常、地震解译结果、物性和钻孔资料,在二维反演结果上初步划分了渐新统-中新统和侏罗系地层的底界面;进而以这两个界面建立先验模型,并根据物性资料设置电阻率变化范围,进行AMT约束反演,获得了更优化的反演结果以及清晰可靠的渐新统-中新统和侏罗系的底界面.结果显示,研究区渐新统-中新统地层电阻率值略小于10 Ω?m,其底界面平均埋深为120 m;侏罗系电阻率值为10~100Ω?m,其底界面最深可达2 km.基岩面（侏罗系底界面）埋深整体上呈现为东南深、西北浅,这指示哈密烟墩地区中生代以来的沉积中心在东南部;此外,侏罗系地层与下伏的古生界地层存在角度不整合.研究表明,哈密烟墩地区新生代以来可能受到了近南北向应力挤压,在研究区中部形成近东西或北东东向的侏罗系隆凹相间的构造地貌格局.而渐新统-中新统地层底部的不整合面可能反映了后期褶皱构造的影响,这种隆凹作用相伴的褶皱构造可能具有同沉积性质.      

From registration to visualization of geological data with MO2GEO: applications of the FieldModule,interpolation methods,and computer visualization

The registration and screen visualization of geological data are basic steps in modelling of 3D structures and geoscientific processes. Therefore, a standardized coding of geological field observations is reasonable to enable an independent modelling approach. The field module of MO2GEO provides diverse standards for data coding and was tested in the frame of a mapping project. The visualization of profiles and the construction of cross-sections improve the database for a variety of interpolation methods. The subsequently developed 3D models, constructed with diverse modelling tools, can be visualized and serve as the base for diverse applied scientific projects.     

鄂东南金属矿区立体地质填图中的物探工作

本文介绍了鄂东南金属矿区-阳新岩体西北段立体地质填图中的物探工作方法及其地质找矿成果.物探与地质密切配合,运用重力、磁测、电测深等综合方法,在研究岩体结构和形态,圈定控矿构造,成矿预测等方面取得了一系列新认识.立体地质图形象地显示了阳新岩体的空间地质特征.找矿靶区验证结果表明,物探在立体地质填图中应用效果好,成矿预测准确.