Petrographic and geochemical study of Jurassic dolostones from Lebanon: Evidence for superimposed diagenetic events

The Jurassic rock sequence in Lebanon is characterized by pervasive dolomitization (thickness > 1000 m). Two distinct dolostones are recognized within this rock succession: fine-to-medium crystalline seepage-reflux grey dolostone and coarse-crystalline hydrothermal beige dolostone. In this contribution, field, petrographic, and geochemical investigations on a dolostone ‘tongue’, occurring in Late Jurassic carbonates in central Lebanon, are discussed. The dolostone ‘tongue’ consists predominantly of the beige Late Jurassic hydrothermal dolostones. During and/or after the deposition of the overlying continental sandstones (Early Cretaceous), meteoric water percolated through the sand layers and into the underlying beige dolostones. This resulted first in dolomite intracrystalline dissolution, and then in the precipitation of oxides/hydroxides within the pore space. Finally, the precipitation of ferroan dolomite cement — from reduced fluids during a new stage of burial — took place. This study attempts to explain how superimposed diagenetic events result in a single pervasive dolostone body.     

新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组湖相白云岩成因*

新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组发育湖泊背景下的白云岩、灰岩、黑色泥岩、页岩及碎屑岩的互层沉积。白云岩主要有两类：一类为粉—泥晶白云岩,主要由含量约70％的泥晶白云石和含量约30％的粉晶白云石构成,白云石有序度为0.48,扫描电镜下主要有菱形、他形、球状和管状4种微形态,自形程度较好的菱形晶体多为含铁白云石;另一类为方沸钾长白云岩,主要由晶粒为0.08～0.35mm的细粒方沸石、泥晶钾长石（透长石）、泥晶白云石和铁白云石构成,个别为粗晶白云石,白云石有序度0.58。与粉—泥晶白云岩中的白云石相比,方沸钾长白云岩中的白云石以高的铁、锰含量为特征,扫描电镜下多为半自形的菱形晶体。两类白云岩中白云石的有序度均较低,且均为富Sr白云石,内部均缺乏次生交代证据。通过对两类白云岩成分、微量元素及稳定同位素的差异性分析,认为尽管两类白云岩都形成于浅—半深湖相强还原沉积环境,但是它们的形成机制有所不同,粉—泥晶白云岩具有原生沉淀白云石的特征,其中球状及管状的白云石可能与微生物吸附作用有关,而他形及菱形的白云石为直接沉淀的原生白云石;另一类方沸钾长白云岩中的白云石及铁白云石可能与湖底热泉的喷流沉积作用有关。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区马五段上组合细粒白云岩储层特征及有利储层控制因素

针对鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区马五段上组合（马五4至马五1亚段） 细粒致密白云岩储层天然气勘探取得新突破,展开对 低孔低渗白云岩储层特征及孔隙的成因研究。通过岩心观察、薄片分析及阴极发光等测试,结合岩石物性分析,明确了细 粒白云岩储层的储渗特征、有利储层的演化过程及控制因素。结合地球化学及地球物理数据分析认为,研究区马五段上组 合储层岩性主要包括含膏模白云岩、细晶白云岩和岩溶角砾岩等,储集空间以膏模溶孔、晶间（溶） 孔、非选择性角砾间 溶蚀孔洞为主,局部裂缝发育,属低孔低渗孔隙型储集层;位于高古地势、经多期岩溶（准同生期、表生期和埋藏期岩 溶） 叠加改造的膏晶模云坪是研究区细粒白云岩有利储层的主要分布区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区马五段上组合细粒白云岩储层特征及有利储层控制因素

针对鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区马五段上组合（马五4至马五1亚段） 细粒致密白云岩储层天然气勘探取得新突破，展开对 低孔低渗白云岩储层特征及孔隙的成因研究。通过岩心观察、薄片分析及阴极发光等测试，结合岩石物性分析，明确了细 粒白云岩储层的储渗特征、有利储层的演化过程及控制因素。结合地球化学及地球物理数据分析认为，研究区马五段上组 合储层岩性主要包括含膏模白云岩、细晶白云岩和岩溶角砾岩等，储集空间以膏模溶孔、晶间（溶） 孔、非选择性角砾间 溶蚀孔洞为主，局部裂缝发育，属低孔低渗孔隙型储集层；位于高古地势、经多期岩溶（准同生期、表生期和埋藏期岩 溶） 叠加改造的膏晶模云坪是研究区细粒白云岩有利储层的主要分布区。     

The Paleoproterozoic carbonate-hosted Pering Zn–Pb deposit, South Africa: I. Styles of brecciation and mineralization

The Pering deposit on the Ghaap Plateau, Northwestern Province, South Africa, was the largest of several Zn–Pb occurrences hosted by Neoarchean platform dolostones of the Transvaal Supergroup. With a Paleoproterozoic mineralization age, these occurrences are widely regarded as the oldest representatives of Mississippi Valley-type Pb–Zn deposits. Hosting an initial resource of 18 Mt at an average grade of 3.6 wt% Zn and 0.6 wt% Pb, the Pering deposit was mined from 1984 until its final closure at the end of November 2002. In this study, available geological and grade distribution maps were evaluated and complemented by the examination of mining-related outcrops, drill core, and a large set of ore and host rock samples. Four different styles of brecciation can be distinguished at the Pering deposit: (1) pyritic rock matrix breccia; (2) chemical wear breccia; (3) mosaic breccia; and (4) crackle breccia. Geological and mineral paragenetic observations on these different breccia types suggest that the formation of the Pering deposit commenced with an initial stage of hydrothermal karstification. Large volumes of pyritic rock matrix breccia formed by wall rock collapsing into the open space attributed to carbonate dissolution. This stage of hydrothermal karstification acted as ground preparation for the subsequent mineralization event. By the upward advance of the hydrothermal karstification process, fluid reservoirs in the previously undisturbed dolostone host rock succession were tapped, ultimately leading to fluid mixing. Hydrothermal sulphides are the most abundant where fluid mixing was most effective, i.e. along the outer and upper margins of the breccia bodies, and in stratabound zones along permeable host rock units. Chemical wear brecciation and formation of large volumes of fine-grained replacive sphalerite mineralization mark the early stage of hydrothermal Zn–Pb mineralization associated with this fluid mixing. The fine-grained stage of sulphide mineralization was succeeded by very coarse-grained open-space-infill mineralization. The latter is very uniform across the entire deposit and typically cements mosaic and crackle breccia, but also fills remaining open space within chemical wear brecciated portions of the deposit.     

塔东北库鲁克塔格地区中上寒武统白云岩类型与孔隙演化*

对塔东北库鲁克塔格隆起的乌孜里塔格剖面中上寒武统白云岩的岩石学、成岩作用、裂隙—孔隙发育与充填等特征研究认为：可划分为有序度逐渐增加的粉晶白云岩、粉细晶白云岩、中细晶白云岩和中粗晶白云岩及晶洞中的中粗晶、巨晶和鞍形白云石等4种类型;分别对应于早期准同生—浅埋、中浅埋藏、中等埋藏和构造断裂—热液（热卤水）作用4期的成岩阶段;其中,沿走滑断裂—裂隙带、呈不规则的“侵入体” 具有斑点状、条纹—条带、雁行状—斑马、角砾状和不规则状结构的中粗晶、粗晶、巨晶（部分为鞍形）白云岩（石）,一般不发光或呈昏暗的暗红色,具有与加拿大西部盆地典型的热液白云岩相似的特征;中上寒武统白云岩存在4～5期构造裂隙和3期以上的充填作用;热液白云岩中以晶间孔、晶间溶孔（洞）、裂隙及沿裂隙的扩溶孔洞为主,主要有二世代的白云石和方解石和少量沥青、石英、微量硬石膏和重晶石等多期充填作用。与西加盆地寒武系部分或全部交代充填缝洞及角砾构造、受来自落基山造山带的晚白垩世至古近系拉腊米（Laramide）构造的被排驱的热液流体交代形成的典型热液白云岩稍有不同,海西晚期（晚二叠世）及燕山—喜马拉雅期（晚白垩世—第四纪）沿挤压—走滑断裂排驱的地层热卤水循环—扩散与交代作用可能是本区热液白云岩的主要成因,储集空间主要由中、晚期构造断裂—裂隙（溶蚀）所致,但不排除成岩早期埋藏或晚期大气水作用对其影响。     

塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系主要白云岩类型及孔隙发育特征

塔里木盆地寒武系和下奥陶统白云岩广泛发育,岩石类型复杂多样。按照结构和特殊构造两大分类依据,文中将研究区白云岩归为6大类,即泥-粉晶白云岩(又按含膏与否进一步分为含膏泥-粉晶白云岩和不含膏泥-粉晶白云岩)、粉-细晶白云岩、中-粗晶白云岩、斑状白云岩、藻纹层白云岩和膏溶角砾白云岩。每类白云岩都可以其独具特色的晶体结构和/或沉积构造与其他类型相区分。在这些白云岩中发育的孔隙类型主要有6种,即窗格孔、铸模孔、晶间孔、溶孔、角砾孔及砾间溶孔和缝合线孔,其中除窗格孔为原生孔隙外,其余均属次生孔隙。就其储集意义而言,以溶孔和晶间孔最为重要,次为角砾孔及砾间溶孔,而铸模孔和窗格孔的储集意义相对次要。缝合线孔的意义主要有二:一是可改善储集岩的渗透性,二是与斑状白云岩配合还可能构成有效储集岩。     

Formation of lacustrine dolomite in the late Miocene marginal lakes of the East Mediterranean (Northern Israel)

The study focuses on the formation of lacustrine dolomite in late Miocene lakes, located at the East Mediterranean margins (Northern Israel). These lakes deposited the sediments of the Bira (Tortonian) and Gesher (Messinian) formations that comprise sequences of dolostone and limestone. Dolostones are bedded, consist of small‐sized (<7 μm), Ca‐rich (52 to 56 mol %) crystals with relatively low ordering degrees, and present evidence for replacement of CaCO₃ components. Limestones are comprised of a wackestone to mudstone matrix, freshwater macrofossils and intraclasts (mainly in the Bira Formation). Sodium concentrations and isotope compositions differ between limestones and dolostones: Na = ~100 to 150 ppm; ~1000 to 2000 ppm; δ¹⁸O = ?3·8 to ?1·6‰; ?2·0 to +4·3‰; δ¹³C = ?9·0 to ?3·4‰; ?7·8 to 0‰ (VPDB), respectively. These results indicate a climate‐related sedimentation during the Tortonian and early Messinian. Wet conditions and positive freshwater inflow into the carbonate lake led to calcite precipitation due to intense phytoplankton blooms (limestone formation). Dry conditions and enhanced evaporation led to precipitation of evaporitic CaCO₃ in a terminal lake, which caused an increased Mg/Ca ratio in the residual waters and penecontemporaneous dolomitization (dolostone formation). The alternating lithofacies pattern reveals eleven short‐term wet–dry climate‐cycles during the Tortonian and early Messinian. A shift in the environmental conditions under which dolomite formed is indicated by a temporal decrease in δ¹⁸O of dolostones and Na content of dolomite crystals. These variations point to decreasing evaporation degrees and/or an increased mixing with meteoric waters towards the late Messinian. A temporal decrease in δ¹³C of dolostones and limestones and appearance of microbial structures in close association with dolomite suggest that microbial activity had an important role in allowing dolomite formation during the Messinian. Microbial mediation was apparently the main process that enabled local growth of dolomite under wet conditions during the latest Messinian.     

四川盆地东部茅口组白云岩成因: 来自岩石学、矿物学和地球化学的证据*

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组白云岩中蕴藏丰富的天然气资源,但是这套白云岩的成因多年来一直存在争议。盆地东部茅口组白云岩储集层多发育在茅三段中下部,纵向上厚度介于3.0~46.8 m之间,平面上沿北西—南东向基底断裂呈带状展布。野外和钻井岩心观察发现,白云岩内发育交织状张性裂缝,将岩石切割呈角砾状,裂缝多被粗晶方解石、白云石充填或半充填。根据围岩和裂缝中白云石晶体形貌和产出状态,在显微镜下识别出4类不同组构的白云石: 第1类为灰泥基质中“星散状”自形粉晶—细晶白云石; 第2类为半自形面状组构细晶白云石,呈他形—半自形镶嵌状; 第3类为具“雾心亮边”的自形晶面状组构细晶—粗晶白云石,具糖粒状结构,晶间孔隙发育; 第4类为脉体充填的粗晶鞍状双晶白云石。背散射照片显示前3类白云石的“雾心”部分晶面混浊、表面分布方解石残斑及微孔, 而第3类白云石的“亮边”部分与第4类鞍状粗晶白云石脉则晶体明亮、洁净、致密,属新生矿物。上述4类白云石的成分均具有富Ca和贫Fe、Mn、Sr的特点,MgO含量变化较大,其中前两类白云石MgO含量总体低于白云石标准计量,而后两类白云石的MgO含量则接近或略高于标准计量。岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征表明:茅口组白云岩主要经历了2期白云化作用,初次白云化作用形成第1类、第2类白云石及“雾心”白云石,二次白云化作用形成“亮边”白云石和粗晶白云石脉体; 2期白云化作用均发生得很早,可能始于同沉积期至浅埋藏期。白云石原位微量元素和原位锶同位素分析表明,白云化作用流体具有混源的特点,流体可能由富Ca地下水以及与火山活动有关的热液混合而成。推测中二叠世末期峨眉山地幔柱的喷发引起四川盆地内基底断裂再次活动,造成茅口组内张性构造裂缝发育,这为白云化流体混合及运移提供了通道。     

山西襄汾奥陶系岩石学特征及沉积环境分析

山西襄汾地区奥陶系只有下、中统,主要由碳酸盐岩与蒸发岩组成.燧石及陆源碎屑岩少见。同位素资料表明δ13O较低（平均-5.832‰PDB）,δ13C（平均-1.210‰PDB）变化较小,表示古盐度的指数Z多大于120。微量元素表明碳酸盐岩沉积于近陆环境,受大气淡水影响强烈。沉积环境主要是潮上（膏泻湖）、潮间坪、潮下局限海及开阔海。峰峰期后最大的海退结束了本区海相沉积史。     

四川资阳地区灯影组储层的形成与演化

构成资阳地区震旦系灯影组储层的岩性主要为具或不具残余颗粒结构的粉－细晶白云岩和白云质岩溶角砾岩，储集空间以次生成因的晶间溶孔、溶洞、角砾间洞和葡萄花边洞为主。现今储层是在长达近六亿年的各种地质作用过程中，经过５个演化阶段后的最终产物，其中沉积相控制着晶粒白云岩储层的展布趋势，所属微相是后期成岩作用的基础；后期埋藏重结晶作用、岩溶作用和构造作用决定着储层内储集空间的具体分布形式。     

Petrographic and geochemical features of the dolostones at the Gölboğazı Formation (Upper Devonian), Southwest Konya,Turkey

This paper describes the occurrence of dolostone and the mechanism of dolomitization of the Upper Devonian Gölbo?az? Formation in the allochthonous Taurus Mountains Alada? unit in Turkey. The Upper Devonian Gölbo?az? Formation carbonates, with dominant ostracod-bearing mudstone and wackestone, formed tidal and subtidal environments, and some of these rocks were dolomitized from shallow to deep burial. On the basis of the field, the petrographic and geochemical features, four different replaceable and cement dolostone phases have been recognized. The replacive dolostones contain (1) very fine to fine crystalline planar-s dolostone (df1), (2) medium to coarse crystalline planar-s to planar-e dolostone (df2), (3) coarse to very coarse crystalline non-planar-a dolostone (df3), and (4) coarse to very coarse crystalline planar dolostone cement (df4). The replacive dolostones are disordered to moderate the ordered and calcium-rich. They are non-stoichiometric and have 46–59 mol% CaCO₃ and 41–54 mol% MgCO₃ total contents. The df1 dolostones have MgCO₃ contents of 41–54 mol%, the df2 dolostones have 41–53 mol%, the df3 dolostones have 49 mol%, and the df4 dolostones have 49–50 mol%, respectively. The Gölbo?az? dolostones have δ¹⁸O values of ?9.44 to ?2.20‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) and δ¹³C values of ?1.58 to +2.52 VPDB. Sr, Na, Mn, and Fe concentrations of replacive dolostones are 74–184, 148–593, below detection level (bdl)–619, and 1049–9233 ppm, respectively. The petrographic and geochemical data demonstrate that the replacive dolostones occurred prior to the chemical compaction at shallow to intermediate burial depths from Late Devonian seawater and/or seawater lightly modified by water–rock interaction process and later recrystallized by basinal brines at increasing burial depths and temperature. The North American Shale Composite-normalized rare earth element values of both limestone and dolostone show very similar rare earth element patterns characterized by slightly or considerably negative cerium (Ce) anomalies and a clear depletion in all rare earth element species. The dedolomitization observed in the Gölbo?az? Formation is thought to occur by the oxidizing effect of the meteoric water in the shallow burial environment during the telodiagenesis.     

Genesis of island dolostones

Cenozoic ‘island dolostones’ are found on islands throughout the oceans of the world. Due to their geological youth and lack of deep burial, these dolostones provide an opportunity to resolve some of the mysteries surrounding the dolomite problem. In island dolostone bodies, which are of variable size and variable dolomitization, the petrographic and geochemical properties of the dolostones are characterized by geographic and stratigraphic variations. In the larger island‐wide dolostone bodies, like those found on Grand Cayman, there are progressive increases in mole %Ca (%Ca_mean: 53·9 to 57·6%), depletion of the heavier ¹⁸O and ¹³C isotopes (δ¹⁸O_mean: 3·6 to 2·1‰ _VPDB; δ¹³C_mean: 3·1 to 1·4‰ _VPDB), and changes from fabric‐retentive to fabric‐destructive fabrics and a decrease in the amount of dolomite cement from the coastal areas towards the centres of the islands, similar to the Little Bahama Bank. These changes define geographically concentric zones that parallel the coastlines and reflect geochemical modification of the dolomitizing fluid through water–rock interactions, mixing with meteoric water and the changes in the rate and flux of seawater as it flowed from coasts to island interiors. The pattern of dolomitization, however, is not consistent from island to island because geographic and stratigraphic variations, specific to each island, influenced groundwater flow pattern (for example, geometry and size of the islands; the porosity and permeability of the precursor limestone), the duration of the dolomitization reaction, and other factors. The geographic extent of dolomitization and variation in dolomite stoichiometry of island dolostones may be comparable to the reaction stages established in high‐temperature laboratory experiments.     

华北秦皇岛地区柳江盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩多期白云化作用

华北秦皇岛地区的中奥陶统马家沟组以广泛发育海相白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩和白云岩为特征。在石门寨奥陶系亮甲山剖面,马家沟组自下而上识别出四类碳酸盐岩:含白云石泥晶灰岩（类型I）、细-粉晶白云岩（类型II）、“麦粒状”细-粉晶白云岩（类型III）和钙质泥晶白云岩（类型IV）。类型I主要由泥晶方解石构成,含三叶虫和介形类生物碎片,少量自形的粉晶白云石呈“漂浮状”分布于压溶缝合线内,基质中少见。岩相学和地球化学特征表明此类白云石形成于埋藏成岩期压溶作用之后,压溶缝为云化流体提供通道,压溶缝内泥质组分的成岩转化可能为白云化作用提供了部分镁离子来源;类型II白云岩主要由自形、半自形不等粒粉晶-细晶白云石构成,白云石普遍具有“雾心亮边”,在背散射和阴极发光照片中白云石可见清晰的多圈亮、暗相间环带。环带和带间主量元素的差异表明白云石经历了埋藏成岩期多期成岩流体的改造;类型III白云岩中白云石呈单向延伸的“米粒”或“麦粒”状,粉晶为主,晶体长轴方向具有垂直结晶轴c的特点,白云石具富铁、贫锰、锶的特点,长、短对角线上钙、镁离子的微小差异以及阴极发光特征表明此类白云石也经历了埋藏成岩期的改造,成岩流体使白云石发生微溶作用可能是导致白云石晶体单向延伸且光学性质固定取向的主要原因;类型IV为钙质泥晶球粒白云岩,含石膏假晶,白云石多为微晶和微亮晶,球粒也多由微晶白云石构成,溶孔发育,但全被亮晶贫铁方解石充填,此类岩石的白云化作用发生得很早,可能形成于潮上带澙湖或潮坪环境。综上所述,研究区马家沟组碳酸盐岩具有经历了不同类型及多期白云化作用的特点。自剖面底部向顶部,白云石的有序度由0.8降至0.47,而去云化作用则呈现逐渐增强的趋势。     

塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系白云岩稀土元素特征及其成因意义

塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系白云岩是重要的油气储集层,按能反映成因的结构构造特征将其分为4类,即泥晶—粉晶白云岩、藻纹层白云岩、斑状白云岩及重结晶白云岩。通过分析各类白云岩的稀土元素组成特征,并结合岩石学研究,探讨了各类白云岩成岩流体性质及其水岩比的相对大小。4类白云岩的ΣREE差别较大,但稀土元素配分模式均具LREE轻微富集、HREE亏损、Eu负异常且与海相泥晶灰岩相似的特征,其稀土元素配分模式主要受海水的影响。4类白云岩经受的成岩作用差别明显,但REE迁移行为类似,无明显分馏。泥晶—粉晶白云岩中ΣREE平均值为51.55×10-6,与泥晶灰岩相近,其ΣREE主要受控于原岩,受后期成岩作用的影响相对较小,其成岩过程的水岩比较小。藻纹层白云岩的ΣREE平均值为21.37×10-6,不及海相泥晶灰岩的1/2;岩石学及地球化学资料反映其成因与藻类密切相关,其低ΣREE可能是由ΣREE极低的藻类参与白云岩化所致,后期成岩改造作用对其影响并不明显。斑状白云岩的ΣREE平均值为28.89×10-6,远低于泥晶灰岩及泥晶—粉晶白云岩,反映其白云岩化过程的水岩比远高于泥晶—粉晶白云岩。重结晶白云岩的ΣREE平均值为13.64×10-6,不及泥晶灰岩的1/4,在4类白云岩中最低,岩石学特征表明此类白云岩经受了白云岩化及后期强烈重结晶2期主要成岩作用,而这2期成岩作用均需极高的水岩比,此类白云岩的稀土元素组成特征主要是这2期成岩作用叠加的结果,其低ΣREE值可能是大量ΣREE含量极低的成岩流体改造的结果。     

四川汉源-峨边地区上震旦统灯影组藻白云岩特征及成因研究

"藻白云岩"术语的提出已有五十年历史,震旦系藻白云岩以其巨大的厚度,精美的原生结构、构造,以及丰富的微生物化石和矿产资源而闻名,但至今其成因仍存在争议。以四川汉源-峨边地区上震旦统灯影组藻白云岩为研究对象,对其宏观的剖面、岩石学、原生构造特征,微观的白云石和微生物化石形态、原生结构特征,以及相应的地球化学特征进行了详细研究。结果表明:研究区灯影组藻白云岩为一套在潮坪和潟湖环境下形成的微生物（碳酸盐）岩的岩石类型组合,以藻黏结型的叠层状、纹层状、葡萄状和均一状（藻）白云岩为主要的次级类型;藻白云岩中主要发育原生的隐晶状微生物白云石和次生的纤维状拟晶白云石,其形成与蓝细菌、硫酸盐还原细菌、中度嗜盐好氧细菌和红藻等微生物的矿化作用密切相关:沉积-同生阶段,主要由微生物诱导矿化作用形成大量纳米似立方体粒状和（亚）微米级片状微生物白云石,同时共（伴）生纤维状文石和高镁方解石;同生-准同生阶段,主要由微生物影响矿化作用形成纳米球粒状和微米级不规则状、球状和卵状微生物白云石,同时纤维状文石和高镁方解石因微生物催化矿化作用和拟晶白云石化作用形成纤维状拟晶白云石;随后微生物白云石与拟晶白云石一起组成具纹层状、叠层状、均一状等构造的藻白云岩。对藻白云岩特征及成因的研究有助于理解微生物-矿物交互作用和过程的复杂性、多样性,也为前寒武纪微生物矿化作用、微生物白云石和拟晶白云石研究提供了新的实例。     

白云岩成因的研究现状及相关发展趋势

白云岩占地壳沉积岩体积的20%,是碳酸盐岩地层中最主要的油气储渗体。白云岩成因是碳酸盐岩岩石学中最复杂、争论时间最久、最难解决的问题之一。根据机理的不同,当前各种主要的白云岩成因模式可划分为三大类:(1)原生白云石模式;(2)次生白云石化模式;(3)其他模式。虽然原生白云石的例子已被大量发现,但是,它们是否属真正的原生白云石仍将继续讨论下去。次生白云石化成因的实例远比原生白云石成因的多,这类模式可再细分为高盐度白云石化、低盐度白云石化、正常海水白云石化、热液白云石化等。其他模式主要有埋藏白云石化、生物白云石化、沉积—热液模式、玄武岩淋滤白云石化、出溶作用模式等。白云岩研究的热点问题及研究发展方向可以归纳为五个方面:全球气候变化与白云石化事件;大地构造环境和沉积作用对白云岩分布的控制;白云石化作用与层序地层学(相对海平面变化);新的研究手段的应用;“盖帽”白云岩。     

Types and Origin of Dolostones in Tarim Basin, Northwest China:Petrographic and Geochemical Evidence

In the Tarim Basin of northwestern China hydrocarbon deposits have been discovered in parts of the thick strata of Cambrian dolostones. Based on petrographic study, six types of dolostone have been distinguished: Type-1, pink mud-bearing silty crystalline dolostone (PMSD); Type-2, gypsum- and salt-bearing fine crystalline dolostone (GSFD); Type-3, fine crystalline dolostone with dolomite crystals with cloudy core and clear rim (CCFD); Type-4, deep gray mud-bearing silty crystalline dolostone (GMSD); Type-5, euhedral coarse crystalline dolostone (ECD); and Type-6, xenotopic coarse crystalline dolostone (XCD). Applying petrographic and geochemical methods, the genesis of the dolostones is studied in this paper. Normally, Type-1 dolostone shows U- and Mo-depleted characteristics, reflecting a more oxidized formation environment; High δ18O and the purple color are consistent with formation of Sabkha dolostones on a supratidal flat. Types 2, 3, 4 dolostones show strata formation, similar REE patterns and 87Sr/86Sr ratios with contemporaneous limestones, suggesting a penecontemporaneous origin from seawater. Types 5 and 6 dolostones commonly occur as interbedded rocks, indicating secondary genesis after diagenesis. Type-6 dolostone has the highest order degree (OD) values (average 0.86), the lowest oxygen isotope values and positive Eu anomalies, which are consistent with previously reported hydrothermal dolostones. Differently, Type-5 shows euhedral texture, higher δ18O value, similar REE characteristic and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in comparison with contemporaneous limestones, suggesting that this type might have been dolomitized by down-transferring evaporated seawater during shallow burial stage. Dolostone fluid sources, formation environments and crystallizing dynamics are summarized and possible genetic models for the six types are proposed.     

准噶尔盆地东部中二叠统幔源热液沉积白云岩*

准噶尔盆地东部吉木萨尔凹陷中二叠统芦草沟组,沉积于陆内裂谷背景下岩浆—热液活动强烈的咸化湖盆中。在芦草沟组中发现一类与湖底热液活动有关的幔源热液沉积白云岩,包括方沸钠长白云岩、硅质白云岩与含水铵长石钠长白云岩。作者对该类白云岩开展微米级尺度的岩相学研究,结合同位素地球化学研究,探讨成矿流体性质与详细成因机理。岩矿特征和同沉积变形构造指示白云岩形成于沉积期。白云石为有序性较差的原白云石,呈微米级球状、葡萄状晶体,与方沸石、水铵长石、钠长石及玉髓等热液矿物彼此镶嵌结晶,高温下发生了白云石对钠长石碎屑的交代作用;白云岩锶同位素(平均为0.705 687)显示成矿流体中幔源组分较多;白云岩具有重δ¹³ C_PDB (平均为6.94‰)和轻δ¹⁸ O_PDB (平均为-8.12‰)。基于成矿流体由幔源热液与湖水混合的假设,利用δ¹⁸ O_PDB计算估计,研究区白云岩的形成温度较普通云质岩高25~50 ℃。研究表明白云石为幔源热液喷出湖底后直接沉淀形成,并提出可能的成因模式。热液沉积白云岩是一种不可或缺的白云岩成因类型,研究成果对促进人们理解白云石的形成规律、推动完善成因岩石学理论具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马五段低孔低渗岩溶白云岩储层特征及孔隙成因

针对鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田马五段低孔低渗岩溶白云岩储层发育特征,展开对致密岩溶白云岩储层孔隙成因进行研究。通过岩心、薄片观察,结合扫描电镜、CT扫描分析,明确了白云岩储层岩石学类型、孔隙类型及成因。结合测井及地球化学分析,认为表生期孔隙主要为膏溶孔、溶孔及地开石晶间孔隙;白云石含量及结构控制了白云岩晶间孔隙;残留有机质保护了藻云岩残余晶间孔隙。通过岩溶白云岩孔隙成因分析,最后认为:(1)白云石化作用及成因模式是造成岩溶白云岩储层低孔低渗的主要原因,准同生期-浅埋藏期形成的白云石晶粒普遍较为细小,晶粒结构以半自形-它形为主,晶间孔隙为微孔,造成孔隙喉道较窄;泥微晶白云岩与粉-细晶白云岩(储集岩)分布在纵向上具有不均匀性,造成白云岩整体上孔渗较低;(2)岩溶作用增加了白云岩储层的非均质性,裂缝、溶洞及较大扩溶孔被泥质、方解石充填,很大程度上降低了岩溶白云岩储层的孔渗性能,正因为膏质泥微晶白云岩和粉-细晶白云岩为低孔低渗特征,使得地表水携带的泥质不易充填孔隙。